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 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS HEADER.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2010-2017 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of either the GNU
 * General Public License Version 2 only ("GPL") or the Common Development
 * and Distribution License("CDDL") (collectively, the "License").  You
 * may not use this file except in compliance with the License.  You can
 * obtain a copy of the License at
 * https://oss.oracle.com/licenses/CDDL+GPL-1.1
 * or LICENSE.txt.  See the License for the specific
 * language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing the software, include this License Header Notice in each
 * file and include the License file at LICENSE.txt.
 *
 * GPL Classpath Exception:
 * Oracle designates this particular file as subject to the "Classpath"
 * exception as provided by Oracle in the GPL Version 2 section of the License
 * file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * Modifications:
 * If applicable, add the following below the License Header, with the fields
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package org.glassfish.jersey.internal.util;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject;
import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.GenericArrayType;
import java.lang.reflect.Member;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.lang.reflect.TypeVariable;
import java.lang.reflect.WildcardType;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import javax.ws.rs.core.GenericEntity;
import javax.ws.rs.core.GenericType;

import org.glassfish.jersey.internal.LocalizationMessages;
import org.glassfish.jersey.internal.OsgiRegistry;
import org.glassfish.jersey.internal.util.collection.ClassTypePair;

import org.osgi.framework.Bundle;
import org.osgi.framework.FrameworkUtil;

/**
 * Utility methods for Java reflection.
 *
 * @author Paul Sandoz
 * @author Jakub Podlesak (jakub.podlesak at oracle.com)
 */
public final class ReflectionHelper {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(ReflectionHelper.class.getName());
    private static final PrivilegedAction NoOpPrivilegedACTION = new PrivilegedAction() {
        @Override
        public Object run() {
            return null;
        }
    };

    /**
     * Prevents instantiation.
     */
    private ReflectionHelper() {
        throw new AssertionError("No instances allowed.");
    }

    /**
     * Get the declaring class of an accessible object.
     * 

     * Supported are {@link Method}, {@link Field} and {@link Constructor} accessible object types.
     * 

     *
     * @param ao an accessible object.
     * @return the declaring class of an accessible object.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the type of the accessible object
     *                                  is not supported.
     */
    public static Class getDeclaringClass(final AccessibleObject ao) {
        if (ao instanceof Member && (ao instanceof Field || ao instanceof Method || ao instanceof Constructor)) {
            return ((Member) ao).getDeclaringClass();
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported accessible object type: " + ao.getClass().getName());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Create a string representation of an object.
     * 

     * Returns a string consisting of the name of the class of which the
     * object is an instance, the at-sign character {@code '@'}, and
     * the unsigned hexadecimal representation of the hash code of the
     * object. In other words, this method returns a string equal to the
     * value of:
     * 

     * 
     * o.getClass().getName() + '@' + Integer.toHexString(o.hashCode())
     * 

     *
     * @param o the object.
     * @return the string representation of the object.
     */
    public static String objectToString(final Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            return "null";
        }
        return o.getClass().getName() + '@' + Integer.toHexString(o.hashCode());
    }

    /**
     * Create a string representation of a method and an instance whose
     * class implements the method.
     * 

     * Returns a string consisting of the name of the class of which the object
     * is an instance, the at-sign character {@code '@'},
     * the unsigned hexadecimal representation of the hash code of the
     * object, the character {@code '.'}, the name of the method,
     * the character {@code '('}, the list of method parameters, and
     * the character {@code ')'}. In other words, those method returns a
     * string equal to the value of:
     * 

     * 
     * o.getClass().getName() + '@' + Integer.toHexString(o.hashCode()) +
     *         '.' + m.getName() + '(' + <parameters> + ')'.

     *
     * @param o the object whose class implements {@code m}.
     * @param m the method.
     * @return the string representation of the method and instance.
     */
    public static String methodInstanceToString(final Object o, final Method m) {
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append(o.getClass().getName())
                .append('@').append(Integer.toHexString(o.hashCode()))
                .append('.').append(m.getName()).append('(');

        final Class[] params = m.getParameterTypes();
        for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
            sb.append(getTypeName(params[i]));
            if (i < (params.length - 1)) {
                sb.append(",");
            }
        }

        sb.append(')');

        return sb.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Get the Java type or array name.
     * 

     * If the class is representing an array, the {@code "[]"} suffix will be added
     * to the name of the type for each dimension of an array.
     * 

     *
     * @param type Java type (can represent an array).
     * @return Java type or array name.
     */
    private static String getTypeName(final Class type) {
        if (type.isArray()) {
            Class cl = type;
            int dimensions = 0;
            while (cl.isArray()) {
                dimensions++;
                cl = cl.getComponentType();
            }
            final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            sb.append(cl.getName());
            for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++) {
                sb.append("[]");
            }
            return sb.toString();
        }
        return type.getName();
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain Class from given class name.
     * 

     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     * The context class loader will be utilized if accessible and non-null.
     * Otherwise the defining class loader of this class will
     * be utilized.
     * 

