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package org.umlg.sqlg.sql.dialect;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringEscapeUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Triple;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Property;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.T;
import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.util.tools.MultiMap;
import org.postgis.*;
import org.postgresql.PGConnection;
import org.postgresql.PGNotification;
import org.postgresql.copy.PGCopyOutputStream;
import org.postgresql.util.PGbytea;
import org.postgresql.util.PGobject;
import org.umlg.sqlg.gis.GeographyPoint;
import org.umlg.sqlg.gis.GeographyPolygon;
import org.umlg.sqlg.gis.Gis;
import org.umlg.sqlg.predicate.FullText;
import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.*;
import org.umlg.sqlg.util.SqlgUtil;

import java.io.*;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.sql.*;
import java.sql.Date;
import java.time.*;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;

import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
import static org.umlg.sqlg.structure.PropertyType.*;
import static org.umlg.sqlg.structure.Topology.*;

/**
 * Date: 2014/07/16
 * Time: 1:42 PM
 */
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
public class PostgresDialect extends BaseSqlDialect implements SqlBulkDialect {

    private static final String BATCH_NULL = "";
    private static final String COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER = "\t";
    //this strange character is apparently an illegal json char so its good as a quote
    private static final String COPY_COMMAND_QUOTE = "e'\\x01'";
    private static final char QUOTE = 0x01;
    private static final char ESCAPE = '\\';
    private static final int PARAMETER_LIMIT = 32767;
    private static final String COPY_DUMMY = "_copy_dummy";
    private PropertyType postGisType;

    private ScheduledFuture future;
    private ExecutorService executorService;
    private ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService;
    private TopologyChangeListener listener;

    public PostgresDialect() {
        super();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supportsDistribution() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public String dialectName() {
        return "Postgresql";
    }

    @Override
    public String createSchemaStatement(String schemaName) {
        // if ever schema is created outside of sqlg while the graph is already instantiated
        return "CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS " + maybeWrapInQoutes(schemaName);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supportsBatchMode() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supportsStreamingBatchMode() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public Set getInternalSchemas() {
        return ImmutableSet.copyOf(Arrays.asList("pg_catalog", "information_schema", "tiger", "tiger_data", "topology"));
    }

    @Override
    public Set getSpacialRefTable() {
        return ImmutableSet.copyOf(Arrays.asList("spatial_ref_sys", "us_gaz", "us_lex", "us_rules"));
    }

    @Override
    public List getGisSchemas() {
        return Arrays.asList("tiger", "tiger_data", "topology");
    }

    @Override
    public String getForeignKeyTypeDefinition() {
        return "BIGINT";
    }

    @Override
    public String getColumnEscapeKey() {
        return "\"";
    }

    @Override
    public String getPrimaryKeyType() {
        return "BIGINT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY";
    }

    @Override
    public String getAutoIncrementPrimaryKeyConstruct() {
        return "BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY";
    }

    public void assertTableName(String tableName) {
        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(tableName) && tableName.length() > 63) {
            throw SqlgExceptions.invalidTableName(String.format("Postgres table names must be 63 characters or less! Given table name is %s", tableName));
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String getArrayDriverType(PropertyType propertyType) {
        switch (propertyType) {
            case BYTE_ARRAY:
                return "bytea";
            case byte_ARRAY:
                return "bytea";
            case boolean_ARRAY:
                return "bool";
            case BOOLEAN_ARRAY:
                return "bool";
            case SHORT_ARRAY:
                return "smallint";
            case short_ARRAY:
                return "smallint";
            case INTEGER_ARRAY:
                return "integer";
            case int_ARRAY:
                return "integer";
            case LONG_ARRAY:
                return "bigint";
            case long_ARRAY:
                return "bigint";
            case FLOAT_ARRAY:
                return "float";
            case float_ARRAY:
                return "float";
            case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
                return "float";
            case double_ARRAY:
                return "float";
            case STRING_ARRAY:
                return "varchar";
            case LOCALDATETIME_ARRAY:
                return "timestamptz";
            case LOCALDATE_ARRAY:
                return "date";
            case LOCALTIME_ARRAY:
                return "timetz";
            case ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY:
                return "timestamptz";
            case JSON_ARRAY:
                return "jsonb";
            default:
                throw new IllegalStateException("propertyType " + propertyType.name() + " unknown!");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String existIndexQuery(SchemaTable schemaTable, String prefix, String indexName) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("SELECT 1 FROM pg_class c JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace");
        sb.append(" WHERE  c.relname = '");
        sb.append(indexName);
        sb.append("' AND n.nspname = '");
        sb.append(schemaTable.getSchema());
        sb.append("'");
        return sb.toString();
    }

    /**
     * flushes the cache via the copy command.
     *
     * @param vertexCache A rather complex object.
     *                    The map's key is the vertex being cached.
     *                    The Triple holds,
     *                    1) The in labels
     *                    2) The out labels
     *                    3) The properties as a map of key values
     */
    @Override
    public void flushVertexCache(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Map, Map>>> vertexCache) {
        Connection con = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        for (SchemaTable schemaTable : vertexCache.keySet()) {
            Pair, Map>> vertices = vertexCache.get(schemaTable);
            String sql = internalConstructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(sqlgGraph, schemaTable.isTemporary(), schemaTable.getSchema(), schemaTable.getTable(), vertices.getLeft());
            int numberInserted = 0;
            try (Writer writer = streamSql(sqlgGraph, sql)) {
                for (Map keyValueMap : vertices.getRight().values()) {
                    //The map must contain all the keys, so make a copy with it all.
                    LinkedHashMap values = new LinkedHashMap<>();
                    for (String key : vertices.getLeft()) {
                        values.put(key, keyValueMap.get(key));
                    }
                    writeStreamingVertex(writer, values);
                    numberInserted++;
                }
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
            if (!schemaTable.isTemporary() && numberInserted > 0) {
                long endHigh;
                try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = con.prepareStatement("SELECT CURRVAL('\"" + schemaTable.getSchema() + "\".\"" + VERTEX_PREFIX + schemaTable.getTable() + "_ID_seq\"');")) {
                    ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
                    resultSet.next();
                    endHigh = resultSet.getLong(1);
                    resultSet.close();
                } catch (SQLException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
                //set the id on the vertex
                long id = endHigh - numberInserted + 1;
                for (SqlgVertex sqlgVertex : vertices.getRight().keySet()) {
                    sqlgVertex.setInternalPrimaryKey(RecordId.from(schemaTable, id++));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void flushEdgeGlobalUniqueIndexes(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Map, Map>>>> edgeCache) {
        for (MetaEdge metaEdge : edgeCache.keySet()) {

            Pair, Map>>> triples = edgeCache.get(metaEdge);
            Map>> edgeMap = triples.getRight();
            Map propertyColumnMap = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPropertiesFor(metaEdge.getSchemaTable().withPrefix(EDGE_PREFIX));


            for (Map.Entry propertyColumnEntry : propertyColumnMap.entrySet()) {
                PropertyColumn propertyColumn = propertyColumnEntry.getValue();
                for (GlobalUniqueIndex globalUniqueIndex : propertyColumn.getGlobalUniqueIndices()) {
                    String sql = constructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(
                            sqlgGraph,
                            Schema.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_SCHEMA,
                            globalUniqueIndex.getName(),
                            new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_VALUE, GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_RECORD_ID, GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_PROPERTY_NAME))
                    );
                    try (Writer writer = streamSql(sqlgGraph, sql)) {
                        for (Map.Entry>> sqlgEdgeTripleEntry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
                            SqlgEdge sqlgEdge = sqlgEdgeTripleEntry.getKey();
                            Triple> triple = sqlgEdgeTripleEntry.getValue();
                            Map keyValueMap = triple.getRight();
                            Object value = keyValueMap.get(propertyColumn.getName());
                            Map globalUniqueIndexValues = new HashMap<>();
                            if (value != null) {
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_VALUE, value);
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_RECORD_ID, sqlgEdge.id().toString());
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_PROPERTY_NAME, propertyColumn.getName());
                                writeStreamingVertex(writer, globalUniqueIndexValues);
                            } else {
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_VALUE, null);
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_RECORD_ID, sqlgEdge.id().toString());
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_PROPERTY_NAME, propertyColumn.getName());
                                writeStreamingVertex(writer, globalUniqueIndexValues);
                            }
                        }
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        throw new RuntimeException(e);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void flushVertexGlobalUniqueIndexes(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Map, Map>>> vertexCache) {
        for (SchemaTable schemaTable : vertexCache.keySet()) {
            Pair, Map>> vertices = vertexCache.get(schemaTable);

            Map propertyColumnMap = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPropertiesFor(schemaTable.withPrefix(VERTEX_PREFIX));
            for (Map.Entry propertyColumnEntry : propertyColumnMap.entrySet()) {
                PropertyColumn propertyColumn = propertyColumnEntry.getValue();
                for (GlobalUniqueIndex globalUniqueIndex : propertyColumn.getGlobalUniqueIndices()) {

                    String sql = constructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(
                            sqlgGraph,
                            Schema.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_SCHEMA,
                            globalUniqueIndex.getName(),
                            new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_VALUE, GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_RECORD_ID, GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_PROPERTY_NAME))
                    );
                    try (Writer writer = streamSql(sqlgGraph, sql)) {
                        Map> a = vertices.getRight();
                        for (Map.Entry> sqlgVertexMapEntry : a.entrySet()) {
                            SqlgVertex sqlgVertex = sqlgVertexMapEntry.getKey();
                            Map keyValueMap = sqlgVertexMapEntry.getValue();
                            Object value = keyValueMap.get(propertyColumn.getName());
                            Map globalUniqueIndexValues = new HashMap<>();
                            if (value != null) {
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_VALUE, value);
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_RECORD_ID, sqlgVertex.id().toString());
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_PROPERTY_NAME, propertyColumn.getName());
                                writeStreamingVertex(writer, globalUniqueIndexValues);
                            } else {
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_VALUE, null);
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_RECORD_ID, sqlgVertex.id().toString());
                                globalUniqueIndexValues.put(GlobalUniqueIndex.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_PROPERTY_NAME, propertyColumn.getName());
                                writeStreamingVertex(writer, globalUniqueIndexValues);
                            }
                        }
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        throw new RuntimeException(e);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void flushEdgeCache(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Map, Map>>>> edgeCache) {
        Connection con = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        try {
            for (MetaEdge metaEdge : edgeCache.keySet()) {
                Pair, Map>>> triples = edgeCache.get(metaEdge);
                Map propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getTableFor(metaEdge.getSchemaTable().withPrefix(EDGE_PREFIX));

                StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
                sql.append("COPY ");
                sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(metaEdge.getSchemaTable().getSchema()));
                sql.append(".");
                sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(EDGE_PREFIX + metaEdge.getSchemaTable().getTable()));
                sql.append(" (");
                for (Triple> triple : triples.getRight().values()) {
                    int count = 1;
                    sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(triple.getLeft().getSchema() + "." + triple.getLeft().getTable() + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
                    sql.append(", ");
                    sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(triple.getMiddle().getSchema() + "." + triple.getMiddle().getTable() + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
                    for (String key : triples.getLeft()) {
                        if (count <= triples.getLeft().size()) {
                            sql.append(", ");
                        }
                        count++;
                        appendKeyForStream(propertyTypeMap.get(key), sql, key);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                sql.append(") ");

                sql.append(" FROM stdin CSV DELIMITER '");
                sql.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                sql.append("' ");
                sql.append("QUOTE ");
                sql.append(COPY_COMMAND_QUOTE);
                sql.append(" ESCAPE '");
                sql.append(ESCAPE);
                sql.append("';");
                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                    logger.debug(sql.toString());
                }
                long numberInserted = 0;
                try (Writer writer = streamSql(sqlgGraph, sql.toString())) {
                    for (Map.Entry>> sqlgEdgeTripleEntry : triples.getRight().entrySet()) {
                        SqlgEdge sqlgEdge = sqlgEdgeTripleEntry.getKey();
                        Triple> outInVertexKeyValueMap = sqlgEdgeTripleEntry.getValue();
                        LinkedHashMap values = new LinkedHashMap<>();
                        for (String key : triples.getLeft()) {
                            values.put(key, outInVertexKeyValueMap.getRight().get(key));
                        }
                        writeStreamingEdge(writer, sqlgEdge, outInVertexKeyValueMap.getLeft(), outInVertexKeyValueMap.getMiddle(), values);
                        numberInserted++;
                    }
                }
                long endHigh;
                try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = con.prepareStatement(
                        "SELECT CURRVAL('\"" + metaEdge.getSchemaTable().getSchema() + "\".\"" +
                                EDGE_PREFIX + metaEdge.getSchemaTable().getTable() + "_ID_seq\"');")) {

