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The Apache Cassandra Project develops a highly scalable second-generation distributed database, bringing together Dynamo's fully distributed design and Bigtable's ColumnFamily-based data model.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.AssignmentTestable;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.CQL3Type;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.ColumnSpecification;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.Term;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.ArgumentDeserializer;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.rows.Cell;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.SyntaxException;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.util.DataInputPlus;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.util.DataOutputPlus;
import org.apache.cassandra.serializers.MarshalException;
import org.apache.cassandra.serializers.TypeSerializer;
import org.apache.cassandra.transport.ProtocolVersion;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.bytecomparable.ByteComparable;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.bytecomparable.ByteSource;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.bytecomparable.ByteSourceInverse;
import org.github.jamm.Unmetered;
import static org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AbstractType.ComparisonType.CUSTOM;
/**
* Specifies a Comparator for a specific type of ByteBuffer.
*
* Note that empty ByteBuffer are used to represent "start at the beginning"
* or "stop at the end" arguments to get_slice, so the Comparator
* should always handle those values even if they normally do not
* represent a valid ByteBuffer for the type being compared.
*/
@Unmetered
public abstract class AbstractType implements Comparator, AssignmentTestable
{
private final static int VARIABLE_LENGTH = -1;
public final Comparator reverseComparator;
public enum ComparisonType
{
/**
* This type should never be compared
*/
NOT_COMPARABLE,
/**
* This type is always compared by its sequence of unsigned bytes
*/
BYTE_ORDER,
/**
* This type can only be compared by calling the type's compareCustom() method, which may be expensive.
* Support for this may be removed in a major release of Cassandra, however upgrade facilities will be
* provided if and when this happens.
*/
CUSTOM
}
public final ComparisonType comparisonType;
public final boolean isByteOrderComparable;
public final ValueComparators comparatorSet;
protected AbstractType(ComparisonType comparisonType)
{
this.comparisonType = comparisonType;
this.isByteOrderComparable = comparisonType == ComparisonType.BYTE_ORDER;
reverseComparator = (o1, o2) -> AbstractType.this.compare(o2, o1);
try
{
Method custom = getClass().getMethod("compareCustom", Object.class, ValueAccessor.class, Object.class, ValueAccessor.class);
if ((custom.getDeclaringClass() == AbstractType.class) == (comparisonType == CUSTOM))
throw new IllegalStateException((comparisonType == CUSTOM ? "compareCustom must be overridden if ComparisonType is CUSTOM"
: "compareCustom should not be overridden if ComparisonType is not CUSTOM")
+ " (" + getClass().getSimpleName() + ")");
}
catch (NoSuchMethodException e)
{
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
comparatorSet = new ValueComparators((l, r) -> compare(l, ByteArrayAccessor.instance, r, ByteArrayAccessor.instance),
(l, r) -> compare(l, ByteBufferAccessor.instance, r, ByteBufferAccessor.instance));
}
static > int compareComposed(VL left, ValueAccessor accessorL, VR right, ValueAccessor accessorR, AbstractType type)
{
if (accessorL.isEmpty(left) || accessorR.isEmpty(right))
return Boolean.compare(accessorR.isEmpty(right), accessorL.isEmpty(left));
return type.compose(left, accessorL).compareTo(type.compose(right, accessorR));
}
public static List asCQLTypeStringList(List> abstractTypes)
{
List r = new ArrayList<>(abstractTypes.size());
for (AbstractType abstractType : abstractTypes)
r.add(abstractType.asCQL3Type().toString());
return r;
}
public final T compose(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
return getSerializer().deserialize(bytes);
}
public T compose(V value, ValueAccessor accessor)
{
return getSerializer().deserialize(value, accessor);
}
public ByteBuffer decomposeUntyped(Object value)
{
return decompose((T) value);
}
public ByteBuffer decompose(T value)
{
return getSerializer().serialize(value);
}
/** get a string representation of the bytes used for various identifier (NOT just for log messages) */
public String getString(V value, ValueAccessor accessor)
{
if (value == null)
return "null";
TypeSerializer serializer = getSerializer();
serializer.validate(value, accessor);
return serializer.toString(serializer.deserialize(value, accessor));
}
public final String getString(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
return getString(bytes, ByteBufferAccessor.instance);
}
public String toCQLString(ByteBuffer bytes)
{
return asCQL3Type().toCQLLiteral(bytes);
}
/** get a byte representation of the given string. */
public abstract ByteBuffer fromString(String source) throws MarshalException;
/** Given a parsed JSON string, return a byte representation of the object.
