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/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.android.dx.ssa;

import com.android.dx.rop.code.*;
import com.android.dx.rop.type.Type;
import com.android.dx.util.IntList;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.BitSet;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.HashMap;

/**
 * Complete transformation to SSA form by renaming all registers accessed.

* * See Appel algorithm 19.7

* * Unlike the original algorithm presented in Appel, this renamer converts * to a new flat (versionless) register space. The "version 0" registers, * which represent the initial state of the Rop registers and should never * actually be meaningfully accessed in a legal program, are represented * as the first N registers in the SSA namespace. Subsequent assignments * are assigned new unique names. Note that the incoming Rop representation * has a concept of register widths, where 64-bit values are stored into * two adjoining Rop registers. This adjoining register representation is * ignored in SSA form conversion and while in SSA form, each register can be e * either 32 or 64 bits wide depending on use. The adjoining-register * represention is re-created later when converting back to Rop form.

* * But, please note, the SSA Renamer's ignoring of the adjoining-register ROP * representation means that unaligned accesses to 64-bit registers are not * supported. For example, you cannot do a 32-bit operation on a portion of * a 64-bit register. This will never be observed to happen when coming * from Java code, of course.

* * The implementation here, rather than keeping a single register version * stack for the entire method as the dom tree is walked, instead keeps * a mapping table for the current block being processed. Once the * current block has been processed, this mapping table is then copied * and used as the initial state for child blocks.