                    ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
                    resultSet.next();
                    endHigh = resultSet.getLong(1);
                    resultSet.close();
                }
                //set the id on the vertex
                long id = endHigh - numberInserted + 1;
                for (SqlgEdge sqlgEdge : triples.getRight().keySet()) {
                    sqlgEdge.setInternalPrimaryKey(RecordId.from(metaEdge.getSchemaTable(), id++));
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void flushVertexPropertyCache(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Map, Map>>> schemaVertexPropertyCache) {
        flushElementPropertyCache(sqlgGraph, true, schemaVertexPropertyCache);
    }

    @Override
    public void flushVertexGlobalUniqueIndexPropertyCache(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Map, Map>>> schemaVertexPropertyCache) {
        flushElementGlobalUniqueIndexPropertyCache(sqlgGraph, true, schemaVertexPropertyCache);
    }

    @Override
    public void flushEdgePropertyCache(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Map, Map>>> edgePropertyCache) {
        flushElementPropertyCache(sqlgGraph, false, edgePropertyCache);
    }

    @Override
    public void flushEdgeGlobalUniqueIndexPropertyCache(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Map, Map>>> edgePropertyCache) {
        flushElementGlobalUniqueIndexPropertyCache(sqlgGraph, false, edgePropertyCache);
    }

    private  void flushElementGlobalUniqueIndexPropertyCache(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, boolean forVertices, Map, Map>>> schemaVertexPropertyCache) {

        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        for (SchemaTable schemaTable : schemaVertexPropertyCache.keySet()) {

            Pair, Map>> vertexPropertyCache = schemaVertexPropertyCache.get(schemaTable);
            Map globalUniqueIndexPropertyMap = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPropertiesWithGlobalUniqueIndexFor(schemaTable.withPrefix(VERTEX_PREFIX));

            for (Map.Entry propertyColumnEntry : globalUniqueIndexPropertyMap.entrySet()) {
                PropertyColumn propertyColumn = propertyColumnEntry.getValue();
                for (GlobalUniqueIndex globalUniqueIndex : propertyColumn.getGlobalUniqueIndices()) {
                    SortedSet keys = new TreeSet<>();
                    keys.add("value");
                    StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
                    sql.append("UPDATE ");
                    sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(Schema.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_SCHEMA));
                    sql.append(".");
                    sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes((forVertices ? VERTEX_PREFIX : EDGE_PREFIX) + globalUniqueIndex.getName()));
                    sql.append(" a \nSET\n\t(");
                    appendKeyForBatchUpdate(PropertyType.STRING, sql, "recordId", false);
                    sql.append(", ");
                    appendKeyForBatchUpdate(PropertyType.STRING, sql, "property", false);
                    sql.append(", ");
                    appendKeyForBatchUpdate(propertyColumn.getPropertyType(), sql, "value", false);
                    sql.append(") = \n\t(");
                    sql.append("v.");
                    appendKeyForBatchUpdate(PropertyType.STRING, sql, "recordId", true);
                    sql.append(", v.");
                    appendKeyForBatchUpdate(PropertyType.STRING, sql, "property", true);
                    sql.append(", ");
                    int count = 1;
                    for (String key : keys) {
                        sql.append("v.");
                        PropertyType propertyType = propertyColumn.getPropertyType();
                        appendKeyForBatchUpdate(propertyType, sql, key, true);
                        sqlCastArray(sql, propertyType);
                        if (count++ < keys.size()) {
                            sql.append(", ");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append(")\nFROM (\nVALUES\n\t");
                    count = 1;
                    boolean foundSomething = false;
                    for (SqlgElement sqlgElement : vertexPropertyCache.getRight().keySet()) {
                        Map properties = vertexPropertyCache.getRight().get(sqlgElement);
                        if (!foundSomething && properties.containsKey(propertyColumn.getName())) {
                            foundSomething = true;
                        }
                        sql.append("($token$");
                        sql.append(sqlgElement.id().toString());
                        sql.append("$token$, $token$");
                        sql.append(propertyColumn.getName());
                        sql.append("$token$, ");
                        int countProperties = 1;
                        Object value = properties.get(propertyColumn.getName());
                        if (value == null) {
                            if (sqlgElement.property(propertyColumn.getName()).isPresent()) {
                                value = sqlgElement.value(propertyColumn.getName());
                            } else {
                                value = null;
                            }
                        }
                        PropertyType propertyType = propertyColumn.getPropertyType();
                        appendSqlValue(sql, value, propertyType);
                        sql.append(")");
                        if (count++ < vertexPropertyCache.getRight().size()) {
                            sql.append(",\n\t");
                        }
                    }

                    if (!foundSomething) {
                        continue;
                    }

                    sql.append("\n) AS v(\"recordId\", property, ");
                    count = 1;
                    for (String key : keys) {
                        PropertyType propertyType = propertyColumn.getPropertyType();
                        appendKeyForBatchUpdate(propertyType, sql, key, false);
                        if (count++ < keys.size()) {
                            sql.append(", ");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append(")");
                    sql.append("\nWHERE a.\"recordId\" = v.\"recordId\" and a.property = v.property");
                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                        logger.debug(sql.toString());
                    }
                    try (Statement statement = conn.createStatement()) {
                        statement.execute(sql.toString());
                    } catch (SQLException e) {
                        throw new RuntimeException(e);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }

    private void appendSqlValue(StringBuilder sql, Object value, PropertyType propertyType) {
        switch (propertyType) {
            case BOOLEAN:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append(value);
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case BYTE:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append(value);
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case SHORT:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append(value);
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case INTEGER:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append(value);
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case LONG:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append(value);
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case FLOAT:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append(value);
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case DOUBLE:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append(value);
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case STRING:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(escapeQuotes(value));
                    sql.append("'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case LOCALDATETIME:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(value.toString());
                    sql.append("'::TIMESTAMP");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case LOCALDATE:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(value.toString());
                    sql.append("'::DATE");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case LOCALTIME:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(shiftDST((LocalTime) value).toString());
                    sql.append("'::TIME");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case ZONEDDATETIME:
                if (value != null) {
                    ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = (ZonedDateTime) value;
                    LocalDateTime localDateTime = zonedDateTime.toLocalDateTime();
                    TimeZone timeZone = TimeZone.getTimeZone(zonedDateTime.getZone());
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(localDateTime.toString());
                    sql.append("'::TIMESTAMP");
                    sql.append(",'");
                    sql.append(timeZone.getID());
                    sql.append("'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null,null");
                }
                break;
            case DURATION:
                if (value != null) {
                    Duration duration = (Duration) value;
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(duration.getSeconds());
                    sql.append("'::BIGINT");
                    sql.append(",'");
                    sql.append(duration.getNano());
                    sql.append("'::INTEGER");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null,null");
                }
                break;
            case PERIOD:
                if (value != null) {
                    Period period = (Period) value;
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(period.getYears());
                    sql.append("'::INTEGER");
                    sql.append(",'");
                    sql.append(period.getMonths());
                    sql.append("'::INTEGER");
                    sql.append(",'");
                    sql.append(period.getDays());
                    sql.append("'::INTEGER");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null,null,null");
                }
                break;
            case JSON:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(escapeQuotes(value));
                    sql.append("'::JSONB");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case boolean_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    boolean[] booleanArray = (boolean[]) value;
                    int countBooleanArray = 1;
                    for (Boolean b : booleanArray) {
                        sql.append(b);
                        if (countBooleanArray++ < booleanArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case BOOLEAN_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    Boolean[] BooleanArray = (Boolean[]) value;
                    int countBOOLEANArray = 1;
                    for (Boolean b : BooleanArray) {
                        sql.append(b);
                        if (countBOOLEANArray++ < BooleanArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case byte_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(escapeQuotes(PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) value)));
                    sql.append("'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case BYTE_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'");
                    sql.append(escapeQuotes(PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) SqlgUtil.convertByteArrayToPrimitiveArray((Byte[]) value))));
                    sql.append("'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case short_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    short[] sortArray = (short[]) value;
                    int countShortArray = 1;
                    for (Short s : sortArray) {
                        sql.append(s);
                        if (countShortArray++ < sortArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case SHORT_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    Short[] shortObjectArray = (Short[]) value;
                    for (int i = 0; i < shortObjectArray.length; i++) {
                        Short s = shortObjectArray[i];
                        sql.append(s);
                        if (i < shortObjectArray.length - 1) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case int_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    int[] intArray = (int[]) value;
                    int countIntArray = 1;
                    for (Integer i : intArray) {
                        sql.append(i);
                        if (countIntArray++ < intArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case INTEGER_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    Integer[] integerArray = (Integer[]) value;
                    int countIntegerArray = 1;
                    for (Integer i : integerArray) {
                        sql.append(i);
                        if (countIntegerArray++ < integerArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case LONG_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    Long[] longArray = (Long[]) value;
                    int countLongArray = 1;
                    for (Long l : longArray) {
                        sql.append(l);
                        if (countLongArray++ < longArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case long_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    long[] longPrimitiveArray = (long[]) value;
                    int countLongPrimitiveArray = 1;
                    for (Long l : longPrimitiveArray) {
                        sql.append(l);
                        if (countLongPrimitiveArray++ < longPrimitiveArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case FLOAT_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    Float[] floatArray = (Float[]) value;
                    int countFloatArray = 1;
                    for (Float f : floatArray) {
                        sql.append(f);
                        if (countFloatArray++ < floatArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case float_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    float[] floatPrimitiveArray = (float[]) value;
                    int countFloatPrimitiveArray = 1;
                    for (Float f : floatPrimitiveArray) {
                        sql.append(f);
                        if (countFloatPrimitiveArray++ < floatPrimitiveArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    Double[] doubleArray = (Double[]) value;
                    int countDoubleArray = 1;
                    for (Double d : doubleArray) {
                        sql.append(d);
                        if (countDoubleArray++ < doubleArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case double_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    double[] doublePrimitiveArray = (double[]) value;
                    int countDoublePrimitiveArray = 1;
                    for (Double d : doublePrimitiveArray) {
                        sql.append(d);
                        if (countDoublePrimitiveArray++ < doublePrimitiveArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case STRING_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("'{");
                    String[] stringArray = (String[]) value;
                    int countStringArray = 1;
                    for (String s : stringArray) {
                        sql.append("\"");
                        sql.append(s);
                        sql.append("\"");
                        if (countStringArray++ < stringArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("}'");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case LOCALDATETIME_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    LocalDateTime[] localDateTimeArray = (LocalDateTime[]) value;
                    int countStringArray = 1;
                    for (LocalDateTime s : localDateTimeArray) {
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(s.toString());
                        sql.append("'::TIMESTAMP");
                        if (countStringArray++ < localDateTimeArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("]");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case LOCALDATE_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    LocalDate[] localDateArray = (LocalDate[]) value;
                    int countStringArray = 1;
                    for (LocalDate s : localDateArray) {
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(s.toString());
                        sql.append("'::DATE");
                        if (countStringArray++ < localDateArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("]");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case LOCALTIME_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    LocalTime[] localTimeArray = (LocalTime[]) value;
                    int countStringArray = 1;
                    for (LocalTime s : localTimeArray) {
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(shiftDST(s).toLocalTime().toString());
                        sql.append("'::TIME");
                        if (countStringArray++ < localTimeArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("]");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null");
                }
                break;
            case ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    ZonedDateTime[] localZonedDateTimeArray = (ZonedDateTime[]) value;
                    int countStringArray = 1;
                    for (ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime : localZonedDateTimeArray) {
                        LocalDateTime localDateTime = zonedDateTime.toLocalDateTime();
                        TimeZone timeZone = TimeZone.getTimeZone(zonedDateTime.getZone());
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(localDateTime.toString());
                        sql.append("'::TIMESTAMP");
                        if (countStringArray++ < localZonedDateTimeArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("],");
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    countStringArray = 1;
                    for (ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime : localZonedDateTimeArray) {
                        LocalDateTime localDateTime = zonedDateTime.toLocalDateTime();
                        TimeZone timeZone = TimeZone.getTimeZone(zonedDateTime.getZone());
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(timeZone.getID());
                        sql.append("'");
                        if (countStringArray++ < localZonedDateTimeArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("]");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null,null");
                }
                break;
            case DURATION_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    Duration[] durationArray = (Duration[]) value;
                    int countStringArray = 1;
                    for (Duration duration : durationArray) {
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(duration.getSeconds());
                        sql.append("'::BIGINT");
                        if (countStringArray++ < durationArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("],");
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    countStringArray = 1;
                    for (Duration duration : durationArray) {
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(duration.getNano());
                        sql.append("'::INTEGER");
                        if (countStringArray++ < durationArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("]");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null,null");
                }
                break;
            case PERIOD_ARRAY:
                if (value != null) {
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    Period[] periodArray = (Period[]) value;
                    int countStringArray = 1;
                    for (Period period : periodArray) {
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(period.getYears());
                        sql.append("'::INTEGER");
                        if (countStringArray++ < periodArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("],");
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    countStringArray = 1;
                    for (Period period : periodArray) {
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(period.getMonths());
                        sql.append("'::INTEGER");
                        if (countStringArray++ < periodArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("],");
                    sql.append("ARRAY[");
                    countStringArray = 1;
                    for (Period period : periodArray) {
                        sql.append("'");
                        sql.append(period.getDays());
                        sql.append("'::INTEGER");
                        if (countStringArray++ < periodArray.length) {
                            sql.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sql.append("]");
                } else {
                    sql.append("null,null,null");
                }
                break;
            case POINT:
                throw new IllegalStateException("JSON Arrays are not supported.");
            case LINESTRING:
                throw new IllegalStateException("JSON Arrays are not supported.");
            case POLYGON:
                throw new IllegalStateException("JSON Arrays are not supported.");
            case GEOGRAPHY_POINT:
                throw new IllegalStateException("JSON Arrays are not supported.");
            case GEOGRAPHY_POLYGON:
                throw new IllegalStateException("JSON Arrays are not supported.");
            case JSON_ARRAY:
                throw new IllegalStateException("JSON Arrays are not supported.");
            default:
                throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown propertyType " + propertyType.name());
        }
    }