     *
     * @param   class type.
     * @param name class name.
     * @return privileged action to obtain desired Class.
     * The action could return {@code null} if the class cannot be found.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static  PrivilegedAction> classForNamePA(final String name) {
        return classForNamePA(name, getContextClassLoader());
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain Class from given class name.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param   class type.
     * @param name class name.
     * @param cl   class loader to use, if {@code null} then the defining class loader
     *             of this class will be utilized.
     * @return privileged action to obtain desired Class. The action could return {@code null} if the class cannot be found.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static  PrivilegedAction> classForNamePA(final String name, final ClassLoader cl) {
        return new PrivilegedAction>() {
            @Override
            public Class run() {
                if (cl != null) {
                    try {
                        return (Class) Class.forName(name, false, cl);
                    } catch (final ClassNotFoundException ex) {
                        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.FINER)) {
                            LOGGER.log(Level.FINER,
                                    "Unable to load class " + name + " using the supplied class loader "
                                            + cl.getClass().getName() + ".", ex);
                        }
                    }
                }
                try {
                    return (Class) Class.forName(name);
                } catch (final ClassNotFoundException ex) {
                    if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.FINER)) {
                        LOGGER.log(Level.FINER, "Unable to load class " + name + " using the current class loader.", ex);
                    }
                }

                return null;
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain class loader for given class.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz class for which to get class loader.
     * @return privileged action to obtain class loader for the {@code clazz} class.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction getClassLoaderPA(final Class clazz) {
        return new PrivilegedAction() {
            @Override
            public ClassLoader run() {
                return clazz.getClassLoader();
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain fields declared on given class.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz class for which to get the declared fields.
     * @return privileged action to obtain fields declared on the {@code clazz} class.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction getDeclaredFieldsPA(final Class clazz) {
        return new PrivilegedAction() {
            @Override
            public Field[] run() {
                return clazz.getDeclaredFields();
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain fields on given class, recursively through inheritance hierarchy.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz class for which to get fields.
     * @return privileged action to obtain fields declared on the {@code clazz} class.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction getAllFieldsPA(final Class clazz) {
        return new PrivilegedAction() {
            @Override
            public Field[] run() {
                final List fields = new ArrayList();
                recurse(clazz, fields);
                return fields.toArray(new Field[fields.size()]);
            }

            private void recurse(final Class clazz, final List fields) {
                fields.addAll(Arrays.asList(clazz.getDeclaredFields()));
                if (clazz.getSuperclass() != null) {
                    recurse(clazz.getSuperclass(), fields);
                }
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain methods declared on given class.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz class for which to get the declared methods.
     * @return privileged action to obtain methods declared on the {@code clazz} class.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction> getDeclaredMethodsPA(final Class clazz) {
        return new PrivilegedAction>() {
            @Override
            public Collection run() {
                return Arrays.asList(clazz.getDeclaredMethods());
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged exception action to obtain Class from given class name.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged exception action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     * 

     * The actual context class loader will be utilized if accessible and non-null.
     * Otherwise the defining class loader of the calling class will be utilized.
     *
     * @param   class type.
     * @param name class name.
     * @return privileged exception action to obtain the Class.
     * The action could throw {@link ClassNotFoundException} or return {@code null} if the class cannot be found.
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException in case the class cannot be loaded with the context class loader.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction)
     */
    public static  PrivilegedExceptionAction> classForNameWithExceptionPEA(final String name)
            throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return classForNameWithExceptionPEA(name, getContextClassLoader());
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged exception action to obtain Class from given class name.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged exception action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param   class type.
     * @param name class name.
     * @param cl   class loader to use, if {@code null} then the defining class loader
     *             of the calling class will be utilized.
     * @return privileged exception action to obtain the Class. If the class cannot be found, the action returns {@code null},
     * or throws {@link ClassNotFoundException} in case the class loader has been specified.
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException in case the class cannot be loaded with the specified class loader.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction)
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static  PrivilegedExceptionAction> classForNameWithExceptionPEA(final String name, final ClassLoader cl)
            throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return new PrivilegedExceptionAction>() {
            @Override
            public Class run() throws ClassNotFoundException {
                if (cl != null) {
                    try {
                        return (Class) Class.forName(name, false, cl);
                    } catch (final ClassNotFoundException ex) {
                        // ignored on purpose
                    }
                }
                return (Class) Class.forName(name);
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain context class loader.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @return privileged action to obtain the actual context class loader. The action could return {@code null}
     * if the context class loader has not been set.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction getContextClassLoaderPA() {
        return new PrivilegedAction() {
            @Override
            public ClassLoader run() {
                return Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get the context class loader.
     *
     * @return the context class loader, otherwise {@code null} if not set.
     */
    private static ClassLoader getContextClassLoader() {
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(getContextClassLoaderPA());
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to set the actual context class loader.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param classLoader context class loader to be set.
     * @return privileged action to set context class loader.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction setContextClassLoaderPA(final ClassLoader classLoader) {
        return new PrivilegedAction() {
            @Override
            public Object run() {
                Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(classLoader);
                return null;
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to set a method to be accessible.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param m method to be set as accessible.
     * @return privileged action to set the method to be accessible.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction setAccessibleMethodPA(final Method m) {
        if (Modifier.isPublic(m.getModifiers())) {
            return NoOpPrivilegedACTION;
        }

        return new PrivilegedAction() {

            @Override
            public Object run() {
                if (!m.isAccessible()) {
                    m.setAccessible(true);
                }
                return m;
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get the list of classes that represent the type arguments of a
     * {@link ParameterizedType parameterized} input type.
     * 