*/ public class SsaRenamer implements Runnable { /** debug flag */ private static final boolean DEBUG = false; /** method we're processing */ private final SsaMethod ssaMeth; /** next available SSA register */ private int nextSsaReg; /** the number of original rop registers */ private final int ropRegCount; /** * indexed by block index; register version state for each block start. * This list is updated by each dom parent for its children. The only * sub-arrays that exist at any one time are the start states for blocks * yet to be processed by a {@code BlockRenamer} instance. */ private final RegisterSpec[][] startsForBlocks; /** map of SSA register number to debug (local var names) or null of n/a */ private final ArrayList ssaRegToLocalItems; /** * maps SSA registers back to the original rop number. Used for * debug only. */ private IntList ssaRegToRopReg; /** * Constructs an instance of the renamer * * @param ssaMeth {@code non-null;} un-renamed SSA method that will * be renamed. */ public SsaRenamer(SsaMethod ssaMeth) { ropRegCount = ssaMeth.getRegCount(); this.ssaMeth = ssaMeth; /* * Reserve the first N registers in the SSA register space for * "version 0" registers. */ nextSsaReg = ropRegCount; startsForBlocks = new RegisterSpec[ssaMeth.getBlocks().size()][]; ssaRegToLocalItems = new ArrayList(); if (DEBUG) { ssaRegToRopReg = new IntList(ropRegCount); } /* * Appel 19.7 * * Initialization: * for each variable a // register i * Count[a] <- 0 // nextSsaReg, flattened * Stack[a] <- 0 // versionStack * push 0 onto Stack[a] * */ // top entry for the version stack is version 0 RegisterSpec[] initialRegMapping = new RegisterSpec[ropRegCount]; for (int i = 0; i < ropRegCount; i++) { // everyone starts with a version 0 register initialRegMapping[i] = RegisterSpec.make(i, Type.VOID); if (DEBUG) { ssaRegToRopReg.add(i); } } // Initial state for entry block startsForBlocks[ssaMeth.getEntryBlockIndex()] = initialRegMapping; } /** * Performs renaming transformation, modifying the method's instructions * in-place. */ public void run() { // Rename each block in dom-tree DFS order. ssaMeth.forEachBlockDepthFirstDom(new SsaBasicBlock.Visitor() { public void visitBlock (SsaBasicBlock block, SsaBasicBlock unused) { new BlockRenamer(block).process(); } }); ssaMeth.setNewRegCount(nextSsaReg); ssaMeth.onInsnsChanged(); if (DEBUG) { System.out.println("SSA\tRop"); /* * We're going to compute the version of the rop register * by keeping a running total of how many times the rop * register has been mapped. */ int[] versions = new int[ropRegCount]; int sz = ssaRegToRopReg.size(); for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) { int ropReg = ssaRegToRopReg.get(i); System.out.println(i + "\t" + ropReg + "[" + versions[ropReg] + "]"); versions[ropReg]++; } } } /** * Duplicates a RegisterSpec array. * * @param orig {@code non-null;} array to duplicate * @return {@code non-null;} new instance */ private static RegisterSpec[] dupArray(RegisterSpec[] orig) { RegisterSpec[] copy = new RegisterSpec[orig.length]; System.arraycopy(orig, 0, copy, 0, orig.length); return copy; } /** * Gets a local variable item for a specified register. * * @param ssaReg register in SSA name space * @return {@code null-ok;} Local variable name or null if none */ private LocalItem getLocalForNewReg(int ssaReg) { if (ssaReg < ssaRegToLocalItems.size()) { return ssaRegToLocalItems.get(ssaReg); } else { return null; } } /** * Records a debug (local variable) name for a specified register. * * @param ssaReg non-null named register spec in SSA name space */ private void setNameForSsaReg(RegisterSpec ssaReg) { int reg = ssaReg.getReg(); LocalItem local = ssaReg.getLocalItem(); ssaRegToLocalItems.ensureCapacity(reg + 1); while (ssaRegToLocalItems.size() <= reg) { ssaRegToLocalItems.add(null); } ssaRegToLocalItems.set(reg, local); } /** * Returns true if this SSA register is a "version 0" * register. All version 0 registers are