    private void sqlCastArray(StringBuilder sql, PropertyType propertyType) {
        switch (propertyType) {
            case boolean_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::boolean[]");
                break;
            case byte_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::bytea");
                break;
            case short_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::smallint[]");
                break;
            case int_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::int[]");
                break;
            case long_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::bigint[]");
                break;
            case float_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::real[]");
                break;
            case double_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::double precision[]");
                break;
            case STRING_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::text[]");
                break;
            case BOOLEAN_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::boolean[]");
                break;
            case BYTE_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::bytea");
                break;
            case SHORT_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::smallint[]");
                break;
            case INTEGER_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::int[]");
                break;
            case LONG_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::bigint[]");
                break;
            case FLOAT_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::real[]");
                break;
            case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
                sql.append("::double precision[]");
                break;
            default:
                // noop
                break;
        }
    }

    private  void flushElementPropertyCache(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, boolean forVertices, Map, Map>>> schemaVertexPropertyCache) {

        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        for (SchemaTable schemaTable : schemaVertexPropertyCache.keySet()) {

            Pair, Map>> vertexKeysPropertyCache = schemaVertexPropertyCache.get(schemaTable);
            SortedSet keys = vertexKeysPropertyCache.getLeft();
            Map> vertexPropertyCache = vertexKeysPropertyCache.getRight();

            StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
            sql.append("UPDATE ");
            sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(schemaTable.getSchema()));
            sql.append(".");
            sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes((forVertices ? VERTEX_PREFIX : EDGE_PREFIX) + schemaTable.getTable()));
            sql.append(" a \nSET\n\t(");
            int count = 1;
            //this map is for optimizations reason to not look up the property via all tables within the loop
            Map keyPropertyTypeMap = new HashMap<>();
            for (String key : keys) {
                PropertyType propertyType = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getTableFor(schemaTable.withPrefix(forVertices ? VERTEX_PREFIX : EDGE_PREFIX)).get(key);
                keyPropertyTypeMap.put(key, propertyType);
                appendKeyForBatchUpdate(propertyType, sql, key, false);
                if (count++ < keys.size()) {
                    sql.append(", ");
                }
            }
            sql.append(") = \n\t(");
            count = 1;
            for (String key : keys) {
                sql.append("v.");
                PropertyType propertyType = keyPropertyTypeMap.get(key);
                appendKeyForBatchUpdate(propertyType, sql, key, true);
                sqlCastArray(sql, propertyType);
                if (count++ < keys.size()) {
                    sql.append(", ");
                }
            }
            sql.append(")\nFROM (\nVALUES\n\t");
            count = 1;
            for (SqlgElement sqlgElement : vertexPropertyCache.keySet()) {
                Map properties = vertexPropertyCache.get(sqlgElement);
                sql.append("(");
                sql.append(((RecordId) sqlgElement.id()).getId());
                sql.append(", ");
                int countProperties = 1;
                for (String key : keys) {
                    Object value = properties.get(key);
                    if (value == null) {
                        if (sqlgElement.property(key).isPresent()) {
                            value = sqlgElement.value(key);
                        } else {
                            value = null;
                        }
                    }
                    PropertyType propertyType = keyPropertyTypeMap.get(key);
                    appendSqlValue(sql, value, propertyType);
                    if (countProperties++ < keys.size()) {
                        sql.append(", ");
                    }
                }
                sql.append(")");
                if (count++ < vertexPropertyCache.size()) {
                    sql.append(",\n\t");
                }
            }

            sql.append("\n) AS v(id, ");
            count = 1;
            for (String key : keys) {
                PropertyType propertyType = keyPropertyTypeMap.get(key);
                appendKeyForBatchUpdate(propertyType, sql, key, false);
                if (count++ < keys.size()) {
                    sql.append(", ");
                }
            }
            sql.append(")");
            sql.append("\nWHERE a.\"ID\" = v.id");
            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                logger.debug(sql.toString());
            }
            try (Statement statement = conn.createStatement()) {
                statement.execute(sql.toString());
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
        }

    }

    @Override
    public String constructCompleteCopyCommandTemporarySqlVertex(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SqlgVertex vertex, Map keyValueMap) {
        return internalConstructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(sqlgGraph, true, vertex, keyValueMap);
    }

    @Override
    public String constructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SqlgVertex vertex, Map keyValueMap) {
        return internalConstructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(sqlgGraph, false, vertex, keyValueMap);
    }

    @Override
    public String constructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, String schema, String table, Set keys) {
        return internalConstructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(sqlgGraph, false, schema, table, keys);
    }

    private String internalConstructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, boolean isTemp, SqlgVertex vertex, Map keyValueMap) {
        return internalConstructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(sqlgGraph, isTemp, vertex.getSchema(), vertex.getTable(), keyValueMap.keySet());
    }

    private String internalConstructCompleteCopyCommandSqlVertex(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, boolean isTemp, String schema, String table, Set keys) {
        Map propertyTypeMap;
        if (isTemp) {
            propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().getTemporaryTable(VERTEX_PREFIX + table);
        } else {
            propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getTableFor(SchemaTable.of(schema, VERTEX_PREFIX + table));
        }
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        sql.append("COPY ");
        if (!isTemp) {
            sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(schema));
            sql.append(".");
        }
        sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(VERTEX_PREFIX + table));
        sql.append(" (");
        if (keys.isEmpty()) {
            //copy command needs at least one field.
            //check if the dummy field exist, if not createVertexLabel it
            Map columns = new HashMap<>();
            columns.put(COPY_DUMMY, PropertyType.from(0));
            sqlgGraph.getTopology().ensureVertexLabelPropertiesExist(
                    schema,
                    table,
                    columns
            );
            sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(COPY_DUMMY));
        } else {
            int count = 1;
            for (String key : keys) {
                if (count > 1 && count <= keys.size()) {
                    sql.append(", ");
                }
                count++;
                appendKeyForStream(propertyTypeMap.get(key), sql, key);
            }
        }
        sql.append(")");
        sql.append(" FROM stdin CSV DELIMITER '");
        sql.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
        sql.append("' ");
        sql.append("QUOTE ");
        sql.append(COPY_COMMAND_QUOTE);
        sql.append(" ESCAPE '");
        sql.append(ESCAPE);
        sql.append("'");
        sql.append(" NULL'");
        sql.append(BATCH_NULL);
        sql.append("';");
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug(sql.toString());
        }
        return sql.toString();
    }

    @Override
    public String constructCompleteCopyCommandSqlEdge(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SqlgEdge sqlgEdge, SqlgVertex outVertex, SqlgVertex inVertex, Map keyValueMap) {
        Map propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getTableFor(SchemaTable.of(sqlgEdge.getSchema(), EDGE_PREFIX + sqlgEdge.getTable()));
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        sql.append("COPY ");
        sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(sqlgEdge.getSchema()));
        sql.append(".");
        sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(EDGE_PREFIX + sqlgEdge.getTable()));
        sql.append(" (");
        sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(outVertex.getSchema() + "." + outVertex.getTable() + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
        sql.append(", ");
        sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(inVertex.getSchema() + "." + inVertex.getTable() + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
        int count = 1;
        for (String key : keyValueMap.keySet()) {
            if (count <= keyValueMap.size()) {
                sql.append(", ");
            }
            count++;
            appendKeyForStream(propertyTypeMap.get(key), sql, key);
        }
        sql.append(") ");

        sql.append(" FROM stdin CSV DELIMITER '");
        sql.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
        sql.append("' ");
        sql.append("QUOTE ");
        sql.append(COPY_COMMAND_QUOTE);
        sql.append(";");
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug(sql.toString());
        }
        return sql.toString();
    }

    private void appendKeyForStream(PropertyType propertyType, StringBuilder sql, String key) {
        String[] sqlDefinitions = propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType);
        int countPerKey = 1;
        for (@SuppressWarnings("unused") String sqlDefinition : sqlDefinitions) {
            if (countPerKey > 1) {
                sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(key + propertyType.getPostFixes()[countPerKey - 2]));
            } else {
                sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(key));
            }
            if (countPerKey++ < sqlDefinitions.length) {
                sql.append(",");
            }
        }
    }

    private void appendKeyForBatchUpdate(PropertyType propertyType, StringBuilder sql, String key, boolean withV) {
        String[] sqlDefinitions = propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType);
        int countPerKey = 1;
        for (@SuppressWarnings("unused") String sqlDefinition : sqlDefinitions) {
            if (countPerKey > 1) {
                if (withV) {
                    sql.append("v.");
                }
                sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(key + propertyType.getPostFixes()[countPerKey - 2]));
            } else {
                sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(key));
            }
            if (countPerKey++ < sqlDefinitions.length) {
                sql.append(",");
            }
        }
    }


    @Override
    public String temporaryTableCopyCommandSqlVertex(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable schemaTable, Set keys) {
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        sql.append("COPY ");
        //Temp tables only
        sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(VERTEX_PREFIX + schemaTable.getTable()));
        sql.append(" (");
        if (keys.isEmpty()) {
            //copy command needs at least one field.
            //check if the dummy field exist, if not createVertexLabel it
            Map columns = new HashMap<>();
            columns.put(COPY_DUMMY, PropertyType.from(0));
            sqlgGraph.getTopology().ensureVertexLabelPropertiesExist(
                    schemaTable.getSchema(),
                    schemaTable.getTable(),
                    columns
            );
            sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(COPY_DUMMY));
        } else {
            int count = 1;
            for (String key : keys) {
                if (count > 1 && count <= keys.size()) {
                    sql.append(", ");
                }
                count++;
                sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(key));
            }
        }
        sql.append(")");
        sql.append(" FROM stdin CSV DELIMITER '");
        sql.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
        sql.append("' ");
        sql.append("QUOTE ");
        sql.append(COPY_COMMAND_QUOTE);
        sql.append(" ESCAPE '");
        sql.append(ESCAPE);
        sql.append("';");
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug(sql.toString());
        }
        return sql.toString();
    }