* @param parsed the result of parsing a json string
**/
public abstract Term fromJSONObject(Object parsed) throws MarshalException;
/**
* Converts the specified value into its JSON representation.
*
* The buffer position will stay the same.
*
*
* @param buffer the value to convert
* @param protocolVersion the protocol version to use for the conversion
* @return a JSON string representing the specified value
*/
public String toJSONString(ByteBuffer buffer, ProtocolVersion protocolVersion)
{
return '"' + Objects.toString(getSerializer().deserialize(buffer), "") + '"';
}
public String toJSONString(V value, ValueAccessor accessor, ProtocolVersion protocolVersion)
{
return toJSONString(accessor.toBuffer(value), protocolVersion); // FIXME
}
/* validate that the byte array is a valid sequence for the type we are supposed to be comparing */
public void validate(ByteBuffer bytes) throws MarshalException
{
validate(bytes, ByteBufferAccessor.instance);
}
public void validate(V value, ValueAccessor accessor) throws MarshalException
{
getSerializer().validate(value, accessor);
}
public final int compare(ByteBuffer left, ByteBuffer right)
{
return compare(left, ByteBufferAccessor.instance, right, ByteBufferAccessor.instance);
}
public final int compare(VL left, ValueAccessor accessorL, VR right, ValueAccessor accessorR)
{
return isByteOrderComparable ? ValueAccessor.compare(left, accessorL, right, accessorR) : compareCustom(left, accessorL, right, accessorR);
}
/**
* Implement IFF ComparisonType is CUSTOM
*
* Compares the byte representation of two instances of this class,
* for types where this cannot be done by simple in-order comparison of the
* unsigned bytes
*
* Standard Java compare semantics
* @param left
* @param accessorL
* @param right
* @param accessorR
*/
public int compareCustom(VL left, ValueAccessor accessorL, VR right, ValueAccessor accessorR)
{
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
/**
* Validate cell value. Unlike {@linkplain #validate(java.nio.ByteBuffer)},
* cell value is passed to validate its content.
* Usually, this is the same as validate except collection.
*
* @param cellValue ByteBuffer representing cell value
* @throws MarshalException
*/
public void validateCellValue(V cellValue, ValueAccessor accessor) throws MarshalException
{
validate(cellValue, accessor);
}
/* Most of our internal type should override that. */
public CQL3Type asCQL3Type()
{
return new CQL3Type.Custom(this);
}
public AbstractType udfType()
{
return this;
}
/**
* Same as compare except that this ignore ReversedType. This is to be use when
* comparing 2 values to decide for a CQL condition (see Operator.isSatisfiedBy) as
* for CQL, ReversedType is simply an "hint" to the storage engine but it does not
* change the meaning of queries per-se.
*/
public int compareForCQL(ByteBuffer v1, ByteBuffer v2)
{
return compare(v1, v2);
}
public abstract TypeSerializer getSerializer();
/**
* @return the deserializer used to deserialize the function arguments of this type.
*/
public ArgumentDeserializer getArgumentDeserializer()
{
return new DefaultArgumentDeserializer(this);
}
/* convenience method */
public String getString(Collection names)
{
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
for (ByteBuffer name : names)
{
builder.append(getString(name)).append(",");
}
return builder.toString();
}
public boolean isCounter()
{
return false;
}
public boolean isFrozenCollection()
{
return isCollection() && !isMultiCell();
}
public boolean isReversed()
{
return false;
}
public AbstractType unwrap()
{
return isReversed() ? ((ReversedType) this).baseType.unwrap() : this;
}
public static AbstractType parseDefaultParameters(AbstractType baseType, TypeParser parser) throws SyntaxException
{
Map parameters = parser.getKeyValueParameters();
String reversed = parameters.get("reversed");
if (reversed != null && (reversed.isEmpty() || reversed.equals("true")))
{
return ReversedType.getInstance(baseType);
}
else
{
return baseType;
}
}
/**
* Returns true if this comparator is compatible with the provided
* previous comparator, that is if previous can safely be replaced by this.
* A comparator cn should be compatible with a previous one cp if forall columns c1 and c2,
* if cn.validate(c1) and cn.validate(c2) and cn.compare(c1, c2) == v,
* then cp.validate(c1) and cp.validate(c2) and cp.compare(c1, c2) == v.
*
* Note that a type should be compatible with at least itself and when in
* doubt, keep the default behavior of not being compatible with any other comparator!
