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/**
 *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 *  contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 *  this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 *  The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 *  (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 *  the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 */

package java.io;

/*** The base class for all writers. A writer is a means of writing data to a target in a character-wise manner. Most output streams
 * expect the {@link #flush()} method to be called before closing the stream, to ensure all data is actually written out.
 * 

* This abstract class does not provide a fully working implementation, so it needs to be subclassed, and at least the * {@link #write(char[], int, int)}, {@link #close()} and {@link #flush()} methods needs to be overridden. Overriding some of the * non-abstract methods is also often advised, since it might result in higher efficiency. *

* Many specialized readers for purposes like reading from a file already exist in this package. * * @see Reader */ public abstract class Writer implements Appendable, Closeable, Flushable { static final String TOKEN_NULL = "null"; //$NON-NLS-1$ /*** The object used to synchronize access to the writer. */ protected Object lock; /*** Constructs a new {@code Writer} with {@code this} as the object used to synchronize critical sections. */ protected Writer () { super(); lock = this; } /*** Constructs a new {@code Writer} with {@code lock} used to synchronize critical sections. * * @param lock the {@code Object} used to synchronize critical sections. * @throws NullPointerException if {@code lock} is {@code null}. */ protected Writer (Object lock) { if (lock == null) { throw new NullPointerException(); } this.lock = lock; } /*** Closes this writer. Implementations of this method should free any resources associated with the writer. * * @throws IOException if an error occurs while closing this writer. */ public abstract void close () throws IOException; /*** Flushes this writer. Implementations of this method should ensure that all buffered characters are written to the target. * * @throws IOException if an error occurs while flushing this writer. */ public abstract void flush () throws IOException; /*** Writes the entire character buffer {@code buf} to the target. * * @param buf the non-null array containing characters to write. * @throws IOException if this writer is closed or another I/O error occurs. */ public void write (char buf[]) throws IOException { write(buf, 0, buf.length); } /*** Writes {@code count} characters starting at {@code offset} in {@code buf} to the target. * * @param buf the non-null character array to write. * @param offset the index of the first character in {@code buf} to write. * @param count the maximum number of characters to write. * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code offset < 0} or {@code count < 0}, or if {@code offset + count} is greater than * the size of {@code buf}. * @throws IOException if this writer is closed or another I/O error occurs. */ public abstract void write (char buf[], int offset, int count) throws IOException; /*** Writes one character to the target. Only the two least significant bytes of the integer {@code oneChar} are written. * * @param oneChar the character to write to the target. * @throws IOException if this writer is closed or another I/O error occurs. */ public void write (int oneChar) throws IOException { synchronized (lock) { char oneCharArray[] = new char[1]; oneCharArray[0] = (char)oneChar; write(oneCharArray); } } /*** Writes the characters from the specified string to the target. * * @param str the non-null string containing the characters to write. * @throws IOException if this writer is closed or another I/O error occurs. */ public void write (String str) throws IOException { write(str, 0, str.length()); } /*** Writes {@code count} characters from {@code str} starting at {@code offset} to the target. * * @param str the non-null string containing the characters to write. * @param offset the index of the first character in {@code str} to write. * @param count the number of characters from {@code str} to write. * @throws IOException if this writer is closed or another I/O error occurs. * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code offset < 0} or {@code count < 0}, or if {@code offset + count} is greater than * the length of {@code str}. */ public void write (String str, int offset, int count) throws IOException { if (count < 0) { // other cases tested by getChars() throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(); } char buf[] = new char[count]; str.getChars(offset, offset + count, buf, 0); synchronized (lock) { write(buf, 0, buf.length); } } /*** Appends the character {@code c} to the target. This method works the same way as {@link #write(int)}. * * @param c the character to append to the target stream. * @return this writer. * @throws IOException if this writer is closed or another I/O error occurs. */ public Writer append (char c) throws IOException { write(c); return this; } /*** Appends the character sequence {@code csq} to the target. This method works the same way as * {@code Writer.write(csq.toString())}. If {@code csq} is {@code null}, then the string "null" is written to the target * stream. * * @param csq the character sequence appended to the target. * @return this writer. * @throws IOException if this writer is closed or another I/O error occurs. */ public Writer append (CharSequence csq) throws IOException { if (null == csq) { write(TOKEN_NULL); } else { write(csq.toString()); } return this; } /*** Appends a subsequence of the character sequence {@code csq} to the target. This method works the same way as * {@code Writer.writer(csq.subsequence(start, end).toString())}. If {@code csq} is {@code null}, then the specified * subsequence of the string "null" will be written to the target. * * @param csq the character sequence appended to the target. * @param start the index of the first char in the character sequence appended to the target. * @param end the index of the character following the last character of the subsequence appended to the target. * @return this writer. * @throws IOException if this writer is closed or another I/O error occurs. * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code start > end}, {@code start < 0}, {@code end < 0} or either {@code start} or * {@code end} are greater or equal than the length of {@code csq}. */ public Writer append (CharSequence csq, int start, int end) throws IOException { if (null == csq) { write(TOKEN_NULL.substring(start, end)); } else { write(csq.subSequence(start, end).toString()); } return this; } /*** Returns true if this writer has encountered and suppressed an error. Used by PrintWriters as an alternative to checked * exceptions. */ boolean checkError () { return false; } }





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