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The Apache Cassandra Project develops a highly scalable second-generation distributed database, bringing together Dynamo's fully distributed design and Bigtable's ColumnFamily-based data model.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.security;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.security.AlgorithmParameters;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
import java.security.Key;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.cert.Certificate;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo;
import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import static java.util.regex.Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE;
/**
* This is a helper class to read private keys and X509 certifificates encoded based on PEM (RFC 1421)
* format. It can read Password Based Encrypted (PBE henceforth) private keys as well as non-encrypted private keys
* along with the X509 certificates/cert-chain based on the textual encoding defined in the RFC 7468
*
* The input private key must be in PKCS#8 format.
*
* It returns PKCS#8 formatted private key and X509 certificates.
*/
public final class PEMReader
{
/**
* The private key can be with any of these algorithms in order for this read to successfully parse it.
* Currently, supported algorithms are,
*
* RSA, DSA or EC
*
* The first one to be evaluated is RSA, being the most common for private keys.
*/
public static final Set SUPPORTED_PRIVATE_KEY_ALGORITHMS = ImmutableSet.of("RSA", "DSA", "EC");
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PEMReader.class);
private static final Pattern CERT_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("-+BEGIN\\s+.*CERTIFICATE[^-]*-+(?:\\s|\\r|\\n)+([a-z0-9+/=\\r\\n]+)-+END\\s+.*CERTIFICATE[^-]*-+", CASE_INSENSITIVE);
private static final Pattern KEY_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("-+BEGIN\\s+.*PRIVATE\\s+KEY[^-]*-+(?:\\s|\\r|\\n)+([a-z0-9+/=\\r\\n]+)-+END\\s+.*PRIVATE\\s+KEY[^-]*-+", CASE_INSENSITIVE);
/**
* Extracts private key from the PEM content for the private key, assuming its not PBE.
*
* @param unencryptedPEMKey private key stored as PEM content
* @return {@link PrivateKey} upon successful reading of the private key
* @throws IOException in case PEM reading fails
* @throws GeneralSecurityException in case any issue encountered while reading the private key
*/
public static PrivateKey extractPrivateKey(String unencryptedPEMKey) throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException
{
return extractPrivateKey(unencryptedPEMKey, null);
}
/**
* Extracts private key from the Password Based Encrypted PEM content for the private key.
*
* @param pemKey PBE private key stored as PEM content
* @param keyPassword password to be used for the private key decryption
* @return {@link PrivateKey} upon successful reading of the private key
* @throws IOException in case PEM reading fails
* @throws GeneralSecurityException in case any issue encountered while reading the private key
*/
public static PrivateKey extractPrivateKey(String pemKey, String keyPassword) throws IOException,
GeneralSecurityException
{
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec keySpec;
String base64EncodedKey = extractBase64EncodedKey(pemKey);
byte[] derKeyBytes = decodeBase64(base64EncodedKey);
if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(keyPassword))
{
logger.debug("Encrypted key's length: {}, key's password length: {}",
derKeyBytes.length, keyPassword.length());
EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo epki = new EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo(derKeyBytes);
logger.debug("Encrypted private key info's algorithm name: {}", epki.getAlgName());
AlgorithmParameters params = epki.getAlgParameters();
PBEKeySpec pbeKeySpec = new PBEKeySpec(keyPassword.toCharArray());
Key encryptionKey = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(epki.getAlgName()).generateSecret(pbeKeySpec);
pbeKeySpec.clearPassword();
logger.debug("Key algorithm: {}, key format: {}", encryptionKey.getAlgorithm(), encryptionKey.getFormat());
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(epki.getAlgName());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, encryptionKey, params);
byte[] rawKeyBytes;
try
{
rawKeyBytes = cipher.doFinal(epki.getEncryptedData());
}
catch (BadPaddingException e)
{
throw new GeneralSecurityException("Failed to decrypt the private key data. Either the password " +
"provided for the key is wrong or the private key data is " +
"corrupted. msg=" + e.getMessage(), e);
}
logger.debug("Decrypted private key's length: {}", rawKeyBytes.length);
keySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(rawKeyBytes);
}
else
{
logger.debug("Key length: {}", derKeyBytes.length);
keySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(derKeyBytes);
}
PrivateKey privateKey = null;
/*
* Ideally we can inspect the OID (Object Identifier) from the private key with ASN.1 parser and identify the
* actual algorithm of the private key. For doing that, we have to use some special library like BouncyCastle.
* However in the absence of that, below brute-force approach can work- that is to try out all the supported
* private key algorithms given that there are only three major algorithms to verify against.