assigned the first N register * numbers, where N is the count of original rop registers. * * @param ssaReg the SSA register in question * @return true if it is a version 0 register. */ private boolean isVersionZeroRegister(int ssaReg) { return ssaReg < ropRegCount; } /** * Returns true if a and b are equal or are both null. * * @param a null-ok * @param b null-ok * @return Returns true if a and b are equal or are both null */ private static boolean equalsHandlesNulls(Object a, Object b) { return a == b || (a != null && a.equals(b)); } /** * Processes all insns in a block and renames their registers * as appropriate. */ private class BlockRenamer implements SsaInsn.Visitor{ /** {@code non-null;} block we're processing. */ private final SsaBasicBlock block; /** * {@code non-null;} indexed by old register name. The current * top of the version stack as seen by this block. It's * initialized from the ending state of its dom parent, * updated as the block's instructions are processed, and then * copied to each one of its dom children. */ private final RegisterSpec[] currentMapping; /** * contains the set of moves we need to keep to preserve local * var info. All other moves will be deleted. */ private final HashSet movesToKeep; /** * maps the set of insns to replace after renaming is finished * on the block. */ private final HashMap insnsToReplace; private final RenamingMapper mapper; /** * Constructs a block renamer instance. Call {@code process} * to process. * * @param block {@code non-null;} block to process */ BlockRenamer(final SsaBasicBlock block) { this.block = block; currentMapping = startsForBlocks[block.getIndex()]; movesToKeep = new HashSet(); insnsToReplace = new HashMap(); mapper = new RenamingMapper(); // We don't need our own start state anymore startsForBlocks[block.getIndex()] = null; } /** * Provides a register mapping between the old register space * and the current renaming mapping. The mapping is updated * as the current block's instructions are processed. */ private class RenamingMapper extends RegisterMapper { public RenamingMapper() { // This space intentionally left blank. } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public int getNewRegisterCount() { return nextSsaReg; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public RegisterSpec map(RegisterSpec registerSpec) { if (registerSpec == null) return null; int reg = registerSpec.getReg(); // For debugging: assert that the mapped types are compatible. if (DEBUG) { RegisterSpec newVersion = currentMapping[reg]; if (newVersion.getBasicType() != Type.BT_VOID && registerSpec.getBasicFrameType() != newVersion.getBasicFrameType()) { throw new RuntimeException( "mapping registers of incompatible types! " + registerSpec + " " + currentMapping[reg]); } } return registerSpec.withReg(currentMapping[reg].getReg()); } } /** * Renames all the variables in this block and inserts appriopriate * phis in successor blocks. */ public void process() { /* * From Appel: * * Rename(n) = * for each statement S in block n // 'statement' in 'block' */ block.forEachInsn(this); updateSuccessorPhis(); // Delete all move insns in this block. ArrayList insns = block.getInsns(); int szInsns = insns.size(); for (int i = szInsns - 1; i >= 0 ; i--) { SsaInsn insn = insns.get(i); SsaInsn replaceInsn; replaceInsn = insnsToReplace.get(insn); if (replaceInsn != null) { insns.set(i, replaceInsn); } else if (insn.isNormalMoveInsn() && !movesToKeep.contains(insn)) { insns.remove(i); } } // Store the start states for our dom children. boolean first = true; for (SsaBasicBlock child : block.getDomChildren()) { if (child != block) { // Don't bother duplicating the array for the first child. RegisterSpec[] childStart = first ? currentMapping : dupArray(currentMapping); startsForBlocks[child.getIndex()] = childStart; first = false; } } // currentMapping is owned by a child now. } /** * Enforces a few contraints when a register mapping is added. * *