     * For any given argument in the returned list, following rules apply:
     * 
    
     * 
  • If a type argument is a class then the class is returned.
    • 
     * 
  • If the type argument is a generic array type and the generic component
     * type is a class then class of the array is returned.
    • 
     * 
  • If the type argument is a parameterized type and it's raw type is a
     * class then that class is returned.
    • 
     * 

     * If the {@code type} is not an instance of ParameterizedType an empty
     * list is returned.
     *
     * @param type parameterized type.
     * @return the list of classed representing the actual type arguments. May be empty,
     * but may never be {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any of the generic type arguments is
     *                                  not a class, or a generic array type, or the generic component type
     *                                  of the generic array type is not class, or not a parameterized type
     *                                  with a raw type that is not a class.
     */
    public static List> getGenericTypeArgumentClasses(final Type type) throws IllegalArgumentException {
        final Type[] types = getTypeArguments(type);
        if (types == null) {
            return Collections.emptyList();
        }

        return Arrays.stream(types)
                     .map((Function>) ReflectionHelper::erasure)
                     .collect(Collectors.toList());
    }

    /**
     * Get the list of class-type pairs that represent the type arguments of a
     * {@link ParameterizedType parameterized} input type.
     * 

     * For any given {@link ClassTypePair#rawClass() class} part of each pair
     * in the returned list, following rules apply:
     * 
    
     * 
  • If a type argument is a class then the class is returned as raw class.
    • 
     * 
  • If the type argument is a generic array type and the generic component
     * type is a class then class of the array is returned as raw class.
    • 
     * 
  • If the type argument is a parameterized type and it's raw type is a
     * class then that class is returned as raw class.
    • 
     * 

     * If the {@code type} is not an instance of ParameterizedType an empty
     * list is returned.
     *
     * @param type parameterized type.
     * @return the list of class-type pairs representing the actual type arguments. May be empty, but may never be {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any of the generic type arguments is
     *                                  not a class, or a generic array type, or the generic component type
     *                                  of the generic array type is not class, or not a parameterized type
     *                                  with a raw type that is not a class.
     */
    public static List getTypeArgumentAndClass(final Type type) throws IllegalArgumentException {
        final Type[] types = getTypeArguments(type);
        if (types == null) {
            return Collections.emptyList();
        }

        return Arrays.stream(types)
                     .map(type1 -> ClassTypePair.of(erasure(type1), type1))
                     .collect(Collectors.toList());
    }

    /**
     * Check if the given type is a primitive type.
     *
     * @param type type to be checked.
     * @return {@code true} in case the type represents a primitive type, otherwise returns {@code false}.
     */
    public static boolean isPrimitive(final Type type) {
        if (type instanceof Class) {
            final Class c = (Class) type;
            return c.isPrimitive();
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Get the type arguments for a parameterized type.
     * 

     * In case the type is not a {@link ParameterizedType parameterized type},
     * the method returns {@code null}.
     *
     * @param type parameterized type.
     * @return type arguments for a parameterized type, or {@code null} in case the input type is not a parameterized type.
     */
    public static Type[] getTypeArguments(final Type type) {
        if (!(type instanceof ParameterizedType)) {
            return null;
        }

        return ((ParameterizedType) type).getActualTypeArguments();
    }

    /**
     * Get a type argument at particular index for a parameterized type.
     * 

     * In case the type is not a {@link ParameterizedType parameterized type},
     * the method returns {@code null}.
     *
     * @param type  parameterized type.
     * @param index type parameter index.
     * @return type argument for a parameterized type at a given index, or {@code null} in case the input type is not
     * a parameterized type.
     */
    public static Type getTypeArgument(final Type type, final int index) {
        if (type instanceof ParameterizedType) {
            final ParameterizedType p = (ParameterizedType) type;
            return fix(p.getActualTypeArguments()[index]);
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * JDK 5.0 has a bug of creating {@link GenericArrayType} where it shouldn't.
     * fix that manually to work around the problem.
     * 

     * See bug 6202725.
     */
    private static Type fix(final Type t) {
        if (!(t instanceof GenericArrayType)) {
            return t;
        }

        final GenericArrayType gat = (GenericArrayType) t;
        if (gat.getGenericComponentType() instanceof Class) {
            final Class c = (Class) gat.getGenericComponentType();
            return Array.newInstance(c, 0).getClass();
        }

        return t;
    }

    /**
     * Implements the logic for {@link #erasure(Type)}.
     */
    private static final TypeVisitor eraser = new TypeVisitor() {
        @Override
        protected Class onClass(final Class clazz) {
            return clazz;
        }

        @Override
        protected Class onParameterizedType(final ParameterizedType type) {
            return visit(type.getRawType());
        }

        @Override
        protected Class onGenericArray(final GenericArrayType type) {
            return Array.newInstance(visit(type.getGenericComponentType()), 0).getClass();
        }

        @Override
        protected Class onVariable(final TypeVariable type) {
            return visit(type.getBounds()[0]);
        }

        @Override
        protected Class onWildcard(final WildcardType type) {
            return visit(type.getUpperBounds()[0]);
        }

        @Override
        protected RuntimeException createError(final Type type) {
            return new IllegalArgumentException(LocalizationMessages.TYPE_TO_CLASS_CONVERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED(type));
        }
    };