*/
public boolean isCompatibleWith(AbstractType previous)
{
return this.equals(previous);
}
/**
* Returns true if values of the other AbstractType can be read and "reasonably" interpreted by the this
* AbstractType. Note that this is a weaker version of isCompatibleWith, as it does not require that both type
* compare values the same way.
*
* The restriction on the other type being "reasonably" interpreted is to prevent, for example, IntegerType from
* being compatible with all other types. Even though any byte string is a valid IntegerType value, it doesn't
* necessarily make sense to interpret a UUID or a UTF8 string as an integer.
*
* Note that a type should be compatible with at least itself.
*/
public boolean isValueCompatibleWith(AbstractType previous)
{
AbstractType thisType = isReversed() ? ((ReversedType) this).baseType : this;
AbstractType thatType = previous.isReversed() ? ((ReversedType) previous).baseType : previous;
return thisType.isValueCompatibleWithInternal(thatType);
}
/**
* Needed to handle ReversedType in value-compatibility checks. Subclasses should implement this instead of
* isValueCompatibleWith().
*/
protected boolean isValueCompatibleWithInternal(AbstractType otherType)
{
return isCompatibleWith(otherType);
}
/**
* Similar to {@link #isValueCompatibleWith(AbstractType)}, but takes into account {@link Cell} encoding.
* In particular, this method doesn't consider two types serialization compatible if one of them has fixed
* length (overrides {@link #valueLengthIfFixed()}, and the other one doesn't.
*/
public boolean isSerializationCompatibleWith(AbstractType previous)
{
return isValueCompatibleWith(previous)
&& valueLengthIfFixed() == previous.valueLengthIfFixed()
&& isMultiCell() == previous.isMultiCell();
}
/**
* An alternative comparison function used by CollectionsType in conjunction with CompositeType.
*
* This comparator is only called to compare components of a CompositeType. It gets the value of the
* previous component as argument (or null if it's the first component of the composite).
*
* Unless you're doing something very similar to CollectionsType, you shouldn't override this.
*/
public int compareCollectionMembers(VL left, ValueAccessor accessorL, VR right, ValueAccessor accessorR, VL collectionName)
{
return compare(left, accessorL, right, accessorR);
}
public void validateCollectionMember(V value, V collectionName, ValueAccessor accessor) throws MarshalException
{
getSerializer().validate(value, accessor);
}
public boolean isCollection()
{
return false;
}
public boolean isUDT()
{
return false;
}
public boolean isTuple()
{
return false;
}
public boolean isVector()
{
return false;
}
public boolean isMultiCell()
{
return false;
}
public boolean isFreezable()
{
return false;
}
public AbstractType freeze()
{
return this;
}
public AbstractType unfreeze()
{
return this;
}
public List> subTypes()
{
return Collections.emptyList();
}
/**
* Returns an AbstractType instance that is equivalent to this one, but with all nested UDTs and collections
* explicitly frozen.
*
* This is only necessary for {@code 2.x -> 3.x} schema migrations, and can be removed in Cassandra 4.0.
*
* See CASSANDRA-11609 and CASSANDRA-11613.
*/
public AbstractType freezeNestedMulticellTypes()
{
return this;
}
/**
* Returns {@code true} for types where empty should be handled like {@code null} like {@link Int32Type}.
*/
public boolean isEmptyValueMeaningless()
{
return false;
}
/**
* @param ignoreFreezing if true, the type string will not be wrapped with FrozenType(...), even if this type is frozen.
*/
public String toString(boolean ignoreFreezing)
{
return this.toString();
}
/**
* Return a list of the "subcomponents" this type has.
* This always return a singleton list with the type itself except for CompositeType.
*/
public List> getComponents()
{
return Collections.>singletonList(this);
}
/**
* The length of values for this type if all values are of fixed length, -1 otherwise. This has an impact on
* serialization.
*
* see {@link #writeValue}
* see {@link #read}
* see {@link #writtenLength}
* see {@link #skipValue}
*
*/
public int valueLengthIfFixed()
{
return VARIABLE_LENGTH;
}
/**
* Checks if all values are of fixed length.
*
* @return {@code true} if all values are of fixed length, {@code false} otherwise.
*/
public final boolean isValueLengthFixed()
{
return valueLengthIfFixed() != VARIABLE_LENGTH;
}
/**
* Defines if the type allows an empty set of bytes ({@code new byte[0]}) as valid input. The {@link #validate(Object, ValueAccessor)}
* and {@link #compose(Object, ValueAccessor)} methods must allow empty bytes when this returns true, and must reject empty bytes
* when this is false.
