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/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.util;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Queue;
import org.apache.hadoop.HadoopIllegalArgumentException;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.Time;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.Preconditions;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
/**
* Manage byte array creation and release.
*/
@InterfaceAudience.Private
public abstract class ByteArrayManager {
static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ByteArrayManager.class);
private static final ThreadLocal DEBUG_MESSAGE =
new ThreadLocal() {
protected StringBuilder initialValue() {
return new StringBuilder();
}
};
private static void logDebugMessage() {
final StringBuilder b = DEBUG_MESSAGE.get();
LOG.debug(b.toString());
b.setLength(0);
}
static final int MIN_ARRAY_LENGTH = 32;
static final byte[] EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY = {};
/**
* @return the least power of two greater than or equal to n, i.e. return
* the least integer x with x >= n and x a power of two.
*
* @throws HadoopIllegalArgumentException
* if n <= 0.
*/
public static int leastPowerOfTwo(final int n) {
if (n <= 0) {
throw new HadoopIllegalArgumentException("n = " + n + " <= 0");
}
final int highestOne = Integer.highestOneBit(n);
if (highestOne == n) {
return n; // n is a power of two.
}
final int roundUp = highestOne << 1;
if (roundUp < 0) {
final long overflow = ((long) highestOne) << 1;
throw new ArithmeticException(
"Overflow: for n = " + n + ", the least power of two (the least"
+ " integer x with x >= n and x a power of two) = "
+ overflow + " > Integer.MAX_VALUE = " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
return roundUp;
}
/**
* A counter with a time stamp so that it is reset automatically
* if there is no increment for the time period.
*/
static class Counter {
private final long countResetTimePeriodMs;
private long count = 0L;
private long timestamp = Time.monotonicNow();
Counter(long countResetTimePeriodMs) {
this.countResetTimePeriodMs = countResetTimePeriodMs;
}
synchronized long getCount() {
return count;
}
/**
* Increment the counter, and reset it if there is no increment
* for a certain time period.
*
* @return the new count.
*/
synchronized long increment() {
final long now = Time.monotonicNow();
if (now - timestamp > countResetTimePeriodMs) {
count = 0; // reset the counter
}
timestamp = now;
return ++count;
}
}
/** A map from integers to counters. */
static final class CounterMap {
/** @see ByteArrayManager.Conf#countResetTimePeriodMs */
private final long countResetTimePeriodMs;
private final Map map = new HashMap<>();
private CounterMap(long countResetTimePeriodMs) {
this.countResetTimePeriodMs = countResetTimePeriodMs;
}
/**
* @return the counter for the given key;
* and create a new counter if it does not exist.
*/
synchronized Counter get(final Integer key, final boolean
createIfNotExist) {
Counter count = map.get(key);
if (count == null && createIfNotExist) {
count = new Counter(countResetTimePeriodMs);
map.put(key, count);
}
return count;
}
}
/** Manage byte arrays with the same fixed length. */
static class FixedLengthManager {
private final int byteArrayLength;
private final int maxAllocated;
private final Queue freeQueue = new LinkedList<>();
private int numAllocated = 0;
FixedLengthManager(int arrayLength, int maxAllocated) {
this.byteArrayLength = arrayLength;
this.maxAllocated = maxAllocated;
}
/**
* Allocate a byte array.
*
* If the number of allocated arrays >= maximum, the current thread is
* blocked until the number of allocated arrays drops to below the maximum.
*
* The byte array allocated by this method must be returned for recycling
* via the {@link FixedLengthManager#recycle(byte[])} method.
*/
synchronized byte[] allocate() throws InterruptedException {
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append(", ").append(this);
}
for(; numAllocated >= maxAllocated;) {
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append(": wait ...");
logDebugMessage();
}
wait();
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append("wake up: ").append(this);
}
}
numAllocated++;
final byte[] array = freeQueue.poll();
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append(", recycled? ").append(array != null);
}
return array != null? array : new byte[byteArrayLength];
}
/**
* Recycle the given byte array, which must have the same length as the
* array length managed by this object.
*
* The byte array may or may not be allocated
* by the {@link FixedLengthManager#allocate()} method.
*/
synchronized int recycle(byte[] array) {
Preconditions.checkNotNull(array);
Preconditions.checkArgument(array.length == byteArrayLength);
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append(", ").append(this);
}
notify();
numAllocated--;
if (numAllocated < 0) {
// it is possible to drop below 0 since
// some byte arrays may not be created by the allocate() method.
numAllocated = 0;
}
if (freeQueue.size() < maxAllocated - numAllocated) {
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append(", freeQueue.offer");
}
freeQueue.offer(array);
}
return freeQueue.size();
}
@Override
public synchronized String toString() {
return "[" + byteArrayLength + ": " + numAllocated + "/"
+ maxAllocated + ", free=" + freeQueue.size() + "]";
}
}
/** A map from array lengths to byte array managers. */
static class ManagerMap {
private final int countLimit;
private final Map map = new HashMap<>();
ManagerMap(int countLimit) {
this.countLimit = countLimit;
}
/** @return the manager for the given array length. */
synchronized FixedLengthManager get(final Integer arrayLength,
final boolean createIfNotExist) {
FixedLengthManager manager = map.get(arrayLength);
if (manager == null && createIfNotExist) {
manager = new FixedLengthManager(arrayLength, countLimit);
map.put(arrayLength, manager);
}
return manager;
}
}
/**
* Configuration for ByteArrayManager.