    /**
     * Get the {@link Class} representation of the given type.
     * 

     * This corresponds to the notion of the erasure in JSR-14.
     *
     * @param type type to provide the erasure for.
     * @return the given type's erasure.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static  Class erasure(final Type type) {
        return eraser.visit(type);
    }

    /**
     * Check if {@code subType} is a sub-type of {@code superType}.
     *
     * @param subType   sub-type type.
     * @param superType super-type type.
     * @return {@code true} in case the {@code subType} is a sub-type of {@code superType},
     * {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public static boolean isSubClassOf(final Type subType, final Type superType) {
        return erasure(superType).isAssignableFrom(erasure(subType));
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the type is an array type.
     *
     * @param type type to check.
     * @return {@code true} in case the type is an array type, {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public static boolean isArray(final Type type) {
        if (type instanceof Class) {
            final Class c = (Class) type;
            return c.isArray();
        }
        return type instanceof GenericArrayType;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the type is an array of a given component type.
     *
     * @param type          type to check.
     * @param componentType array component type.
     * @return {@code true} in case the type is an array type of a given component type,
     * {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public static boolean isArrayOfType(final Type type, final Class componentType) {
        if (type instanceof Class) {
            final Class c = (Class) type;
            return c.isArray() && c != byte[].class;
        }
        if (type instanceof GenericArrayType) {
            final Type arrayComponentType = ((GenericArrayType) type).getGenericComponentType();
            return arrayComponentType == componentType;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the component type of the array.
     *
     * @param type must be an array.
     * @return array component type.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the type is not an array type.
     */
    public static Type getArrayComponentType(final Type type) {
        if (type instanceof Class) {
            final Class c = (Class) type;
            return c.getComponentType();
        }
        if (type instanceof GenericArrayType) {
            return ((GenericArrayType) type).getGenericComponentType();
        }

        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }

    /**
     * Get Array class of component type.
     *
     * @param c the component class of the array
     * @return the array class.
     */
    public static Class getArrayForComponentType(final Class c) {
        try {
            final Object o = Array.newInstance(c, 0);
            return o.getClass();
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain the static valueOf(String ) method.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz class to obtain the method.
     * @return privileged action to get the method.
     * The action could return {@code null} if the method is not present.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static PrivilegedAction getValueOfStringMethodPA(final Class clazz) {
        return getStringToObjectMethodPA(clazz, "valueOf");
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to get the static fromString(String ) method.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz class for which to get the method.
     * @return privileged action to obtain the method.
     * The action could return {@code null} if the method is not present.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static PrivilegedAction getFromStringStringMethodPA(final Class clazz) {
        return getStringToObjectMethodPA(clazz, "fromString");
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to get the static method of given name. If run using security manager, the returned privileged
     * action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz      class for which to get the method.
     * @param methodName name of the method to be obtained.
     * @return privileged action to obtain the method.
     * The action could return {@code null} if the method is not present.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    private static PrivilegedAction getStringToObjectMethodPA(final Class clazz, final String methodName) {
        return new PrivilegedAction() {
            @Override
            public Method run() {
                try {
                    final Method method = clazz.getDeclaredMethod(methodName, String.class);
                    if (Modifier.isStatic(method.getModifiers()) && method.getReturnType() == clazz) {
                        return method;
                    }
                    return null;
                } catch (final NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
                    return null;
                }
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain constructor that has a single parameter of String.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz The class for which to obtain the constructor.
     * @return privileged action to obtain the constructor.
     * The action could return {@code null} if the constructor is not present.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction getStringConstructorPA(final Class clazz) {
        return new PrivilegedAction() {
            @Override
            public Constructor run() {
                try {
                    return clazz.getConstructor(String.class);
                } catch (final SecurityException e) {
                    throw e;
                } catch (final Exception e) {
                    return null;
                }
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain declared constructors of given class.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz The class for which to obtain the constructors.
     * @return privileged action to obtain the array of constructors.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction[]> getDeclaredConstructorsPA(final Class clazz) {
        return new PrivilegedAction[]>() {
            @Override
            public Constructor[] run() {
                return clazz.getDeclaredConstructors();
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to obtain declared constructor of given class with given parameters.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     *
     * @param clazz  The class for which to obtain the constructor.
     * @param params constructor parameters.
     * @return privileged action to obtain the constructor or {@code null}, when constructor with given parameters
     * is not found.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction> getDeclaredConstructorPA(final Class clazz, final Class... params) {
        return new PrivilegedAction>() {
            @Override
            public Constructor run() {
                try {
                    return clazz.getDeclaredConstructor(params);
                } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
                    return null;
                }
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Returns collection of all annotation types attached to a given annotated element that have the provided meta
     * annotation attached.
     *
     * @param annotatedElement annotated element.
     * @param metaAnnotation   meta annotation attached to the annotation types we are looking for (if null, annotation
     *                         types of all attached annotations will be returned).
     * @return list of annotation types with a given meta annotation
     */
    public static Collection> getAnnotationTypes(final AnnotatedElement annotatedElement,
                                                                             final Class metaAnnotation) {
        final Set> result = Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<>());
        for (final Annotation a : annotatedElement.getAnnotations()) {
            final Class aType = a.annotationType();
            if (metaAnnotation == null || aType.getAnnotation(metaAnnotation) != null) {
                result.add(aType);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Determine whether a given method is {@code getter}.
     *
     * @param method method to be examined.
     * @return {@code true} if the method is {@code getter}, {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public static boolean isGetter(final Method method) {
        if (method.getParameterTypes().length == 0
                && Modifier.isPublic(method.getModifiers())) {
            final String methodName = method.getName();

            if (methodName.startsWith("get") && methodName.length() > 3) {
                return !void.class.equals(method.getReturnType());
            } else if (methodName.startsWith("is") && methodName.length() > 2) {
                return boolean.class.equals(method.getReturnType()) || Boolean.class.equals(method.getReturnType());
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Create a {@link javax.ws.rs.core.GenericType generic type} information for a given
     * Java {@code instance}.
     * 