    @Override
    public void writeStreamingVertex(Writer writer, Map keyValueMap) {
        try {
            int countKeys = 1;
            if (keyValueMap.isEmpty()) {
                writer.write(Integer.toString(1));
            } else {
                for (Map.Entry entry : keyValueMap.entrySet()) {
                    if (countKeys > 1 && countKeys <= keyValueMap.size()) {
                        writer.write(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                    }
                    countKeys++;
                    Object value = entry.getValue();
                    PropertyType propertyType;
                    if (value == null) {
                        propertyType = PropertyType.STRING;
                    } else {
                        propertyType = PropertyType.from(value);
                    }
                    valueToStreamBytes(writer, propertyType, value);
                }
            }
            writer.write("\n");
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void writeStreamingEdge(Writer writer, SqlgEdge sqlgEdge, SqlgVertex outVertex, SqlgVertex inVertex, Map keyValueMap) {
        try {
            String encoding = "UTF-8";
            writer.write(((RecordId) outVertex.id()).getId().toString());
            writer.write(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
            writer.write(((RecordId) inVertex.id()).getId().toString());
            for (Map.Entry entry : keyValueMap.entrySet()) {
                writer.write(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                Object value = entry.getValue();
                PropertyType propertyType;
                if (value == null) {
                    propertyType = PropertyType.STRING;
                } else {
                    propertyType = PropertyType.from(value);
                }
                if (JSON_ARRAY == propertyType) {
                    throw SqlgExceptions.invalidPropertyType(propertyType);
                }
                valueToStreamBytes(writer, propertyType, value);
            }
            writer.write("\n");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    private void valueToStreamBytes(Writer outputStream, PropertyType propertyType, Object value) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        String s = valueToStringForBulkLoad(propertyType, value);
        try {
            outputStream.write(s);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    private String valueToStringForBulkLoad(PropertyType propertyType, Object value) {
        String result;
        if (value == null) {
            result = getBatchNull();
        } else {
            switch (propertyType) {
                case ZONEDDATETIME:
                    ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = (ZonedDateTime) value;
                    LocalDateTime localDateTime = zonedDateTime.toLocalDateTime();
                    TimeZone timeZone = TimeZone.getTimeZone(zonedDateTime.getZone());
                    result = localDateTime.toString() + COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER + timeZone.getID();
                    break;
                case PERIOD:
                    Period period = (Period) value;
                    result = period.getYears() + COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER + period.getMonths() + COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER + period.getDays();
                    break;
                case DURATION:
                    Duration duration = (Duration) value;
                    result = duration.getSeconds() + COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER + duration.getNano();
                    break;
                case LOCALTIME:
                    LocalTime lt = (LocalTime) value;
                    result = shiftDST(lt).toString();
                    break;
                case ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY:
                    ZonedDateTime[] zonedDateTimes = (ZonedDateTime[]) value;
                    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
                    sb.append("{");
                    int length = java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength(value);
                    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                        zonedDateTime = zonedDateTimes[i];
                        localDateTime = zonedDateTime.toLocalDateTime();
                        result = localDateTime.toString();
                        sb.append(result);
                        if (i < length - 1) {
                            sb.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sb.append("}");
                    sb.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                    sb.append("{");
                    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                        zonedDateTime = zonedDateTimes[i];
                        timeZone = TimeZone.getTimeZone(zonedDateTime.getZone());
                        result = timeZone.getID();
                        sb.append(result);
                        if (i < length - 1) {
                            sb.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sb.append("}");
                    return sb.toString();
                case DURATION_ARRAY:
                    Duration[] durations = (Duration[]) value;
                    sb = new StringBuilder();
                    sb.append("{");
                    length = java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength(value);
                    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                        duration = durations[i];
                        sb.append(duration.getSeconds());
                        if (i < length - 1) {
                            sb.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sb.append("}");
                    sb.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                    sb.append("{");
                    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                        duration = durations[i];
                        sb.append(duration.getNano());
                        if (i < length - 1) {
                            sb.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sb.append("}");
                    return sb.toString();
                case PERIOD_ARRAY:
                    Period[] periods = (Period[]) value;
                    sb = new StringBuilder();
                    sb.append("{");
                    length = java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength(value);
                    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                        period = periods[i];
                        sb.append(period.getYears());
                        if (i < length - 1) {
                            sb.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sb.append("}");
                    sb.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                    sb.append("{");
                    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                        period = periods[i];
                        sb.append(period.getMonths());
                        if (i < length - 1) {
                            sb.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sb.append("}");
                    sb.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                    sb.append("{");
                    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                        period = periods[i];
                        sb.append(period.getDays());
                        if (i < length - 1) {
                            sb.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sb.append("}");
                    return sb.toString();
                case LOCALTIME_ARRAY:
                    LocalTime[] localTimes = (LocalTime[]) value;
                    sb = new StringBuilder();
                    sb.append("{");
                    length = java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength(value);
                    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                        LocalTime localTime = localTimes[i];
                        result = shiftDST(localTime).toString();
                        sb.append(result);
                        if (i < length - 1) {
                            sb.append(",");
                        }
                    }
                    sb.append("}");
                    return sb.toString();
                case JSON_ARRAY:
                    throw SqlgExceptions.invalidPropertyType(propertyType);
                case BYTE_ARRAY:
                    return PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) SqlgUtil.convertByteArrayToPrimitiveArray((Byte[]) value));
                case byte_ARRAY:
                    return PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) value);
                default:
                    if (value.getClass().isArray()) {
                        sb = new StringBuilder();
                        sb.append("{");
                        length = java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength(value);
                        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                            String valueOfArray = java.lang.reflect.Array.get(value, i).toString();
                            sb.append(escapeSpecialCharacters(valueOfArray));
                            if (i < length - 1) {
                                sb.append(",");
                            }
                        }
                        sb.append("}");
                        return sb.toString();
                    }
                    result = escapeSpecialCharacters(value.toString());
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public void flushRemovedGlobalUniqueIndexVertices(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Map> removeVertexCache) {

        if (!removeVertexCache.isEmpty()) {

            Map tmpColumns = new HashMap<>();
            tmpColumns.put("recordId", PropertyType.STRING);
            tmpColumns.put("property", PropertyType.STRING);

            //split the list of vertices, postgres existVertexLabel a 2 byte limit in the in clause
            for (Map.Entry> schemaVertices : removeVertexCache.entrySet()) {
                SchemaTable schemaTable = schemaVertices.getKey();
                Map propertyColumns = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPropertiesWithGlobalUniqueIndexFor(schemaTable.withPrefix(VERTEX_PREFIX));
                for (PropertyColumn propertyColumn : propertyColumns.values()) {
                    for (GlobalUniqueIndex globalUniqueIndex : propertyColumn.getGlobalUniqueIndices()) {
                        List vertices = schemaVertices.getValue();
                        if (!vertices.isEmpty()) {
                            SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
                            byte bytes[] = new byte[6];
                            random.nextBytes(bytes);
                            String tmpTableIdentified = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(bytes);
                            sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().createTempTable(VERTEX_PREFIX + tmpTableIdentified, tmpColumns);
                            String copySql = ((SqlBulkDialect) sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect())
                                    .temporaryTableCopyCommandSqlVertex(
                                            sqlgGraph,
                                            SchemaTable.of("public", tmpTableIdentified), tmpColumns.keySet());
                            Writer writer = ((SqlBulkDialect) sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect()).streamSql(sqlgGraph, copySql);
                            for (SqlgVertex sqlgVertex : vertices) {
                                Map tmpMap = new HashMap<>();
                                tmpMap.put("recordId", sqlgVertex.id().toString());
                                tmpMap.put("property", propertyColumn.getName());
                                ((SqlBulkDialect) sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect()).writeStreamingVertex(writer, tmpMap);
                            }
                            try {
                                writer.close();
                            } catch (IOException e) {
                                throw new RuntimeException(e);
                            }
                            StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder("WITH tmp as (SELECT * FROM " + sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(VERTEX_PREFIX + tmpTableIdentified) + ")\n");
                            sql.append("DELETE FROM ");
                            sql.append(sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(Schema.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_SCHEMA));
                            sql.append(".");
                            sql.append(sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(VERTEX_PREFIX + globalUniqueIndex.getName()));
                            sql.append("as gui \nUSING tmp WHERE ");
                            sql.append("tmp.\"recordId\" = gui.\"recordId\" AND tmp.property = gui.property");
                            if (sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().needsSemicolon()) {
                                sql.append(";");
                            }
                            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                                logger.debug(sql.toString());
                            }
                            Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
                            try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
                                preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
                            } catch (SQLException e) {
                                throw new RuntimeException(e);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void dropForeignKeys(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable schemaTable) {

        Map> edgeForeignKeys = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys();

        for (Map.Entry> edgeForeignKey : edgeForeignKeys.entrySet()) {
            String edgeTable = edgeForeignKey.getKey();
            Set foreignKeys = edgeForeignKey.getValue();
            String[] schemaTableArray = edgeTable.split("\\.");

            for (String foreignKey : foreignKeys) {
                if (foreignKey.startsWith(schemaTable.toString() + "_")) {

                    Set foreignKeyNames = getForeignKeyConstraintNames(sqlgGraph, schemaTableArray[0], schemaTableArray[1]);
                    for (String foreignKeyName : foreignKeyNames) {

                        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
                        sql.append("ALTER TABLE ");
                        sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(schemaTableArray[0]));
                        sql.append(".");
                        sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(schemaTableArray[1]));
                        sql.append(" DROP CONSTRAINT ");
                        sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(foreignKeyName));
                        if (needsSemicolon()) {
                            sql.append(";");
                        }
                        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                            logger.debug(sql.toString());
                        }
                        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
                        try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
                            preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
                        } catch (SQLException e) {
                            throw new RuntimeException(e);
                        }

                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void createForeignKeys(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable schemaTable) {
        Map> edgeForeignKeys = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys();

        for (Map.Entry> edgeForeignKey : edgeForeignKeys.entrySet()) {
            String edgeTable = edgeForeignKey.getKey();
            Set foreignKeys = edgeForeignKey.getValue();
            for (String foreignKey : foreignKeys) {
                if (foreignKey.startsWith(schemaTable.toString() + "_")) {
                    String[] schemaTableArray = edgeTable.split("\\.");
                    StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
                    sql.append("ALTER TABLE ");
                    sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(schemaTableArray[0]));
                    sql.append(".");
                    sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(schemaTableArray[1]));
                    sql.append(" ADD FOREIGN KEY (");
                    sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(foreignKey));
                    sql.append(") REFERENCES ");
                    sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(schemaTable.getSchema()));
                    sql.append(".");
                    sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(VERTEX_PREFIX + schemaTable.getTable()));
                    sql.append(" MATCH SIMPLE");
                    if (needsSemicolon()) {
                        sql.append(";");
                    }
                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                        logger.debug(sql.toString());
                    }
                    Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
                    try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
                        preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
                    } catch (SQLException e) {
                        throw new RuntimeException(e);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }


    @Override
    public String getBatchNull() {
        return BATCH_NULL;
    }


    private InputStream mapVertexToInputStream(Map propertyTypeMap, Pair, Map>> vertexCache) throws SQLException {
        //String str = "2,peter\n3,john";
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        int count = 1;
        for (SqlgVertex sqlgVertex : vertexCache.getRight().keySet()) {
            Map triple = vertexCache.getRight().get(sqlgVertex);
            //set the internal batch id to be used with inserting batch edges
            if (!vertexCache.getLeft().isEmpty()) {
                int countKeys = 1;
                for (String key : vertexCache.getLeft()) {
                    PropertyType propertyType = propertyTypeMap.get(key);
                    if (countKeys > 1 && countKeys <= vertexCache.getLeft().size()) {
                        sb.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                    }
                    countKeys++;
                    Object value = triple.get(key);
                    switch (propertyType) {
                        case BYTE_ARRAY:
                            String valueOfArrayAsString = PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) SqlgUtil.convertByteArrayToPrimitiveArray((Byte[]) value));
                            sb.append(valueOfArrayAsString);
                            break;
                        case byte_ARRAY:
                            valueOfArrayAsString = PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) value);
                            sb.append(valueOfArrayAsString);
                            break;
                        default:
                            sb.append(valueToStringForBulkLoad(propertyType, value));
                    }
                }
            } else {
                sb.append("0");
            }
            if (count++ < vertexCache.getRight().size()) {
                sb.append("\n");
            }
        }
        return new ByteArrayInputStream(sb.toString().getBytes());
    }

    private InputStream mapEdgeToInputStream(Map propertyTypeMap, Pair, Map>>> edgeCache) throws SQLException {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        int count = 1;
        for (Triple> triple : edgeCache.getRight().values()) {
            sb.append(((RecordId) triple.getLeft().id()).getId());
            sb.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
            sb.append(((RecordId) triple.getMiddle().id()).getId());
            if (!edgeCache.getLeft().isEmpty()) {
                sb.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
            }
            int countKeys = 1;
            for (String key : edgeCache.getLeft()) {
                PropertyType propertyType = propertyTypeMap.get(key);
                Object value = triple.getRight().get(key);
                switch (propertyType) {
                    case BYTE_ARRAY:
                        String valueOfArrayAsString = PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) SqlgUtil.convertByteArrayToPrimitiveArray((Byte[]) value));
                        sb.append(valueOfArrayAsString);
                        break;
                    case byte_ARRAY:
                        valueOfArrayAsString = PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) value);
                        sb.append(valueOfArrayAsString);
                        break;
                    default:
                        sb.append(valueToStringForBulkLoad(propertyType, value));
                }
                if (countKeys < edgeCache.getLeft().size()) {
                    sb.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                }
                countKeys++;
            }
            if (count++ < edgeCache.getRight().size()) {
                sb.append("\n");
            }
        }
        return new ByteArrayInputStream(sb.toString().getBytes());
    }

    /**
     * this follows the PostgreSQL rules at https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-copy.html#AEN77663
     * "If the value contains the delimiter character, the QUOTE character, the NULL string, a carriage return,
     * or line feed character, then the whole value is prefixed and suffixed by the QUOTE character,
     * and any occurrence within the value of a QUOTE character or the ESCAPE character is preceded
     * by the escape character."
     *
     * @param s
     * @return
     */
    private String escapeSpecialCharacters(String s) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        boolean needEscape = s.length() == 0; // escape empty strings
        for (int a = 0; a < s.length(); a++) {
            char c = s.charAt(a);
            if (c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == 0 || c == COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER.charAt(0)) {
                needEscape = true;
            }
            if (c == ESCAPE || c == QUOTE) {
                needEscape = true;
                sb.append(ESCAPE);
            }
            sb.append(c);
        }
        if (needEscape) {
            return QUOTE + sb.toString() + QUOTE;
        }
        return s;
    }