*
* As of this writing, the main user of this API is for testing to know what types allow empty values and what types don't,
* so that the data that gets generated understands when {@link ByteBufferUtil#EMPTY_BYTE_BUFFER} is allowed as valid data.
*/
public boolean allowsEmpty()
{
return false;
}
public boolean isNull(ByteBuffer bb)
{
return isNull(bb, ByteBufferAccessor.instance);
}
public boolean isNull(V buffer, ValueAccessor accessor)
{
return getSerializer().isNull(buffer, accessor);
}
// This assumes that no empty values are passed
public void writeValue(ByteBuffer value, DataOutputPlus out) throws IOException
{
writeValue(value, ByteBufferAccessor.instance, out);
}
// This assumes that no empty values are passed
public void writeValue(V value, ValueAccessor accessor, DataOutputPlus out) throws IOException
{
assert !isNull(value, accessor) : "bytes should not be null for type " + this;
int expectedValueLength = valueLengthIfFixed();
if (expectedValueLength >= 0)
{
int actualValueLength = accessor.size(value);
if (actualValueLength == expectedValueLength)
accessor.write(value, out);
else
throw new IOException(String.format("Expected exactly %d bytes, but was %d",
expectedValueLength, actualValueLength));
}
else
{
accessor.writeWithVIntLength(value, out);
}
}
public long writtenLength(ByteBuffer value)
{
return writtenLength(value, ByteBufferAccessor.instance);
}
public long writtenLength(V value, ValueAccessor accessor)
{
assert !accessor.isEmpty(value) : "bytes should not be empty for type " + this;
return valueLengthIfFixed() >= 0
? accessor.size(value) // if the size is wrong, this will be detected in writeValue
: accessor.sizeWithVIntLength(value);
}
public ByteBuffer readBuffer(DataInputPlus in) throws IOException
{
return readBuffer(in, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
public ByteBuffer readBuffer(DataInputPlus in, int maxValueSize) throws IOException
{
return read(ByteBufferAccessor.instance, in, maxValueSize);
}
public byte[] readArray(DataInputPlus in, int maxValueSize) throws IOException
{
return read(ByteArrayAccessor.instance, in, maxValueSize);
}
public V read(ValueAccessor accessor, DataInputPlus in, int maxValueSize) throws IOException
{
int length = valueLengthIfFixed();
if (length >= 0)
return accessor.read(in, length);
else
{
int l = in.readUnsignedVInt32();
if (l < 0)
throw new IOException("Corrupt (negative) value length encountered");
if (l > maxValueSize)
throw new IOException(String.format("Corrupt value length %d encountered, as it exceeds the maximum of %d, " +
"which is set via max_value_size in cassandra.yaml",
l, maxValueSize));
return accessor.read(in, l);
}
}
public void skipValue(DataInputPlus in) throws IOException
{
int length = valueLengthIfFixed();
if (length >= 0)
in.skipBytesFully(length);
else
ByteBufferUtil.skipWithVIntLength(in);
}
public final boolean referencesUserType(ByteBuffer name)
{
return referencesUserType(name, ByteBufferAccessor.instance);
}
public boolean referencesUserType(V name, ValueAccessor accessor)
{
return false;
}
/**
* Returns an instance of this type with all references to the provided user type recursively replaced with its new
* definition.
*/
public AbstractType withUpdatedUserType(UserType udt)
{
return this;
}
/**
* Replace any instances of UserType with equivalent TupleType-s.
*
* We need it for dropped_columns, to allow safely dropping unused user types later without retaining any references
* to them in system_schema.dropped_columns.
*/
public AbstractType expandUserTypes()
{
return this;
}
public boolean referencesDuration()
{
return false;
}
/**
* Tests whether a CQL value having this type can be assigned to the provided receiver.
*/
public AssignmentTestable.TestResult testAssignment(AbstractType receiverType)
{
// testAssignement is for CQL literals and native protocol values, none of which make a meaningful
// difference between frozen or not and reversed or not.
if (isFreezable() && !isMultiCell())
receiverType = receiverType.freeze();
if (isReversed() && !receiverType.isReversed())
receiverType = ReversedType.getInstance(receiverType);
if (equals(receiverType))
return AssignmentTestable.TestResult.EXACT_MATCH;
if (receiverType.isValueCompatibleWith(this))
return AssignmentTestable.TestResult.WEAKLY_ASSIGNABLE;
return AssignmentTestable.TestResult.NOT_ASSIGNABLE;
}
/**
* Produce a byte-comparable representation of the given value, i.e. a sequence of bytes that compares the same way
* using lexicographical unsigned byte comparison as the original value using the type's comparator.