     * If the supplied instance is an instance of {@link javax.ws.rs.core.GenericEntity}, the generic type
     * information will be computed using the {@link javax.ws.rs.core.GenericEntity#getType()}
     * information. Otherwise the {@code instance.getClass()} will be used.
     * 

     *
     * @param instance Java instance for which the {@code GenericType} description should be created.
     * @return {@code GenericType} describing the Java {@code instance}.
     */
    public static GenericType genericTypeFor(final Object instance) {
        final GenericType genericType;
        if (instance instanceof GenericEntity) {
            genericType = new GenericType(((GenericEntity) instance).getType());
        } else {
            genericType = (instance == null) ? null : new GenericType(instance.getClass());
        }
        return genericType;
    }

    /**
     * Determine whether a given method is {@code setter}.
     *
     * @param method method to be examined.
     * @return {@code true} if the method is {@code setter}, {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public static boolean isSetter(final Method method) {
        return Modifier.isPublic(method.getModifiers())
                && void.class.equals(method.getReturnType())
                && method.getParameterTypes().length == 1
                && method.getName().startsWith("set");
    }

    /**
     * Determine property (field) name from given getter/setter method.
     *
     * @param method method to be examined.
     * @return property (field) name.
     */
    public static String getPropertyName(final Method method) {
        if (!isGetter(method) && !isSetter(method)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(LocalizationMessages.METHOD_NOT_GETTER_NOR_SETTER());
        }

        final String methodName = method.getName();
        final int offset = methodName.startsWith("is") ? 2 : 3;

        final char[] chars = methodName.toCharArray();
        chars[offset] = Character.toLowerCase(chars[offset]);

        return new String(chars, offset, chars.length - offset);
    }

    /**
     * Determine the most specific type from given set.
     *
     * @param contractTypes to be taken into account.
     * @return the most specific type.
     */
    public static Class theMostSpecificTypeOf(final Set contractTypes) {
        Class result = null;
        for (final Type t : contractTypes) {
            final Class next = (Class) t;
            if (result == null) {
                result = next;
            } else {
                if (result.isAssignableFrom(next)) {
                    result = next;
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * A tuple consisting of a concrete class and a declaring class that declares a
     * generic interface type.
     */
    public static class DeclaringClassInterfacePair {

        /**
         * Concrete class.
         */
        public final Class concreteClass;
        /**
         * Declaring class.
         */
        public final Class declaringClass;
        /**
         * Generic interface type.
         */
        public final Type genericInterface;

        private DeclaringClassInterfacePair(final Class concreteClass,
                                            final Class declaringClass,
                                            final Type genericInterface) {
            this.concreteClass = concreteClass;
            this.declaringClass = declaringClass;
            this.genericInterface = genericInterface;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the parameterized class arguments for a declaring class that
     * declares a generic interface type.
     *
     * @param p the declaring class
     * @return the parameterized class arguments, or null if the generic
     * interface type is not a parameterized type.
     */
    public static Class[] getParameterizedClassArguments(final DeclaringClassInterfacePair p) {
        if (p.genericInterface instanceof ParameterizedType) {
            ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType) p.genericInterface;
            final Type[] as = pt.getActualTypeArguments();
            final Class[] cas = new Class[as.length];

            for (int i = 0; i < as.length; i++) {
                final Type a = as[i];
                if (a instanceof Class) {
                    cas[i] = (Class) a;
                } else if (a instanceof ParameterizedType) {
                    pt = (ParameterizedType) a;
                    cas[i] = (Class) pt.getRawType();
                } else if (a instanceof TypeVariable) {
                    final TypeVariable tv = (TypeVariable) a;
                    final ClassTypePair ctp = resolveTypeVariable(p.concreteClass, p.declaringClass, tv);
                    cas[i] = (ctp != null) ? ctp.rawClass() : (Class) (tv.getBounds()[0]);
                } else if (a instanceof GenericArrayType) {
                    final GenericArrayType gat = (GenericArrayType) a;
                    final Type t = gat.getGenericComponentType();
                    if (t instanceof Class) {
                        cas[i] = getArrayForComponentType((Class) t);
                    }
                }
            }
            return cas;
        } else {
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the parameterized type arguments for a declaring class that
     * declares a generic interface type.
     *
     * @param p the declaring class
     * @return the parameterized type arguments, or null if the generic
     * interface type is not a parameterized type.
     */
    public static Type[] getParameterizedTypeArguments(final DeclaringClassInterfacePair p) {
        if (p.genericInterface instanceof ParameterizedType) {
            final ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType) p.genericInterface;
            final Type[] as = pt.getActualTypeArguments();
            final Type[] ras = new Type[as.length];