*/
public static class Conf {
/**
* The count threshold for each array length so that a manager is created
* only after the allocation count exceeds the threshold.
*/
private final int countThreshold;
/**
* The maximum number of arrays allowed for each array length.
*/
private final int countLimit;
/**
* The time period in milliseconds that the allocation count for each array
* length is reset to zero if there is no increment.
*/
private final long countResetTimePeriodMs;
public Conf(int countThreshold, int countLimit, long
countResetTimePeriodMs) {
this.countThreshold = countThreshold;
this.countLimit = countLimit;
this.countResetTimePeriodMs = countResetTimePeriodMs;
}
}
/**
* Create a byte array for the given length, where the length of
* the returned array is larger than or equal to the given length.
*
* The current thread may be blocked if some resource is unavailable.
*
* The byte array created by this method must be released
* via the {@link ByteArrayManager#release(byte[])} method.
*
* @return a byte array with length larger than or equal to the given length.
*/
public abstract byte[] newByteArray(int size) throws InterruptedException;
/**
* Release the given byte array.
*
* The byte array may or may not be created
* by the {@link ByteArrayManager#newByteArray(int)} method.
*
* @return the number of free array.
*/
public abstract int release(byte[] array);
public static ByteArrayManager newInstance(Conf conf) {
return conf == null? new NewByteArrayWithoutLimit(): new Impl(conf);
}
/**
* A dummy implementation which simply calls new byte[].
*/
static class NewByteArrayWithoutLimit extends ByteArrayManager {
@Override
public byte[] newByteArray(int size) throws InterruptedException {
return new byte[size];
}
@Override
public int release(byte[] array) {
return 0;
}
}
/**
* Manage byte array allocation and provide a mechanism for recycling the byte
* array objects.
*/
static class Impl extends ByteArrayManager {
private final Conf conf;
private final CounterMap counters;
private final ManagerMap managers;
Impl(Conf conf) {
this.conf = conf;
this.counters = new CounterMap(conf.countResetTimePeriodMs);
this.managers = new ManagerMap(conf.countLimit);
}
/**
* Allocate a byte array, where the length of the allocated array
* is the least power of two of the given length
* unless the given length is less than {@link #MIN_ARRAY_LENGTH}.
* In such case, the returned array length is equal to {@link
* #MIN_ARRAY_LENGTH}.
*
* If the number of allocated arrays exceeds the capacity,
* the current thread is blocked until
* the number of allocated arrays drops to below the capacity.
*
* The byte array allocated by this method must be returned for recycling
* via the {@link Impl#release(byte[])} method.
*
* @return a byte array with length larger than or equal to the given
* length.
*/
@Override
public byte[] newByteArray(final int arrayLength)
throws InterruptedException {
Preconditions.checkArgument(arrayLength >= 0);
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append("allocate(").append(arrayLength).append(")");
}
final byte[] array;
if (arrayLength == 0) {
array = EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
} else {
final int powerOfTwo = arrayLength <= MIN_ARRAY_LENGTH?
MIN_ARRAY_LENGTH: leastPowerOfTwo(arrayLength);
final long count = counters.get(powerOfTwo, true).increment();
final boolean aboveThreshold = count > conf.countThreshold;
// create a new manager only if the count is above threshold.
final FixedLengthManager manager =
managers.get(powerOfTwo, aboveThreshold);
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append(": count=").append(count)
.append(aboveThreshold? ", aboveThreshold": ", belowThreshold");
}
array = manager != null? manager.allocate(): new byte[powerOfTwo];
}
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append(", return byte[")
.append(array.length).append("]");
logDebugMessage();
}
return array;
}
/**
* Recycle the given byte array.
*
* The byte array may or may not be allocated
* by the {@link Impl#newByteArray(int)} method.
*
* This is a non-blocking call.
*/
@Override
public int release(final byte[] array) {
Preconditions.checkNotNull(array);
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get()
.append("recycle: array.length=").append(array.length);
}
final int freeQueueSize;
if (array.length == 0) {
freeQueueSize = -1;
} else {
final FixedLengthManager manager = managers.get(array.length, false);
freeQueueSize = manager == null? -1: manager.recycle(array);
}
if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
DEBUG_MESSAGE.get().append(", freeQueueSize=").append(freeQueueSize);
logDebugMessage();
}
return freeQueueSize;
}
CounterMap getCounters() {
return counters;
}
ManagerMap getManagers() {
return managers;
}
}
}