*
* We use a slightly stronger requirement to be able to use the types in tuples. Precisely, for any pair x, y of
* non-equal valid values of this type and any bytes b1, b2 between 0x10 and 0xEF,
* (+ stands for concatenation)
* compare(x, y) == compareLexicographicallyUnsigned(asByteComparable(x)+b1, asByteComparable(y)+b2)
* (i.e. the values compare like the original type, and an added 0x10-0xEF byte at the end does not change that) and:
* asByteComparable(x)+b1 is not a prefix of asByteComparable(y) (weakly prefix free)
* (i.e. a valid representation of a value may be a prefix of another valid representation of a value only if the
* following byte in the latter is smaller than 0x10 or larger than 0xEF). These properties are trivially true if
* the encoding compares correctly and is prefix free, but also permits a little more freedom that enables somewhat
* more efficient encoding of arbitrary-length byte-comparable blobs.
*
* Depending on the type, this method can be called for null or empty input, in which case the output is allowed to
* be null (the clustering/tuple encoding will accept and handle it).
*/
public ByteSource asComparableBytes(ValueAccessor accessor, V value, ByteComparable.Version version)
{
if (isByteOrderComparable)
{
// When a type is byte-ordered on its own, we only need to escape it, so that we can include it in
// multi-component types and make the encoding weakly-prefix-free.
return ByteSource.of(accessor, value, version);
}
else
// default is only good for byte-comparables
throw new UnsupportedOperationException(getClass().getSimpleName() + " does not implement asComparableBytes");
}
public final ByteSource asComparableBytes(ByteBuffer byteBuffer, ByteComparable.Version version)
{
return asComparableBytes(ByteBufferAccessor.instance, byteBuffer, version);
}
/**
* Translates the given byte-ordered representation to the common, non-byte-ordered binary representation of a
* payload for this abstract type (the latter, common binary representation is what we mostly work with in the
* storage engine internals). If the given bytes don't correspond to the encoding of some payload value for this
* abstract type, an {@link IllegalArgumentException} may be thrown.
*
* @param accessor value accessor used to construct the value.
* @param comparableBytes A byte-ordered representation (presumably of a payload for this abstract type).
* @param version The byte-comparable version used to construct the representation.
* @return A of a payload for this abstract type, corresponding to the given byte-ordered representation,
* constructed using the supplied value accessor.
*
* @see #asComparableBytes
*/
public V fromComparableBytes(ValueAccessor accessor, ByteSource.Peekable comparableBytes, ByteComparable.Version version)
{
if (isByteOrderComparable)
return accessor.valueOf(ByteSourceInverse.getUnescapedBytes(comparableBytes));
else
throw new UnsupportedOperationException(getClass().getSimpleName() + " does not implement fromComparableBytes");
}
public final ByteBuffer fromComparableBytes(ByteSource.Peekable comparableBytes, ByteComparable.Version version)
{
return fromComparableBytes(ByteBufferAccessor.instance, comparableBytes, version);
}
/**
* This must be overriden by subclasses if necessary so that for any
* AbstractType, this == TypeParser.parse(toString()).
*
* Note that for backwards compatibility this includes the full classname.
* For CQL purposes the short name is fine.
*/
@Override
public String toString()
{
return getClass().getName();
}
public void checkComparable()
{
switch (comparisonType)
{
case NOT_COMPARABLE:
throw new IllegalArgumentException(this + " cannot be used in comparisons, so cannot be used as a clustering column");
}
}
public final AssignmentTestable.TestResult testAssignment(String keyspace, ColumnSpecification receiver)
{
return testAssignment(receiver.type);
}
@Override
public AbstractType getCompatibleTypeIfKnown(String keyspace)
{
return this;
}
/**
* @return A fixed, serialized value to be used when the column is masked, to be returned instead of the real value.
*/
public ByteBuffer getMaskedValue()
{
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("There isn't a defined masked value for type " + asCQL3Type());
}
/**
* {@link ArgumentDeserializer} that uses the type deserialization.
*/
protected static class DefaultArgumentDeserializer implements ArgumentDeserializer
{
private final AbstractType type;
public DefaultArgumentDeserializer(AbstractType type)
{
this.type = type;
}
@Override
public Object deserialize(ProtocolVersion protocolVersion, ByteBuffer buffer)
{
if (buffer == null || (!buffer.hasRemaining() && type.isEmptyValueMeaningless()))
return null;
return type.compose(buffer);
}
}
}