            for (int i = 0; i < as.length; i++) {
                final Type a = as[i];
                if (a instanceof Class) {
                    ras[i] = a;
                } else if (a instanceof ParameterizedType) {
                    ras[i] = a;
                } else if (a instanceof TypeVariable) {
                    final ClassTypePair ctp = resolveTypeVariable(p.concreteClass, p.declaringClass, (TypeVariable) a);
                    if (ctp == null) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                                LocalizationMessages.ERROR_RESOLVING_GENERIC_TYPE_VALUE(p.genericInterface, p.concreteClass));
                    }
                    ras[i] = ctp.type();
                }
            }
            return ras;
        } else {
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Find the declaring class that implements or extends an interface.
     *
     * @param concrete the concrete class than directly or indirectly
     *                 implements or extends an interface class.
     * @param iface    the interface class.
     * @return the tuple of the declaring class and the generic interface
     * type.
     */
    public static DeclaringClassInterfacePair getClass(final Class concrete, final Class iface) {
        return getClass(concrete, iface, concrete);
    }

    private static DeclaringClassInterfacePair getClass(final Class concrete, final Class iface, Class c) {
        final Type[] gis = c.getGenericInterfaces();
        final DeclaringClassInterfacePair p = getType(concrete, iface, c, gis);
        if (p != null) {
            return p;
        }

        c = c.getSuperclass();
        if (c == null || c == Object.class) {
            return null;
        }

        return getClass(concrete, iface, c);
    }

    private static DeclaringClassInterfacePair getType(final Class concrete,
                                                       final Class iface,
                                                       final Class c,
                                                       final Type[] ts) {
        for (final Type t : ts) {
            final DeclaringClassInterfacePair p = getType(concrete, iface, c, t);
            if (p != null) {
                return p;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    private static DeclaringClassInterfacePair getType(final Class concrete,
                                                       final Class iface,
                                                       final Class c,
                                                       final Type t) {
        if (t instanceof Class) {
            if (t == iface) {
                return new DeclaringClassInterfacePair(concrete, c, t);
            } else {
                return getClass(concrete, iface, (Class) t);
            }
        } else if (t instanceof ParameterizedType) {
            final ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType) t;
            if (pt.getRawType() == iface) {
                return new DeclaringClassInterfacePair(concrete, c, t);
            } else {
                return getClass(concrete, iface, (Class) pt.getRawType());
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Resolve generic type parameter(s) of a raw class and it's generic type
     * based on the class that declares the generic type parameter(s) to be resolved
     * and a concrete implementation of the declaring class.
     *
     * @param concreteClass       concrete implementation of the declaring class.
     * @param declaringClass      class declaring the generic type parameter(s) to be
     *                            resolved.
     * @param rawResolvedType     raw class of the generic type to be resolved.
     * @param genericResolvedType generic type information of th type to be resolved.
     * @return a pair of class and the generic type values with the the resolved
     * generic parameter types.
     */
    public static ClassTypePair resolveGenericType(final Class concreteClass, final Class declaringClass,
                                                   final Class rawResolvedType, final Type genericResolvedType) {
        if (genericResolvedType instanceof TypeVariable) {
            final ClassTypePair ct = resolveTypeVariable(
                    concreteClass,
                    declaringClass,
                    (TypeVariable) genericResolvedType);

            if (ct != null) {
                return ct;
            }
        } else if (genericResolvedType instanceof ParameterizedType) {
            final ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType) genericResolvedType;
            final Type[] ptts = pt.getActualTypeArguments();
            boolean modified = false;
            for (int i = 0; i < ptts.length; i++) {
                final ClassTypePair ct =
                        resolveGenericType(concreteClass, declaringClass, (Class) pt.getRawType(), ptts[i]);
                if (ct.type() != ptts[i]) {
                    ptts[i] = ct.type();
                    modified = true;
                }
            }
            if (modified) {
                final ParameterizedType rpt = new ParameterizedType() {

                    @Override
                    public Type[] getActualTypeArguments() {
                        return ptts.clone();
                    }

                    @Override
                    public Type getRawType() {
                        return pt.getRawType();
                    }

                    @Override
                    public Type getOwnerType() {
                        return pt.getOwnerType();
                    }
                };
                return ClassTypePair.of((Class) pt.getRawType(), rpt);
            }
        } else if (genericResolvedType instanceof GenericArrayType) {
            final GenericArrayType gat = (GenericArrayType) genericResolvedType;
            final ClassTypePair ct =
                    resolveGenericType(concreteClass, declaringClass, null, gat.getGenericComponentType());
            if (gat.getGenericComponentType() != ct.type()) {
                try {
                    final Class ac = ReflectionHelper.getArrayForComponentType(ct.rawClass());
                    return ClassTypePair.of(ac);
                } catch (final Exception e) {
                    LOGGER.log(Level.FINEST, "", e);
                }
            }
        }

        return ClassTypePair.of(rawResolvedType, genericResolvedType);
    }

    /**
     * Given a type variable resolve the Java class of that variable.
     *
     * @param c  the concrete class from which all type variables are resolved.
     * @param dc the declaring class where the type variable was defined.
     * @param tv the type variable.
     * @return the resolved Java class and type, otherwise null if the type variable
     * could not be resolved.
     */
    public static ClassTypePair resolveTypeVariable(final Class c, final Class dc, final TypeVariable tv) {
        return resolveTypeVariable(c, dc, tv, new HashMap());
    }