    @Override
    public String[] propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(PropertyType propertyType) {
        switch (propertyType) {
            case BOOLEAN:
                return new String[]{"BOOLEAN"};
            case SHORT:
                return new String[]{"SMALLINT"};
            case INTEGER:
                return new String[]{"INTEGER"};
            case LONG:
                return new String[]{"BIGINT"};
            case FLOAT:
                return new String[]{"REAL"};
            case DOUBLE:
                return new String[]{"DOUBLE PRECISION"};
            case LOCALDATE:
                return new String[]{"DATE"};
            case LOCALDATETIME:
                return new String[]{"TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE"};
            case ZONEDDATETIME:
                return new String[]{"TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE", "TEXT"};
            case LOCALTIME:
                return new String[]{"TIME WITH TIME ZONE"};
            case PERIOD:
                return new String[]{"INTEGER", "INTEGER", "INTEGER"};
            case DURATION:
                return new String[]{"BIGINT", "INTEGER"};
            case STRING:
                return new String[]{"TEXT"};
            case JSON:
                return new String[]{"JSONB"};
            case POINT:
                return new String[]{"geometry(POINT)"};
            case LINESTRING:
                return new String[]{"geometry(LINESTRING)"};
            case POLYGON:
                return new String[]{"geometry(POLYGON)"};
            case GEOGRAPHY_POINT:
                return new String[]{"geography(POINT, 4326)"};
            case GEOGRAPHY_POLYGON:
                return new String[]{"geography(POLYGON, 4326)"};
            case byte_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"BYTEA"};
            case boolean_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"BOOLEAN[]"};
            case short_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"SMALLINT[]"};
            case int_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"INTEGER[]"};
            case long_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"BIGINT[]"};
            case float_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"REAL[]"};
            case double_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"DOUBLE PRECISION[]"};
            case STRING_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"TEXT[]"};
            case LOCALDATETIME_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE[]"};
            case LOCALDATE_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"DATE[]"};
            case LOCALTIME_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"TIME WITH TIME ZONE[]"};
            case ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE[]", "TEXT[]"};
            case DURATION_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"BIGINT[]", "INTEGER[]"};
            case PERIOD_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"INTEGER[]", "INTEGER[]", "INTEGER[]"};
            case INTEGER_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"INTEGER[]"};
            case BOOLEAN_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"BOOLEAN[]"};
            case BYTE_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"BYTEA"};
            case SHORT_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"SMALLINT[]"};
            case LONG_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"BIGINT[]"};
            case FLOAT_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"REAL[]"};
            case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"DOUBLE PRECISION[]"};
            case JSON_ARRAY:
                return new String[]{"JSONB[]"};
            default:
                throw SqlgExceptions.invalidPropertyType(propertyType);
        }
    }

    /**
     * This is only used for upgrading from pre sqlg_schema sqlg to a sqlg_schema
     *
     * @param sqlType
     * @param typeName
     * @return
     */
    @Override
    public PropertyType sqlTypeToPropertyType(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, String schema, String table, String column, int sqlType, String typeName, ListIterator> metaDataIter) {
        switch (sqlType) {
            case Types.BIT:
                return PropertyType.BOOLEAN;
            case Types.SMALLINT:
                return PropertyType.SHORT;
            case Types.INTEGER:
                return PropertyType.INTEGER;
            case Types.BIGINT:
                return PropertyType.LONG;
            case Types.REAL:
                return PropertyType.FLOAT;
            case Types.DOUBLE:
                return PropertyType.DOUBLE;
            case Types.VARCHAR:
                return PropertyType.STRING;
            case Types.TIMESTAMP:
                return PropertyType.LOCALDATETIME;
            case Types.DATE:
                return PropertyType.LOCALDATE;
            case Types.TIME:
                return PropertyType.LOCALTIME;
            case Types.OTHER:
                //this is a f up as only JSON can be used for other.
                //means all the gis data types which are also OTHER are not supported
                switch (typeName) {
                    case "jsonb":
                        return PropertyType.JSON;
                    case "geometry":
                        return getPostGisGeometryType(sqlgGraph, schema, table, column);
                    case "geography":
                        return getPostGisGeographyType(sqlgGraph, schema, table, column);
                    default:
                        throw new RuntimeException("Other type not supported " + typeName);

                }
            case Types.BINARY:
                return BYTE_ARRAY;
            case Types.ARRAY:
                return sqlArrayTypeNameToPropertyType(typeName, sqlgGraph, schema, table, column, metaDataIter);
            default:
                throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown sqlType " + sqlType);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public PropertyType sqlArrayTypeNameToPropertyType(String typeName, SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, String schema, String table, String columnName, ListIterator> metaDataIter) {
        switch (typeName) {
            case "_bool":
                return BOOLEAN_ARRAY;
            case "_int2":
                return SHORT_ARRAY;
            case "_int4":
                return PropertyType.INTEGER_ARRAY;
            case "_int8":
                return PropertyType.LONG_ARRAY;
            case "_float4":
                return PropertyType.FLOAT_ARRAY;
            case "_float8":
                return PropertyType.DOUBLE_ARRAY;
            case "_text":
                return PropertyType.STRING_ARRAY;
            case "_date":
                return PropertyType.LOCALDATE_ARRAY;
            case "_timetz":
                return PropertyType.LOCALTIME_ARRAY;
            case "_timestamptz":
                //need to check the next column to know if its a LocalDateTime or ZonedDateTime array
                Triple metaData = metaDataIter.next();
                metaDataIter.previous();
                if (metaData.getLeft().startsWith(columnName + "~~~")) {
                    return PropertyType.ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY;
                } else {
                    return PropertyType.LOCALDATETIME_ARRAY;
                }
            case "_jsonb":
                return PropertyType.JSON_ARRAY;
            default:
                throw new RuntimeException("Array type not supported " + typeName);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public int[] propertyTypeToJavaSqlType(PropertyType propertyType) {
        switch (propertyType) {
            case BYTE:
                return new int[]{Types.BOOLEAN};
            case BOOLEAN:
                return new int[]{Types.BOOLEAN};
            case SHORT:
                return new int[]{Types.SMALLINT};
            case INTEGER:
                return new int[]{Types.INTEGER};
            case LONG:
                return new int[]{Types.BIGINT};
            case FLOAT:
                return new int[]{Types.REAL};
            case DOUBLE:
                return new int[]{Types.DOUBLE};
            case STRING:
                return new int[]{Types.CLOB};
            case LOCALDATETIME:
                return new int[]{Types.TIMESTAMP};
            case LOCALDATE:
                return new int[]{Types.DATE};
            case LOCALTIME:
                return new int[]{Types.TIME};
            case ZONEDDATETIME:
                return new int[]{Types.TIMESTAMP, Types.CLOB};
            case PERIOD:
                return new int[]{Types.INTEGER, Types.INTEGER, Types.INTEGER};
            case DURATION:
                return new int[]{Types.BIGINT, Types.INTEGER};
            case JSON:
                //TODO support other others like Geometry...
                return new int[]{Types.OTHER};
            case byte_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case boolean_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case BOOLEAN_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case short_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case SHORT_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case int_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case INTEGER_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case long_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case LONG_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case float_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case FLOAT_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case double_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case STRING_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case LOCALDATETIME_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case LOCALDATE_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case LOCALTIME_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            case ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY, Types.ARRAY};
            case PERIOD_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY, Types.ARRAY, Types.ARRAY};
            case DURATION_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY, Types.ARRAY};
            case JSON_ARRAY:
                return new int[]{Types.ARRAY};
            default:
                throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown propertyType " + propertyType.name());
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void validateProperty(Object key, Object value) {
        if (key instanceof String && ((String) key).length() > 63) {
            validateColumnName((String) key);
        }
        if (value instanceof String) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Character) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Boolean) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Byte) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Short) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Integer) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Long) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Float) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Double) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof LocalDate) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof LocalDateTime) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof ZonedDateTime) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof LocalTime) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Period) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Duration) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof JsonNode) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Point) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof LineString) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Polygon) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof byte[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof boolean[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof char[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof short[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof int[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof long[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof float[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof double[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof String[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Character[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Boolean[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Byte[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Short[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Integer[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Long[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Float[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Double[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof LocalDateTime[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof LocalDate[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof LocalTime[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof ZonedDateTime[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Duration[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof Period[]) {
            return;
        }
        if (value instanceof JsonNode[]) {
            return;
        }
        throw Property.Exceptions.dataTypeOfPropertyValueNotSupported(value);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean needForeignKeyIndex() {
        return true;
    }

    private Set getForeignKeyConstraintNames(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, String foreignKeySchema, String foreignKeyTable) {
        Set result = new HashSet<>();
        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        DatabaseMetaData metadata;
        try {
            metadata = conn.getMetaData();
            String childCatalog = null;
            String childSchemaPattern = foreignKeySchema;
            String childTableNamePattern = foreignKeyTable;
            ResultSet resultSet = metadata.getImportedKeys(childCatalog, childSchemaPattern, childTableNamePattern);
            while (resultSet.next()) {
                result.add(resultSet.getString("FK_NAME"));
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
        return result;
    }

    public boolean supportsClientInfo() {
        return true;
    }

    public void validateSchemaName(String schema) {
        if (schema.length() > getMaximumSchemaNameLength()) {
            throw SqlgExceptions.invalidSchemaName("Postgresql schema names can only be 63 characters. " + schema + " exceeds that");
        }
    }

    public void validateTableName(String table) {
        if (table.length() > getMaximumTableNameLength()) {
            throw SqlgExceptions.invalidTableName("Postgresql table names can only be 63 characters. " + table + " exceeds that");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void validateColumnName(String column) {
        super.validateColumnName(column);
        if (column.length() > getMaximumColumnNameLength()) {
            throw SqlgExceptions.invalidColumnName("Postgresql column names can only be 63 characters. " + column + " exceeds that");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public int getMaximumSchemaNameLength() {
        return 63;
    }

    @Override
    public int getMaximumTableNameLength() {
        return 63;
    }

    @Override
    public int getMaximumColumnNameLength() {
        return 63;
    }

    @Override
    public int getMaximumIndexNameLength() {
        return 63;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supportsILike() {
        return Boolean.TRUE;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean needsTimeZone() {
        return Boolean.TRUE;
    }