    *
  1. Ensures that all new SSA registers specs in the mapping * table with the same register number are identical. In effect, once * an SSA register spec has received or lost a local variable name, * then every old-namespace register that maps to it should gain or * lose its local variable name as well. *
  2. Records the local name associated with the * register so that a register is never associated with more than one * local. *
  3. ensures that only one SSA register * at a time is considered to be associated with a local variable. When * {@code currentMapping} is updated and the newly added element * is named, strip that name from any other SSA registers. *
* * @param ropReg {@code >= 0;} rop register number * @param ssaReg {@code non-null;} an SSA register that has just * been added to {@code currentMapping} */ private void addMapping(int ropReg, RegisterSpec ssaReg) { int ssaRegNum = ssaReg.getReg(); LocalItem ssaRegLocal = ssaReg.getLocalItem(); currentMapping[ropReg] = ssaReg; /* * Ensure all SSA register specs with the same reg are identical. */ for (int i = currentMapping.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { RegisterSpec cur = currentMapping[i]; if (ssaRegNum == cur.getReg()) { currentMapping[i] = ssaReg; } } // All further steps are for registers with local information. if (ssaRegLocal == null) { return; } // Record that this SSA reg has been associated with a local. setNameForSsaReg(ssaReg); // Ensure that no other SSA regs are associated with this local. for (int i = currentMapping.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { RegisterSpec cur = currentMapping[i]; if (ssaRegNum != cur.getReg() && ssaRegLocal.equals(cur.getLocalItem())) { currentMapping[i] = cur.withLocalItem(null); } } } /** * {@inheritDoc} * * Phi insns have their result registers renamed. */ public void visitPhiInsn(PhiInsn phi) { /* don't process sources for phi's */ processResultReg(phi); } /** * {@inheritDoc} * * Move insns are treated as a simple mapping operation, and * will later be removed unless they represent a local variable * assignment. If they represent a local variable assignement, they * are preserved. */ public void visitMoveInsn(NormalSsaInsn insn) { /* * For moves: copy propogate the move if we can, but don't * if we need to preserve local variable info and the * result has a different name than the source. */ RegisterSpec ropResult = insn.getResult(); int ropResultReg = ropResult.getReg(); int ropSourceReg = insn.getSources().get(0).getReg(); insn.mapSourceRegisters(mapper); int ssaSourceReg = insn.getSources().get(0).getReg(); LocalItem sourceLocal = currentMapping[ropSourceReg].getLocalItem(); LocalItem resultLocal = ropResult.getLocalItem(); /* * A move from a register that's currently associated with a local * to one that will not be associated with a local does not need * to be preserved, but the local association should remain. * Hence, we inherit the sourceLocal where the resultLocal is null. */ LocalItem newLocal = (resultLocal == null) ? sourceLocal : resultLocal; LocalItem associatedLocal = getLocalForNewReg(ssaSourceReg); /* * If we take the new local, will only one local have ever * been associated with this SSA reg? */ boolean onlyOneAssociatedLocal = associatedLocal == null || newLocal == null || newLocal.equals(associatedLocal); /* * If we're going to copy-propogate, then the ssa register * spec that's going to go into the mapping is made up of * the source register number mapped from above, the type * of the result, and the name either from the result (if * specified) or inherited from the existing mapping. * * The move source has incomplete type information in null * object cases, so the result type is used. */ RegisterSpec ssaReg = RegisterSpec.makeLocalOptional( ssaSourceReg, ropResult.getType(), newLocal); if (!Optimizer.getPreserveLocals() || (onlyOneAssociatedLocal && equalsHandlesNulls(newLocal, sourceLocal))) { /* * We don't have to keep this move to preserve local * information. Either the name is the same, or the result * register spec is unnamed. */ addMapping(ropResultReg, ssaReg); } else if (onlyOneAssociatedLocal && sourceLocal == null) { /* * The register was previously unnamed. This means that a * local starts after it's first assignment in SSA form */ RegisterSpecList ssaSources = RegisterSpecList.make( RegisterSpec.make(ssaReg.getReg(), ssaReg.getType(), newLocal)); SsaInsn newInsn = SsaInsn.makeFromRop( new PlainInsn(Rops.opMarkLocal(ssaReg), SourcePosition.NO_INFO, null, ssaSources),block); insnsToReplace.put(insn, newInsn); // Just map as above. addMapping(ropResultReg, ssaReg); } else { /* * Do not copy-propogate, since the two registers have * two different local-variable names. */ processResultReg(insn); movesToKeep.add(insn); } } /** * {@inheritDoc} * * All insns that are not move or phi insns have their source registers * mapped ot the current mapping. Their result registers are then * renamed to a new SSA register which is then added to the current * register mapping. */ public void visitNonMoveInsn(NormalSsaInsn insn) { /* for each use of some variable X in S */ insn.mapSourceRegisters(mapper); processResultReg(insn); } /** * Renames the result register of this insn and updates the * current register mapping. Does nothing if this insn has no result. * Applied to all non-move insns. * * @param insn insn to process. */ void processResultReg(SsaInsn insn) { RegisterSpec ropResult = insn.getResult(); if (ropResult == null) { return; } int ropReg = ropResult.getReg(); insn.changeResultReg(nextSsaReg); addMapping(ropReg, insn.getResult()); if (DEBUG) { ssaRegToRopReg.add(ropReg); } nextSsaReg++; } /** * Updates the phi insns in successor blocks with operands based * on the current mapping of the rop register the phis represent. */ private void updateSuccessorPhis() { PhiInsn.Visitor visitor = new PhiInsn.Visitor() { public void visitPhiInsn (PhiInsn insn) { int ropReg; ropReg = insn.getRopResultReg(); /* * Never add a version 0 register as a phi * operand. Version 0 registers represent the * initial register state, and thus are never * significant. Furthermore, the register liveness * algorithm doesn't properly count them as "live * in" at the beginning of the method. */ RegisterSpec stackTop = currentMapping[ropReg]; if (!isVersionZeroRegister(stackTop.getReg())) { insn.addPhiOperand(stackTop, block); } } }; BitSet successors = block.getSuccessors(); for (int i = successors.nextSetBit(0); i >= 0; i = successors.nextSetBit(i + 1)) { SsaBasicBlock successor = ssaMeth.getBlocks().get(i); successor.forEachPhiInsn(visitor); } } } }




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