    private static ClassTypePair resolveTypeVariable(final Class c, final Class dc, final TypeVariable tv,
                                                     final Map map) {
        final Type[] gis = c.getGenericInterfaces();
        for (final Type gi : gis) {
            if (gi instanceof ParameterizedType) {
                // process pt of interface
                final ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType) gi;
                final ClassTypePair ctp = resolveTypeVariable(pt, (Class) pt.getRawType(), dc, tv, map);
                if (ctp != null) {
                    return ctp;
                }
            }
        }

        final Type gsc = c.getGenericSuperclass();
        if (gsc instanceof ParameterizedType) {
            // process pt of class
            final ParameterizedType pt = (ParameterizedType) gsc;
            return resolveTypeVariable(pt, c.getSuperclass(), dc, tv, map);
        } else if (gsc instanceof Class) {
            return resolveTypeVariable(c.getSuperclass(), dc, tv, map);
        }
        return null;
    }

    private static ClassTypePair resolveTypeVariable(ParameterizedType pt, Class c, final Class dc, final TypeVariable tv,
                                                     final Map map) {
        final Type[] typeArguments = pt.getActualTypeArguments();

        final TypeVariable[] typeParameters = c.getTypeParameters();

        final Map subMap = new HashMap();
        for (int i = 0; i < typeArguments.length; i++) {
            // Substitute a type variable with the Java class
            final Type typeArgument = typeArguments[i];
            if (typeArgument instanceof TypeVariable) {
                final Type t = map.get(typeArgument);
                subMap.put(typeParameters[i], t);
            } else {
                subMap.put(typeParameters[i], typeArgument);
            }
        }

        if (c == dc) {
            Type t = subMap.get(tv);
            if (t instanceof Class) {
                return ClassTypePair.of((Class) t);
            } else if (t instanceof GenericArrayType) {
                final GenericArrayType gat = (GenericArrayType) t;
                t = gat.getGenericComponentType();
                if (t instanceof Class) {
                    c = (Class) t;
                    try {
                        return ClassTypePair.of(getArrayForComponentType(c));
                    } catch (final Exception ignored) {
                        // ignored
                    }
                    return null;
                } else if (t instanceof ParameterizedType) {
                    final Type rt = ((ParameterizedType) t).getRawType();
                    if (rt instanceof Class) {
                        c = (Class) rt;
                    } else {
                        return null;
                    }
                    try {
                        return ClassTypePair.of(getArrayForComponentType(c), gat);
                    } catch (final Exception e) {
                        return null;
                    }
                } else {
                    return null;
                }
            } else if (t instanceof ParameterizedType) {
                pt = (ParameterizedType) t;
                if (pt.getRawType() instanceof Class) {
                    return ClassTypePair.of((Class) pt.getRawType(), pt);
                } else {
                    return null;
                }
            } else {
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            return resolveTypeVariable(c, dc, tv, subMap);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to find a method on a class given an existing method.
     * If run using security manager, the returned privileged action
     * must be invoked within a doPrivileged block.
     * 

     * If there exists a public method on the class that has the same name
     * and parameters as the existing method then that public method is
     * returned from the action.
     * 

     * Otherwise, if there exists a public method on the class that has
     * the same name and the same number of parameters as the existing method,
     * and each generic parameter type, in order, of the public method is equal
     * to the generic parameter type, in the same order, of the existing method
     * or is an instance of {@link TypeVariable} then that public method is
     * returned from the action.
     *
     * @param c the class to search for a public method
     * @param m the method to find
     * @return privileged action to return public method found.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction findMethodOnClassPA(final Class c, final Method m) {
        return new PrivilegedAction() {
            @Override
            public Method run() {
                try {
                    return c.getMethod(m.getName(), m.getParameterTypes());
                } catch (final NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
                    for (final Method _m : c.getMethods()) {
                        if (_m.getName().equals(m.getName())
                                && _m.getParameterTypes().length == m.getParameterTypes().length) {
                            if (compareParameterTypes(m.getGenericParameterTypes(),
                                    _m.getGenericParameterTypes())) {
                                return _m;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    return null;
                }
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Get privileged action to return an array containing {@link Method} objects reflecting all
     * the public member methods of the supplied class or interface
     * object, including those declared by the class or interface and those
     * inherited from superclasses and superinterfaces.
     * 

     * Array classes return all the (public) member methods
     * inherited from the {@code Object} class.  The elements in the array
     * returned are not sorted and are not in any particular order.  This
     * method returns action providing an array of length 0 if this {@code Class} object
     * represents a class or interface that has no public member methods, or if
     * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type or void.
     * 

     * 

     * The class initialization method {@code } is not
     * included in the returned array. If the class declares multiple public
     * member methods with the same parameter types, they are all included in
     * the returned array.
     * 

     * 

     * See The Java Language Specification, sections 8.2 and 8.4.
     * 

     *
     * @param c class for which the methods should be returned.
     * @return privileged action to obtain an array of {@code Method} objects representing the
     * public methods of the class.
     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(java.security.PrivilegedAction)
     */
    public static PrivilegedAction getMethodsPA(final Class c) {
        return new PrivilegedAction() {
            @Override
            public Method[] run() {
                return c.getMethods();
            }
        };
    }

    private static Method[] _getMethods(final Class clazz) {
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(getMethodsPA(clazz));
    }