    @Override
    public void setJson(PreparedStatement preparedStatement, int parameterStartIndex, JsonNode json) {
        PGobject jsonObject = new PGobject();
        jsonObject.setType("jsonb");
        try {
            jsonObject.setValue(json.toString());
            preparedStatement.setObject(parameterStartIndex, jsonObject);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void setPoint(PreparedStatement preparedStatement, int parameterStartIndex, Object point) {
        Preconditions.checkArgument(point instanceof Point, "point must be an instance of " + Point.class.getName());
        try {
            preparedStatement.setObject(parameterStartIndex, new PGgeometry((Point) point));
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void setLineString(PreparedStatement preparedStatement, int parameterStartIndex, Object lineString) {
        Preconditions.checkArgument(lineString instanceof LineString, "lineString must be an instance of " + LineString.class.getName());
        try {
            preparedStatement.setObject(parameterStartIndex, new PGgeometry((LineString) lineString));
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void setPolygon(PreparedStatement preparedStatement, int parameterStartIndex, Object polygon) {
        Preconditions.checkArgument(polygon instanceof Polygon, "polygon must be an instance of " + Polygon.class.getName());
        try {
            preparedStatement.setObject(parameterStartIndex, new PGgeometry((Polygon) polygon));
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void setGeographyPoint(PreparedStatement preparedStatement, int parameterStartIndex, Object point) {
        Preconditions.checkArgument(point instanceof GeographyPoint, "point must be an instance of " + GeographyPoint.class.getName());
        try {
            preparedStatement.setObject(parameterStartIndex, new PGgeometry((GeographyPoint) point));
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void handleOther(Map properties, String columnName, Object o, PropertyType propertyType) {
        switch (propertyType) {
            case POINT:
                properties.put(columnName, ((PGgeometry) o).getGeometry());
                break;
            case LINESTRING:
                properties.put(columnName, ((PGgeometry) o).getGeometry());
                break;
            case GEOGRAPHY_POINT:
                try {
                    Geometry geometry = PGgeometry.geomFromString(((PGobject) o).getValue());
                    properties.put(columnName, new GeographyPoint((Point) geometry));
                } catch (SQLException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
                break;
            case GEOGRAPHY_POLYGON:
                try {
                    Geometry geometry = PGgeometry.geomFromString(((PGobject) o).getValue());
                    properties.put(columnName, new GeographyPolygon((Polygon) geometry));
                } catch (SQLException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
                break;
            case POLYGON:
                properties.put(columnName, ((PGgeometry) o).getGeometry());
                break;
            case JSON:
                ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
                try {
                    JsonNode jsonNode = objectMapper.readTree(((PGobject) o).getValue());
                    properties.put(columnName, jsonNode);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
                break;
            case BYTE_ARRAY:
                java.sql.Array array = (java.sql.Array) o;
                String arrayAsString = array.toString();
                //remove the wrapping curly brackets
                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(1);
                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(0, arrayAsString.length() - 1);
                String[] byteAsString = arrayAsString.split(",");
//                PGbytea.toBytes();
                Byte[] result = new Byte[byteAsString.length];
                int count = 0;
                for (String s : byteAsString) {
                    Integer byteAsInteger = Integer.parseUnsignedInt(s.replace("\"", ""));
                    result[count++] = new Byte("");
                }
                properties.put(columnName, result);
                break;
            default:
                throw new IllegalStateException("sqlgDialect.handleOther does not handle " + propertyType.name());
        }
//        if (o instanceof PGgeometry) {
//            properties.put(columnName, ((PGgeometry) o).getGeometry());
//        } else if ((o instanceof PGobject) && ((PGobject) o).getType().equals("geography")) {
//            try {
//                Geometry geometry = PGgeometry.geomFromString(((PGobject) o).getValue());
//                if (geometry instanceof Point) {
//                    properties.put(columnName, new GeographyPoint((Point) geometry));
//                } else if (geometry instanceof Polygon) {
//                    properties.put(columnName, new GeographyPolygon((Polygon) geometry));
//                } else {
//                    throw new IllegalStateException("Gis type " + geometry.getClass().getName() + " is not supported.");
//                }
//            } catch (SQLException e) {
//                throw new RuntimeException(e);
//            }
//        } else {
//            //Assume json for now
//            if (o instanceof java.sql.Array) {
//                java.sql.Array array = (java.sql.Array) o;
//                String arrayAsString = array.toString();
//                //remove the wrapping curly brackets
//                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(1);
//                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(0, arrayAsString.length() - 1);
//                arrayAsString = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeJava(arrayAsString);
//                //remove the wrapping qoutes
//                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(1);
//                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(0, arrayAsString.length() - 1);
//                String[] jsons = arrayAsString.split("\",\"");
//                JsonNode[] jsonNodes = new JsonNode[jsons.length];
//                ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
//                int count = 0;
//                for (String json : jsons) {
//                    try {
//                        JsonNode jsonNode = objectMapper.readTree(json);
//                        jsonNodes[count++] = jsonNode;
//                    } catch (IOException e) {
//                        throw new RuntimeException(e);
//                    }
//                }
//                properties.put(columnName, jsonNodes);
//            } else {
//                ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
//                try {
//                    JsonNode jsonNode = objectMapper.readTree(((PGobject) o).getValue());
//                    properties.put(columnName, jsonNode);
//                } catch (IOException e) {
//                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
//                }
//            }
//        }
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supportsJsonType() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supportsJsonArrayValues() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public Writer streamSql(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, String sql) {
        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        PGConnection pgConnection;
        try {
            pgConnection = conn.unwrap(PGConnection.class);
            OutputStream out = new PGCopyOutputStream(pgConnection, sql);
            return new OutputStreamWriter(out, "UTF-8");
        } catch (SQLException | UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    private  void copyInBulkTempEdges(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable schemaTable, Collection> uids, PropertyType inPropertyType, PropertyType outPropertyType) {
        try {
            StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
            sql.append("COPY ");
            sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(schemaTable.getTable()));
            sql.append(" (");
            int count = 1;
            for (String key : Arrays.asList("out", "in")) {
                if (count > 1 && count <= 2) {
                    sql.append(", ");
                }
                count++;
                sql.append(maybeWrapInQoutes(key));
            }
            sql.append(")");
            sql.append(" FROM stdin DELIMITER '");
            sql.append(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
            sql.append("';");
            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                logger.debug(sql.toString());
            }
            Writer writer = streamSql(sqlgGraph, sql.toString());
            for (Pair uid : uids) {
                valueToStreamBytes(writer, inPropertyType, uid.getLeft());
                writer.write(COPY_COMMAND_DELIMITER);
                valueToStreamBytes(writer, outPropertyType, uid.getRight());
                writer.write("\n");
            }
            writer.close();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public  void bulkAddEdges(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable out, SchemaTable in, String edgeLabel, Pair idFields, Collection> uids) {
        if (!sqlgGraph.tx().isInStreamingBatchMode() && !sqlgGraph.tx().isInStreamingWithLockBatchMode()) {
            throw SqlgExceptions.invalidMode("Transaction must be in " + BatchManager.BatchModeType.STREAMING + " or " + BatchManager.BatchModeType.STREAMING_WITH_LOCK + " mode for bulkAddEdges");
        }
        if (!uids.isEmpty()) {
            //createVertexLabel temp table and copy the uids into it
            Map columns = new HashMap<>();
            Map outProperties = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getTableFor(out.withPrefix(VERTEX_PREFIX));
            Map inProperties = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getTableFor(in.withPrefix(VERTEX_PREFIX));
            PropertyType outPropertyType;
            if (idFields.getLeft().equals(Topology.ID)) {
                outPropertyType = PropertyType.INTEGER;
            } else {
                outPropertyType = outProperties.get(idFields.getLeft());
            }
            PropertyType inPropertyType;
            if (idFields.getRight().equals(Topology.ID)) {
                inPropertyType = PropertyType.INTEGER;
            } else {
                inPropertyType = inProperties.get(idFields.getRight());
            }
            columns.put("out", outPropertyType);
            columns.put("in", inPropertyType);
            SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
            byte bytes[] = new byte[6];
            random.nextBytes(bytes);
            String tmpTableIdentified = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(bytes);
            tmpTableIdentified = Topology.BULK_TEMP_EDGE + tmpTableIdentified;
            sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().createTempTable(tmpTableIdentified, columns);
            this.copyInBulkTempEdges(sqlgGraph, SchemaTable.of(out.getSchema(), tmpTableIdentified), uids, outPropertyType, inPropertyType);
            //executeRegularQuery copy from select. select the edge ids to copy into the new table by joining on the temp table

            Optional outVertexLabelOptional = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getVertexLabel(out.getSchema(), out.getTable());
            Optional inVertexLabelOptional = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getVertexLabel(in.getSchema(), in.getTable());
            Preconditions.checkState(outVertexLabelOptional.isPresent(), "Out VertexLabel must be present. Not found for %s", out.toString());
            Preconditions.checkState(inVertexLabelOptional.isPresent(), "In VertexLabel must be present. Not found for %s", in.toString());

            //noinspection OptionalGetWithoutIsPresent
            sqlgGraph.getTopology().ensureEdgeLabelExist(edgeLabel, outVertexLabelOptional.get(), inVertexLabelOptional.get(), Collections.emptyMap());

            StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder("INSERT INTO \n");
            sql.append(this.maybeWrapInQoutes(out.getSchema()));
            sql.append(".");
            sql.append(this.maybeWrapInQoutes(EDGE_PREFIX + edgeLabel));
            sql.append(" (");
            sql.append(this.maybeWrapInQoutes(out.getSchema() + "." + out.getTable() + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
            sql.append(",");
            sql.append(this.maybeWrapInQoutes(in.getSchema() + "." + in.getTable() + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
            sql.append(") \n");
            sql.append("select _out.\"ID\" as \"");
            sql.append(out.getSchema() + "." + out.getTable() + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END);
            sql.append("\", _in.\"ID\" as \"");
            sql.append(in.getSchema() + "." + in.getTable() + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END);
            sql.append("\" FROM ");
            sql.append(this.maybeWrapInQoutes(in.getSchema()));
            sql.append(".");
            sql.append(this.maybeWrapInQoutes(VERTEX_PREFIX + in.getTable()));
            sql.append(" _in join ");
            sql.append(this.maybeWrapInQoutes(tmpTableIdentified) + " ab on ab.in = _in." + this.maybeWrapInQoutes(idFields.getRight()) + " join ");
            sql.append(this.maybeWrapInQoutes(out.getSchema()));
            sql.append(".");
            sql.append(this.maybeWrapInQoutes(VERTEX_PREFIX + out.getTable()));
            sql.append(" _out on ab.out = _out." + this.maybeWrapInQoutes(idFields.getLeft()));
            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                logger.debug(sql.toString());
            }
            Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
            try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
                preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void lockTable(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable schemaTable, String prefix) {
        Preconditions.checkArgument(prefix.equals(VERTEX_PREFIX) || prefix.equals(EDGE_PREFIX), "prefix must be " + VERTEX_PREFIX + " or " + EDGE_PREFIX);
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        sql.append("LOCK TABLE ");
        sql.append(sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(schemaTable.getSchema()));
        sql.append(".");
        sql.append(sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(prefix + schemaTable.getTable()));
        sql.append(" IN SHARE MODE");
        if (this.needsSemicolon()) {
            sql.append(";");
        }
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug(sql.toString());
        }
        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
            preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void alterSequenceCacheSize(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable schemaTable, String sequence, int batchSize) {
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        sql.append("ALTER SEQUENCE ");
        sql.append(sequence);
        sql.append(" CACHE ");
        sql.append(String.valueOf(batchSize));
        if (this.needsSemicolon()) {
            sql.append(";");
        }
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug(sql.toString());
        }
        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
            preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public long nextSequenceVal(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable schemaTable, String prefix) {
        Preconditions.checkArgument(prefix.equals(VERTEX_PREFIX) || prefix.equals(EDGE_PREFIX), "prefix must be " + VERTEX_PREFIX + " or " + EDGE_PREFIX);
        long result;
        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        sql.append("SELECT NEXTVAL('\"" + schemaTable.getSchema() + "\".\"" + prefix + schemaTable.getTable() + "_ID_seq\"');");
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug(sql.toString());
        }
        try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
            ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
            resultSet.next();
            result = resultSet.getLong(1);
            resultSet.close();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public long currSequenceVal(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable schemaTable, String prefix) {
        Preconditions.checkArgument(prefix.equals(VERTEX_PREFIX) || prefix.equals(EDGE_PREFIX), "prefix must be " + VERTEX_PREFIX + " or " + EDGE_PREFIX);
        long result;
        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        sql.append("SELECT CURRVAL('\"" + schemaTable.getSchema() + "\".\"" + prefix + schemaTable.getTable() + "_ID_seq\"');");
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug(sql.toString());
        }
        try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
            ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
            resultSet.next();
            result = resultSet.getLong(1);
            resultSet.close();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public String sequenceName(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, SchemaTable outSchemaTable, String prefix) {
        Preconditions.checkArgument(prefix.equals(VERTEX_PREFIX) || prefix.equals(EDGE_PREFIX), "prefix must be " + VERTEX_PREFIX + " or " + EDGE_PREFIX);
//        select pg_get_serial_sequence('public."V_Person"', 'ID')
        String result;
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        sql.append("SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('\"");
        sql.append(outSchemaTable.getSchema());
        sql.append("\".\"");
        sql.append(prefix).append(outSchemaTable.getTable()).append("\"', 'ID')");
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug(sql.toString());
        }
        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
            ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
            resultSet.next();
            result = resultSet.getString(1);
            resultSet.close();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supportsBulkWithinOut() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isPostgresql() {
        return true;
    }

    //This is not being called but leaving it here for prosperity.
//    @Override
//    public void registerGisDataTypes(Connection connection) {
//        try {
//            ((Jdbc4Connection) ((com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.NewProxyConnection) connection).unwrap(Jdbc4Connection.class)).addDataType("geometry", "org.postgis.PGgeometry");
//        } catch (SQLException e) {
//            throw new RuntimeException(e);
//        }
//    }

    @Override
    public  T getGis(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph) {
        Gis gis = Gis.GIS;
        gis.setSqlgGraph(sqlgGraph);
        return (T) gis;
    }

    @Override
    public String afterCreateTemporaryTableStatement() {
        return "ON COMMIT DROP";
    }

    @Override
    public List columnsToIgnore() {
        return Arrays.asList(COPY_DUMMY);
    }

    @Override
    public List sqlgTopologyCreationScripts() {
        List result = new ArrayList<>();

