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The Apache Commons Codec package contains simple encoder and decoders for various formats such as Base64 and Hexadecimal. In addition to these widely used encoders and decoders, the codec package also maintains a collection of phonetic encoding utilities.
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/* ====================================================================
   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
   this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
   The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   limitations under the License.
==================================================================== */

package org.apache.poi.util;

import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.FilterInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;

/**
 * Wraps an {@link InputStream} providing {@link LittleEndianInput}
 *
 * This class does not buffer any input, so the stream read position maintained
 * by this class is consistent with that of the inner stream.
 */
public class LittleEndianInputStream extends FilterInputStream implements LittleEndianInput {

	private static final int BUFFERED_SIZE = 8096;

	private static final int EOF = -1;
	private int readIndex = 0;
	private int markIndex = -1;

	public LittleEndianInputStream(InputStream is) {
		super(is.markSupported() ? is : new BufferedInputStream(is, BUFFERED_SIZE));
	}

	@Override
	@SuppressForbidden("just delegating")
	public int available() {
		try {
			return super.available();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new RuntimeException(e);
		}
	}
	
	@Override
	public byte readByte() {
		return (byte)readUByte();
	}
	
	@Override
	public int readUByte() {
        byte[] buf = new byte[1];
		try {
			checkEOF(read(buf), 1);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new RuntimeException(e);
		}
		return LittleEndian.getUByte(buf);
	}

	/**
	 * get a float value, reads it in little endian format
	 * then converts the resulting revolting IEEE 754 (curse them) floating
	 * point number to a happy java float
	 *
	 * @return the float (32-bit) value
	 */
	public float readFloat() {
		return Float.intBitsToFloat( readInt() );
	}

	@Override
	public double readDouble() {
		return Double.longBitsToDouble(readLong());
	}
	
	@Override
	public int readInt() {
        byte[] buf = new byte[LittleEndianConsts.INT_SIZE];
		try {
			checkEOF(read(buf), buf.length);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new RuntimeException(e);
		}
		return LittleEndian.getInt(buf);
	}
	
    /**
     * get an unsigned int value from an InputStream
     * 
     * @return the unsigned int (32-bit) value
     * @exception RuntimeException
     *                wraps any IOException thrown from reading the stream.
     */
    //@Override
    public long readUInt() {
       long retNum = readInt();
       return retNum & 0x00FFFFFFFFL;
    }
	
	@Override
	public long readLong() {
        byte[] buf = new byte[LittleEndianConsts.LONG_SIZE];
		try {
		    checkEOF(read(buf), LittleEndianConsts.LONG_SIZE);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new RuntimeException(e);
		}
		return LittleEndian.getLong(buf);
	}
	
	@Override
	public short readShort() {
		return (short)readUShort();
	}
	
	@Override
	public int readUShort() {
        byte[] buf = new byte[LittleEndianConsts.SHORT_SIZE];
		try {
		    checkEOF(read(buf), LittleEndianConsts.SHORT_SIZE);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			throw new RuntimeException(e);
		}
		return LittleEndian.getUShort(buf);
	}
	
	private static void checkEOF(int actualBytes, int expectedBytes) {
		if (expectedBytes != 0 && (actualBytes == -1 || actualBytes != expectedBytes)) {
			throw new RuntimeException("Unexpected end-of-file");
		}
	}

    @Override
    public void readFully(byte[] buf) {
        readFully(buf, 0, buf.length);
    }

    @Override
    public void readFully(byte[] buf, int off, int len) {
        try {
        	checkEOF(_read(buf, off, len), len);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

	@Override
	public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
    	int readBytes = super.read(b, off, len);
		readIndex += readBytes;
		return readBytes;
	}

	@Override
	public synchronized void mark(int readlimit) {
		super.mark(readlimit);
		markIndex = readIndex;
	}

	@Override
	public synchronized void reset() throws IOException {
		super.reset();
		if (markIndex > -1) {
			readIndex = markIndex;
			markIndex = -1;
		}
	}

	public int getReadIndex() {
		return readIndex;
	}



	//Makes repeated calls to super.read() until length is read or EOF is reached
	private int _read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int length) throws IOException {
    	//lifted directly from org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils 2.4
		int remaining = length;
		while (remaining > 0) {
			int location = length - remaining;
			int count = read(buffer, offset + location, remaining);
			if (EOF == count) {
				break;
			}
			remaining -= count;
		}

		return length - remaining;
	}

    @Override
    public void readPlain(byte[] buf, int off, int len) {
        readFully(buf, off, len);
    }


	public void skipFully(int len) throws IOException {
		IOUtils.skipFully(this, len);
	}
}