*/
for (String privateKeyAlgorithm : SUPPORTED_PRIVATE_KEY_ALGORITHMS)
{
try
{
privateKey = KeyFactory.getInstance(privateKeyAlgorithm).generatePrivate(keySpec);
logger.info("Parsing for the private key finished with {} algorithm.", privateKeyAlgorithm);
return privateKey;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
logger.debug("Failed to parse the private key with {} algorithm. Will try the other supported " +
"algorithms.", privateKeyAlgorithm);
}
}
throw new GeneralSecurityException("The given private key could not be parsed with any of the supported " +
"algorithms. Please see PEMReader#SUPPORTED_PRIVATE_KEY_ALGORITHMS.");
}
/**
* Extracts the certificates/cert-chain from the PEM content.
*
* @param pemCerts certificates/cert-chain stored as PEM content
* @return X509 certiificate list
* @throws GeneralSecurityException in case any issue encountered while reading the certificates
*/
public static Certificate[] extractCertificates(String pemCerts) throws GeneralSecurityException
{
List certificateList = new ArrayList<>();
List base64EncodedCerts = extractBase64EncodedCerts(pemCerts);
for (String base64EncodedCertificate : base64EncodedCerts)
{
certificateList.add(generateCertificate(base64EncodedCertificate));
}
Certificate[] certificates = certificateList.toArray(new Certificate[0]);
return certificates;
}
/**
* Generates the X509 certificate object given the base64 encoded PEM content.
*
* @param base64Certificate base64 encoded PEM content for the certificate
* @return X509 certificate
* @throws GeneralSecurityException in case any issue encountered while reading the certificate
*/
private static Certificate generateCertificate(String base64Certificate) throws GeneralSecurityException
{
byte[] decodedCertificateBytes = decodeBase64(base64Certificate);
CertificateFactory certificateFactory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
X509Certificate certificate =
(X509Certificate) certificateFactory.generateCertificate(new ByteArrayInputStream(decodedCertificateBytes));
logCertificateDetails(certificate);
return certificate;
}
/**
* Logs X509 certificate details for the debugging purpose with {@code INFO} level log.
* Namely, it prints - Subject DN, Issuer DN, Certificate serial number and the certificate expiry date which
* could be very valuable for debugging any certificate related issues.
*
* @param certificate certificate to log
*/
private static void logCertificateDetails(X509Certificate certificate)
{
assert certificate != null;
logger.info("*********** Certificate Details *****************");
logger.info("Subject DN: {}", certificate.getSubjectDN());
logger.info("Issuer DN: {}", certificate.getIssuerDN());
logger.info("Serial Number: {}", certificate.getSerialNumber());
logger.info("Expiry: {}", certificate.getNotAfter());
}
/**
* Parses the PEM formatted private key based on the standard pattern specified by the RFC 7468.
*
* @param pemKey private key stored as PEM content
* @return base64 string contained within the defined encapsulation boundaries by the above RFC
* @throws GeneralSecurityException in case any issue encountered while parsing the key
*/
private static String extractBase64EncodedKey(String pemKey) throws GeneralSecurityException
{
Matcher matcher = KEY_PATTERN.matcher(pemKey);
if (matcher.find())
{
return matcher.group(1).replaceAll("\\s", "");
}
else
{
throw new GeneralSecurityException("Invalid private key format");
}
}
/**
* Parses the PEM formatted certificate/public-key based on the standard pattern specified by the
* RFC 7468.
*
* @param pemCerts certificate/public-key stored as PEM content
* @return list of base64 encoded certificates within the defined encapsulation boundaries by the above RFC
* @throws GeneralSecurityException in case any issue encountered parsing the certificate
*/
private static List extractBase64EncodedCerts(String pemCerts) throws GeneralSecurityException
{
List certificateList = new ArrayList<>();
Matcher matcher = CERT_PATTERN.matcher(pemCerts);
if (!matcher.find())
{
throw new GeneralSecurityException("Invalid certificate format");
}
for (int start = 0; matcher.find(start); start = matcher.end())
{
String certificate = matcher.group(1).replaceAll("\\s", "");
certificateList.add(certificate);
}
return certificateList;
}
/**
* Decodes given input in Base64 format.
*
* @param base64Input input to be decoded
* @return byte[] containing decoded bytes
* @throws GeneralSecurityException in case it fails to decode the given base64 input
*/
private static byte[] decodeBase64(String base64Input) throws GeneralSecurityException
{
try
{
return Base64.getDecoder().decode(base64Input);
}
catch (IllegalArgumentException e)
{
throw new GeneralSecurityException("Failed to decode given base64 input. msg=" + e.getMessage(), e);
}
}
}