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_schema\" (\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"createdOn\" TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, \"name\" TEXT);");
        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_vertex\" (\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"createdOn\" TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, \"name\" TEXT, \"schemaVertex\" TEXT);");
        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_edge\" (\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"createdOn\" TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, \"name\" TEXT);");
        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_property\" (\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"createdOn\" TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, \"name\" TEXT, \"type\" TEXT);");
        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_index\" (\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"createdOn\" TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, \"name\" TEXT, \"index_type\" TEXT);");
        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_globalUniqueIndex\" (" +
                "\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, " +
                "\"createdOn\" TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, " +
                "\"name\" TEXT, " +
                "CONSTRAINT propertyUniqueConstraint UNIQUE(name));");
        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_schema_vertex\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"sqlg_schema.vertex__I\" BIGINT, \"sqlg_schema.schema__O\" BIGINT, FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__I\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_vertex\" (\"ID\"), FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.schema__O\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_schema\" (\"ID\"));");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_schema_vertex_vertex__I_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_schema_vertex\" (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__I\");");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_schema_vertex_schema__O_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_schema_vertex\" (\"sqlg_schema.schema__O\");");

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_in_edges\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"sqlg_schema.edge__I\" BIGINT, \"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\" BIGINT, FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.edge__I\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_edge\" (\"ID\"), FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_vertex\" (\"ID\"));");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_in_edges_edge__I_ix\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_in_edges\" (\"sqlg_schema.edge__I\");");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_in_edges_vertex__O_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_in_edges\" (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\");");

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_out_edges\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"sqlg_schema.edge__I\" BIGINT, \"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\" BIGINT, FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.edge__I\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_edge\" (\"ID\"), FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_vertex\" (\"ID\"));");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_out_edges_edge__I_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_out_edges\" (\"sqlg_schema.edge__I\");");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_out_edges_vertex__O_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_out_edges\" (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\");");

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_vertex_property\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"sqlg_schema.property__I\" BIGINT, \"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\" BIGINT, FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.property__I\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_property\" (\"ID\"), FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_vertex\" (\"ID\"));");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_vertex_property_property__I_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_vertex_property\" (\"sqlg_schema.property__I\");");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_vertex_property_vertex__O_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_vertex_property\" (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\");");

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_edge_property\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"sqlg_schema.property__I\" BIGINT, \"sqlg_schema.edge__O\" BIGINT, FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.property__I\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_property\" (\"ID\"), FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.edge__O\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_edge\" (\"ID\"));");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_edge_property_property__I_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_edge_property\" (\"sqlg_schema.property__I\");");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_edge_property_edge__O_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_edge_property\" (\"sqlg_schema.edge__O\");");

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_vertex_index\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"sqlg_schema.index__I\" BIGINT, \"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\" BIGINT, FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.index__I\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_index\" (\"ID\"), FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_vertex\" (\"ID\"));");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_vertex_index_index__I_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_vertex_index\" (\"sqlg_schema.index__I\");");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_vertex_index_vertex__O_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_vertex_index\" (\"sqlg_schema.vertex__O\");");

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_edge_index\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"sqlg_schema.index__I\" BIGINT, \"sqlg_schema.edge__O\" BIGINT, FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.index__I\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_index\" (\"ID\"), FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.edge__O\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_edge\" (\"ID\"));");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_edge_index_index__I_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_edge_index\" (\"sqlg_schema.index__I\");");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_edge_index_vertex__O_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_edge_index\" (\"sqlg_schema.edge__O\");");

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_index_property\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"sqlg_schema.property__I\" BIGINT, \"sqlg_schema.index__O\" BIGINT, \"sequence\" INTEGER, FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.property__I\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_property\" (\"ID\"), FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.index__O\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_index\" (\"ID\"));");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_index_property_property__I_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_index_property\" (\"sqlg_schema.property__I\");");
        result.add("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS \"E_index_property_index__O_idx\" ON \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_index_property\" (\"sqlg_schema.index__O\");");

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_globalUniqueIndex_property\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"sqlg_schema.property__I\" BIGINT, \"sqlg_schema.globalUniqueIndex__O\" BIGINT, FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.property__I\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_property\" (\"ID\"), FOREIGN KEY (\"sqlg_schema.globalUniqueIndex__O\") REFERENCES \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_globalUniqueIndex\" (\"ID\"));");

        result.add("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"sqlg_schema\".\"V_log\"(\"ID\" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, \"timestamp\" TIMESTAMP, \"pid\" INTEGER, \"log\" JSONB);");

        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public String sqlgAddIndexEdgeSequenceColumn() {
        return "ALTER TABLE \"sqlg_schema\".\"E_index_property\" ADD COLUMN \"sequence\" INTEGER DEFAULT 0;";
        
    }

    private Array createArrayOf(Connection conn, PropertyType propertyType, Object[] data) {
        try {
            switch (propertyType) {
                case LOCALTIME_ARRAY:
                    // shit DST for local time
                    if (data != null) {
                        int a = 0;
                        for (Object o : data) {
                            data[a++] = shiftDST(((Time) o).toLocalTime());
                        }
                    }
                    // fall through
                case STRING_ARRAY:
                case long_ARRAY:
                case LONG_ARRAY:
                case int_ARRAY:
                case INTEGER_ARRAY:
                case short_ARRAY:
                case SHORT_ARRAY:
                case float_ARRAY:
                case FLOAT_ARRAY:
                case double_ARRAY:
                case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
                case boolean_ARRAY:
                case BOOLEAN_ARRAY:
                case LOCALDATETIME_ARRAY:
                case LOCALDATE_ARRAY:
                case ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY:
                case JSON_ARRAY:
                    return conn.createArrayOf(getArrayDriverType(propertyType), data);
                default:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unhandled array type " + propertyType.name());
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Object convertArray(PropertyType propertyType, java.sql.Array array) throws SQLException {
        switch (propertyType) {
            case BOOLEAN_ARRAY:
                return array.getArray();
            case boolean_ARRAY:
                return SqlgUtil.convertObjectArrayToBooleanPrimitiveArray((Object[]) array.getArray());
            case SHORT_ARRAY:
                return SqlgUtil.convertObjectOfIntegersArrayToShortArray((Object[]) array.getArray());
            case short_ARRAY:
                return SqlgUtil.convertObjectOfIntegersArrayToShortPrimitiveArray((Object[]) array.getArray());
            case INTEGER_ARRAY:
                return array.getArray();
            case int_ARRAY:
                return SqlgUtil.convertObjectOfIntegersArrayToIntegerPrimitiveArray((Object[]) array.getArray());
            case LONG_ARRAY:
                return array.getArray();
            case long_ARRAY:
                return SqlgUtil.convertObjectOfLongsArrayToLongPrimitiveArray((Object[]) array.getArray());
            case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
                return array.getArray();
            case double_ARRAY:
                return SqlgUtil.convertObjectOfDoublesArrayToDoublePrimitiveArray((Object[]) array.getArray());
            case FLOAT_ARRAY:
                return array.getArray();
            case float_ARRAY:
                return SqlgUtil.convertObjectOfFloatsArrayToFloatPrimitiveArray((Object[]) array.getArray());
            case STRING_ARRAY:
                return array.getArray();
            case LOCALDATETIME_ARRAY:
                Timestamp[] timestamps = (Timestamp[]) array.getArray();
                return SqlgUtil.copyToLocalDateTime(timestamps, new LocalDateTime[timestamps.length]);
            case LOCALDATE_ARRAY:
                Date[] dates = (Date[]) array.getArray();
                return SqlgUtil.copyToLocalDate(dates, new LocalDate[dates.length]);
            case LOCALTIME_ARRAY:
                Time[] times = (Time[]) array.getArray();
                return SqlgUtil.copyToLocalTime(times, new LocalTime[times.length]);
            case JSON_ARRAY:
                String arrayAsString = array.toString();
                //remove the wrapping curly brackets
                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(1);
                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(0, arrayAsString.length() - 1);
                arrayAsString = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeJava(arrayAsString);
                //remove the wrapping qoutes
                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(1);
                arrayAsString = arrayAsString.substring(0, arrayAsString.length() - 1);
                String[] jsons = arrayAsString.split("\",\"");
                JsonNode[] jsonNodes = new JsonNode[jsons.length];
                ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
                int count = 0;
                for (String json : jsons) {
                    try {
                        JsonNode jsonNode = objectMapper.readTree(json);
                        jsonNodes[count++] = jsonNode;
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        throw new RuntimeException(e);
                    }
                }
                return jsonNodes;
            default:
                throw new IllegalStateException("Unhandled property type " + propertyType.name());
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void setArray(PreparedStatement statement, int index, PropertyType type,
                         Object[] values) throws SQLException {
        statement.setArray(index, createArrayOf(statement.getConnection(), type, values));
    }

    @Override
    public void prepareDB(Connection conn) {
        //get the database name
        String dbName;
        try (Statement st = conn.createStatement();
             ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery("SELECT current_database();")) {

            if (!rs.next()) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Could not obtain the name of the current database.");
            }

            dbName = rs.getString(1);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to find the name of the current database.", e);
        }

        try (Statement st = conn.createStatement()) {
            //prepared statement for "ALTER DATABASE ?" doesn't seem to work, but the below should be enough to prevent
            //disasters with funny database names containing quotes...
            dbName = dbName.replace("\"", "\"\"");
            //configure the DB to use the standard conforming strings otherwise the escape sequences cause errors
            st.executeUpdate("ALTER DATABASE \"" + dbName + "\" SET standard_conforming_strings TO ON;");
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            // ignore concurrency error, probably only works if PostgreSQL uses english
            // but the error code is always 0, and the SQLState is "internal error" which is not really helpful
            if (!e.getMessage().toLowerCase().contains("tuple concurrently updated")) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to modify the database configuration.", e);
            }
        }
    }

    private PropertyType getPostGisGeometryType(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, String schema, String table, String column) {
        Connection connection = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        try (PreparedStatement statement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT type FROM geometry_columns WHERE f_table_schema = ? and f_table_name = ? and f_geometry_column = ?")) {
            statement.setString(1, schema);
            statement.setString(2, table);
            statement.setString(3, column);
            ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery();
            if (resultSet.next()) {
                String type = resultSet.getString(1);
                return PropertyType.valueOf(type);
            } else {
                throw new IllegalStateException("PostGis property type for column " + column + " not found");
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    private PropertyType getPostGisGeographyType(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, String schema, String table, String column) {
        Connection connection = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        try (PreparedStatement statement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT type FROM geography_columns WHERE f_table_schema = ? and f_table_name = ? and f_geography_column = ?")) {
            statement.setString(1, schema);
            statement.setString(2, table);
            statement.setString(3, column);
            ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery();
            if (resultSet.next()) {
                String type = resultSet.getString(1);
                switch (type) {
                    case "Point":
                        return PropertyType.GEOGRAPHY_POINT;
                    case "Polygon":
                        return PropertyType.GEOGRAPHY_POLYGON;
                    default:
                        throw new IllegalStateException("Unhandled geography type " + type);
                }
            } else {
                throw new IllegalStateException("PostGis property type for column " + column + " not found");
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void lock(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph) {
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        sql.append("LOCK TABLE \"");
        sql.append(SQLG_SCHEMA);
        sql.append("\".\"");
        sql.append(VERTEX_PREFIX);
        sql.append(SQLG_SCHEMA_LOG);
        sql.append("\" IN EXCLUSIVE MODE");
        if (this.needsSemicolon()) {
            sql.append(";");
        }
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.info(sql.toString());
        }
        Connection conn = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
            preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void registerListener(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph) {
        this.executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(r -> new Thread(r, "Sqlg notification merge " + sqlgGraph.toString()));
        this.scheduledExecutorService = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(
                r -> new Thread(r, "Sqlg notification listener " + sqlgGraph.toString()));
        try {
            Semaphore listeningSemaphore = new Semaphore(1);
            listener = new TopologyChangeListener(sqlgGraph, listeningSemaphore);
            this.future = scheduledExecutorService.schedule(listener, 500, MILLISECONDS);
            //block here to only return once the listener is listening.
            listeningSemaphore.acquire();
            listeningSemaphore.tryAcquire(5, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void unregisterListener() {
        if (listener != null) {
            listener.stop();
            listener = null;
        }
        this.future.cancel(true);
        this.scheduledExecutorService.shutdownNow();
        this.executorService.shutdownNow();
    }

    @Override
    public int notifyChange(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, LocalDateTime timestamp, JsonNode jsonNode) {
        Connection connection = sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
        try {

            PGConnection pgConnection = connection.unwrap(PGConnection.class);
            int pid = pgConnection.getBackendPID();
            if (sqlgGraph.tx().isInBatchMode()) {
                BatchManager.BatchModeType batchModeType = sqlgGraph.tx().getBatchModeType();
                sqlgGraph.tx().flush();
                sqlgGraph.tx().batchMode(BatchManager.BatchModeType.NONE);
                sqlgGraph.addVertex(
                        T.label,
                        SQLG_SCHEMA + "." + SQLG_SCHEMA_LOG,
                        "timestamp", timestamp,
                        "pid", pid,
                        "log", jsonNode
                );
                sqlgGraph.tx().batchMode(batchModeType);
            } else {
                sqlgGraph.addVertex(
                        T.label,
                        SQLG_SCHEMA + "." + SQLG_SCHEMA_LOG,
                        "timestamp", timestamp,
                        "pid", pid,
                        "log", jsonNode
                );
            }
            try (Statement statement = connection.createStatement()) {
                statement.execute("NOTIFY " + SQLG_NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL + ", '" + timestamp.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME) + "'");
            }
            return pid;
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Listens to topology changes notifications from the database and loads the changes into our own version of the schema
     */
    private class TopologyChangeListener implements Runnable {

        private SqlgGraph sqlgGraph;
        private Semaphore semaphore;
        /**
         * should we keep running?
         */
        private AtomicBoolean run = new AtomicBoolean(true);