    /**
     * Find a {@link Method method} that overrides the given {@code method} on the given {@link Class class}.
     *
     * @param clazz  class to find overriding method on.
     * @param method an abstract method to find implementing method for.
     * @return method that overrides the given method or the given method itself if a better alternative cannot be found.
     */
    public static Method findOverridingMethodOnClass(final Class clazz, final Method method) {
        for (final Method _method : _getMethods(clazz)) {
            if (!_method.isBridge()
                    && !Modifier.isAbstract(_method.getModifiers())
                    && _method.getName().equals(method.getName())
                    && _method.getParameterTypes().length == method.getParameterTypes().length) {

                if (compareParameterTypes(_method.getGenericParameterTypes(), method.getGenericParameterTypes())) {
                    return _method;
                }
            }
        }

        if (method.isBridge() || Modifier.isAbstract(method.getModifiers())) {
            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, LocalizationMessages.OVERRIDING_METHOD_CANNOT_BE_FOUND(method, clazz));
        }

        return method;
    }

    /**
     * Compare generic parameter types of two methods.
     *
     * @param ts  generic parameter types of the first method.
     * @param _ts generic parameter types of the second method.
     * @return {@code true} if the given types are understood to be equal, {@code false} otherwise.
     * @see #compareParameterTypes(java.lang.reflect.Type, java.lang.reflect.Type)
     */
    private static boolean compareParameterTypes(final Type[] ts, final Type[] _ts) {
        for (int i = 0; i < ts.length; i++) {
            if (!ts[i].equals(_ts[i])) {
                if (!compareParameterTypes(ts[i], _ts[i])) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Compare respective generic parameter types of two methods.
     *
     * @param ts  generic parameter type of the first method.
     * @param _ts generic parameter type of the second method.
     * @return {@code true} if the given types are understood to be equal, {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static boolean compareParameterTypes(final Type ts, final Type _ts) {
        if (ts instanceof Class) {
            final Class clazz = (Class) ts;

            if (_ts instanceof Class) {
                return ((Class) _ts).isAssignableFrom(clazz);
            } else if (_ts instanceof TypeVariable) {
                return checkTypeBounds(clazz, ((TypeVariable) _ts).getBounds());
            }
        }
        return _ts instanceof TypeVariable;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static boolean checkTypeBounds(final Class type, final Type[] bounds) {
        for (final Type bound : bounds) {
            if (bound instanceof Class) {
                if (!((Class) bound).isAssignableFrom(type)) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    private static final Class bundleReferenceClass = AccessController.doPrivileged(
            classForNamePA("org.osgi.framework.BundleReference", null));

    /**
     * Returns an {@link OsgiRegistry} instance.
     *
     * @return an {@link OsgiRegistry} instance or {@code null} if the class cannot be instantiated (not in OSGi environment).
     */
    public static OsgiRegistry getOsgiRegistryInstance() {
        try {
            if (bundleReferenceClass != null) {
                return OsgiRegistry.getInstance();
            }
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            // Do nothing - instance is null.
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Lookup resource by given name. If OSGi runtime is detected and the originClass parameter is not null,
     * an attempt will be made to get the resource input stream via OSGi API from the bundle where originClass is included.
     * Otherwise (non OSGi environment) or if OSGi fails to provide the input stream, the return value
     * will be taken from the provided loader getResourceAsStream method.
     *
     * @param loader      class loader where to lookup the resource in non-OSGi environment or if OSGi means fail.
     * @param originClass if not null, and OSGi environment is detected, the resource will be taken from the bundle including
     *                    the originClass type.
     * @param name        filename of the desired resource.
     * @return an input stream corresponding to the required resource or null if the resource could not be found.
     */
    public static InputStream getResourceAsStream(final ClassLoader loader, final Class originClass, final String name) {
        try {
            if (bundleReferenceClass != null
                    && originClass != null
                    && bundleReferenceClass.isInstance(ReflectionHelper.class.getClassLoader())) {
                final Bundle bundle = FrameworkUtil.getBundle(originClass);
                final URL resourceUrl = (bundle != null) ? bundle.getEntry(name) : null;
                if (resourceUrl != null) {
                    return resourceUrl.openStream();
                }
            }
        } catch (final IOException ex) {
            // ignore
        }
        return loader.getResourceAsStream(name);
    }

    /**
     * Given the type parameter gets the raw type represented by the type, or null if this has no associated raw class.
     *
     * @param type the type to find the raw class on.
     * @return the raw class associated with this type.
     */
    public static Class getRawClass(Type type) {
        if (type == null) return null;

        if (type instanceof GenericArrayType) {
            Type componentType = ((GenericArrayType) type).getGenericComponentType();

            if (!(componentType instanceof ParameterizedType) && !(componentType instanceof Class)) {
                // type variable is not supported
                return null;
            }

            Class rawComponentClass = getRawClass(componentType);

            String forNameName = "[L" + rawComponentClass.getName() + ";";
            try {
                return Class.forName(forNameName);
            } catch (Throwable th) {
                // ignore, but return null
                return null;
            }
        }

        if (type instanceof Class) {
            return (Class) type;
        }

        if (type instanceof ParameterizedType) {
            Type rawType = ((ParameterizedType) type).getRawType();
            if (rawType instanceof Class) {
                return (Class) rawType;
            }
        }

        return null;
    }
}
 















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