        TopologyChangeListener(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Semaphore semaphore) throws SQLException {
            this.sqlgGraph = sqlgGraph;
            this.semaphore = semaphore;
        }

        void stop() {
            run.set(false);
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                Connection connection = this.sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
                while (run.get()) {
                    PGConnection pgConnection = connection.unwrap(org.postgresql.PGConnection.class);
                    Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
                    stmt.execute("LISTEN " + SQLG_NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL);
                    stmt.close();
                    connection.commit();
                    this.semaphore.release();
                    // issue a dummy query to contact the backend
                    // and receive any pending notifications.
                    stmt = connection.createStatement();
                    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT 1");
                    rs.close();
                    stmt.close();
                    //Does not work while in a transaction.
                    connection.rollback();
                    PGNotification notifications[] = pgConnection.getNotifications();
                    if (notifications != null) {
                        for (int i = 0; i < notifications.length; i++) {
                            int pid = notifications[i].getPID();
                            String notify = notifications[i].getParameter();
                            LocalDateTime timestamp = LocalDateTime.parse(notify, DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME);
                            PostgresDialect.this.executorService.submit(() -> {
                                try {
                                    Topology topology = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology();
                                    //It is possible for the topology to be null when a notification is received just
                                    // after the connection pool is setup but before the topology is created.
                                    if (topology != null) {
                                        topology.fromNotifyJson(pid, timestamp);
                                    }
                                } catch (Exception e) {
                                    // we may get InterruptedException when we shut down
                                    if (run.get()) {
                                        logger.error("Error in Postgresql notification", e);
                                    }
                                } finally {
                                    this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
                                }
                            });
                        }
                    }
                    Thread.sleep(500);
                }
                this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                logger.error(String.format("change listener on graph %s error", this.sqlgGraph.toString()), e);
                this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                if (run.get()) {
                    logger.warn(String.format("change listener on graph %s interrupted.", this.sqlgGraph.toString()));
                }
                this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
                //swallow
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Postgres gets confused by DST, it sets the timezone badly and then reads the wrong value out, so we convert the value to "winter time"
     *
     * @param lt the current time
     * @return the time in "winter time" if there is DST in effect today
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    private static Time shiftDST(LocalTime lt) {
        Time t = Time.valueOf(lt);
        int offset = Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.DST_OFFSET) / 1000;
        // I know this are deprecated methods, but it's so much clearer than alternatives
        int m = t.getSeconds();
        t.setSeconds(m + offset);
        return t;
    }

    @Override
    public String getFullTextQueryText(FullText fullText, String column) {
        String toQuery = fullText.isPlain() ? "plainto_tsquery" : "to_tsquery";
        // either we provided the query expression...
        String leftHand = fullText.getQuery();
        // or we use the column
        if (leftHand == null) {
            leftHand = column;
        }
        return "to_tsvector('" + fullText.getConfiguration() + "', " + leftHand + ") @@ " + toQuery + "('" + fullText.getConfiguration() + "',?)";
    }

    @Override
    public Map> extractIndices(Connection conn, String catalog, String schema) throws SQLException {
        // copied and simplified from the postgres JDBC driver class (PgDatabaseMetaData)
        String sql = "SELECT NULL AS TABLE_CAT, n.nspname AS TABLE_SCHEM, "
                + "  ct.relname AS TABLE_NAME, NOT i.indisunique AS NON_UNIQUE, "
                + "  NULL AS INDEX_QUALIFIER, ci.relname AS INDEX_NAME, "
                + "  CASE i.indisclustered "
                + "    WHEN true THEN " + java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.tableIndexClustered
                + "    ELSE CASE am.amname "
                + "      WHEN 'hash' THEN " + java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.tableIndexHashed
                + "      ELSE " + java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.tableIndexOther
                + "    END "
                + "  END AS TYPE, "
                + "  (i.keys).n AS ORDINAL_POSITION, "
                + "  trim(both '\"' from pg_catalog.pg_get_indexdef(ci.oid, (i.keys).n, false)) AS COLUMN_NAME "
                + "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class ct "
                + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON (ct.relnamespace = n.oid) "
                + "  JOIN (SELECT i.indexrelid, i.indrelid, i.indoption, "
                + "          i.indisunique, i.indisclustered, i.indpred, "
                + "          i.indexprs, "
                + "          information_schema._pg_expandarray(i.indkey) AS keys "
                + "        FROM pg_catalog.pg_index i) i "
                + "    ON (ct.oid = i.indrelid) "
                + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class ci ON (ci.oid = i.indexrelid) "
                + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (ci.relam = am.oid) "
                + "WHERE true ";

        if (schema != null && !"".equals(schema)) {
            sql += " AND n.nspname = " + maybeWrapInQoutes(schema);
        } else {
            // exclude schemas we know we're not interested in
            sql += " AND n.nspname <> 'pg_catalog' AND n.nspname <> 'pg_toast'  AND n.nspname <> '" + SQLG_SCHEMA + "'";
        }
        sql += " ORDER BY NON_UNIQUE, TYPE, INDEX_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION ";
        try (Statement s = conn.createStatement()) {
            try (ResultSet indexRs = s.executeQuery(sql)) {
                Map> ret = new HashMap<>();

                String lastKey = null;
                String lastIndexName = null;
                IndexType lastIndexType = null;
                List lastColumns = new LinkedList<>();
                while (indexRs.next()) {
                    String cat = indexRs.getString("TABLE_CAT");
                    String sch = indexRs.getString("TABLE_SCHEM");
                    String tbl = indexRs.getString("TABLE_NAME");
                    String key = cat + "." + sch + "." + tbl;
                    String indexName = indexRs.getString("INDEX_NAME");
                    boolean nonUnique = indexRs.getBoolean("NON_UNIQUE");

                    if (lastIndexName == null) {
                        lastIndexName = indexName;
                        lastIndexType = nonUnique ? IndexType.NON_UNIQUE : IndexType.UNIQUE;
                        lastKey = key;
                    } else if (!lastIndexName.equals(indexName)) {
                        if (!lastIndexName.endsWith("_pkey") && !lastIndexName.endsWith("_idx")) {
                            if (!Schema.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_SCHEMA.equals(schema)) {
                                //System.out.println(lastColumns);
                                //TopologyManager.addGlobalUniqueIndex(sqlgGraph,lastIndexName,lastColumns);
                                //} else {
                                MultiMap.put(ret, lastKey, new IndexRef(lastIndexName, lastIndexType, lastColumns));
                            }
                        }
                        lastColumns.clear();
                        lastIndexName = indexName;
                        lastIndexType = nonUnique ? IndexType.NON_UNIQUE : IndexType.UNIQUE;
                    }

                    lastColumns.add(indexRs.getString("COLUMN_NAME"));
                    lastKey = key;
                }
                if (lastIndexName != null && !lastIndexName.endsWith("_pkey") && !lastIndexName.endsWith("_idx")) {
                    if (!Schema.GLOBAL_UNIQUE_INDEX_SCHEMA.equals(schema)) {
                        //System.out.println(lastColumns);
                        //TopologyManager.addGlobalUniqueIndex(sqlgGraph,lastIndexName,lastColumns);
                        //} else {
                        MultiMap.put(ret, lastKey, new IndexRef(lastIndexName, lastIndexType, lastColumns));
                    }
                }

                return ret;
            }
        }

    }

    @Override
    public boolean isSystemIndex(String indexName) {
        return indexName.endsWith("_pkey") || indexName.endsWith("_idx");
    }

    @Override
    public String valueToValuesString(PropertyType propertyType, Object value) {
        Preconditions.checkState(supportsType(propertyType), "PropertyType %s is not supported", propertyType.name());
        switch (propertyType) {
            case BYTE_ARRAY:
                return "'" + PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) SqlgUtil.convertByteArrayToPrimitiveArray((Byte[]) value)) + "'::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case byte_ARRAY:
                return "'" + PGbytea.toPGString((byte[]) value) + "'::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case BOOLEAN:
                return value.toString() + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case boolean_ARRAY:
                StringBuilder sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case BOOLEAN_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case SHORT:
                return value.toString() + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case short_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case SHORT_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case INTEGER:
                return value.toString() + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case int_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case INTEGER_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case LONG:
                return value.toString() + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case long_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case LONG_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case FLOAT:
                return value.toString() + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case float_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case FLOAT_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case DOUBLE:
                return value.toString() + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case double_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case STRING:
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(value) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case STRING_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case LOCALDATE:
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(value) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case LOCALDATE_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case LOCALDATETIME:
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(value) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case LOCALDATETIME_ARRAY:
                sb = toValuesArray(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0], value);
                return sb.toString();
            case LOCALTIME:
                LocalTime lt = (LocalTime) value;
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(shiftDST(lt)) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case LOCALTIME_ARRAY:
                sb = new StringBuilder();
                sb.append("'{");
                int length = java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength(value);
                for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                    LocalTime valueOfArray = (LocalTime) java.lang.reflect.Array.get(value, i);
                    sb.append(shiftDST(valueOfArray).toString());
                    if (i < length - 1) {
                        sb.append(",");
                    }
                }
                sb.append("}'::");
                sb.append(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0]);
                return sb.toString();
            case ZONEDDATETIME:
                throw new IllegalStateException("ZONEDDATETIME is not supported in within.");
            case ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY:
                throw new IllegalStateException("ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY is not supported in within.");
            case PERIOD:
                throw new IllegalStateException("PERIOD is not supported in within.");
            case PERIOD_ARRAY:
                throw new IllegalStateException("PERIOD_ARRAY is not supported in within.");
            case DURATION:
                throw new IllegalStateException("DURATION is not supported in within.");
            case DURATION_ARRAY:
                throw new IllegalStateException("DURATION_ARRAY is not supported in within.");
            case JSON:
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(value) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case JSON_ARRAY:
                sb = new StringBuilder();
                sb.append("'{");
                length = java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength(value);
                for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                    String valueOfArray = java.lang.reflect.Array.get(value, i).toString();
                    sb.append("\"");
                    sb.append( escapeQuotes(valueOfArray.replace("\"", "\\\"")));
                    sb.append("\"");
                    if (i < length - 1) {
                        sb.append(",");
                    }
                }
                sb.append("}'::");
                sb.append(this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0]);
                return sb.toString();
            case POINT:
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(value) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case LINESTRING:
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(value) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case POLYGON:
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(value) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case GEOGRAPHY_POINT:
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(value) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            case GEOGRAPHY_POLYGON:
                return "'" + escapeQuotes(value) + "'" + "::" + this.propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType)[0];
            default:
                throw SqlgExceptions.invalidPropertyType(propertyType);
        }
    }

    private StringBuilder toValuesArray(String str, Object value) {
        StringBuilder sb;
        int length;
        sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append("'{");
        length = java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength(value);
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            String valueOfArray = java.lang.reflect.Array.get(value, i).toString();
            sb.append(valueOfArray);
            if (i < length - 1) {
                sb.append(",");
            }
        }
        sb.append("}'::");
        sb.append(str);
        return sb;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supportsType(PropertyType propertyType) {
        switch (propertyType) {
            case BOOLEAN:
                return true;
            case SHORT:
                return true;
            case INTEGER:
                return true;
            case LONG:
                return true;
            case FLOAT:
                return true;
            case DOUBLE:
                return true;
            case STRING:
                return true;
            case LOCALDATE:
                return true;
            case LOCALDATETIME:
                return true;
            case LOCALTIME:
                return true;
            case ZONEDDATETIME:
                return true;
            case PERIOD:
                return true;
            case DURATION:
                return true;
            case JSON:
                return true;
            case POINT:
                return true;
            case LINESTRING:
                return true;
            case POLYGON:
                return true;
            case GEOGRAPHY_POINT:
                return true;
            case GEOGRAPHY_POLYGON:
                return true;
            case boolean_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case BOOLEAN_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case byte_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case BYTE_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case short_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case SHORT_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case int_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case INTEGER_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case long_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case LONG_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case float_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case FLOAT_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case double_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case STRING_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case LOCALDATETIME_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case LOCALDATE_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case LOCALTIME_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case ZONEDDATETIME_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case DURATION_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case PERIOD_ARRAY:
                return true;
            case JSON_ARRAY:
                return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public int sqlInParameterLimit() {
        return PARAMETER_LIMIT;
    }
    
}




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