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//     Backbone.js 0.9.2

//     (c) 2010-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
//     For all details and documentation:
//     http://backbonejs.org

(function(){

  // Initial Setup
  // -------------

  // Save a reference to the global object (`window` in the browser, `global`
  // on the server).
  var root = this;

  // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
  // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
  var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;

  // Create a local reference to slice/splice.
  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
  var splice = Array.prototype.splice;

  // The top-level namespace. All public Backbone classes and modules will
  // be attached to this. Exported for both CommonJS and the browser.
  var Backbone;
  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
    Backbone = exports;
  } else {
    Backbone = root.Backbone = {};
  }

  // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
  Backbone.VERSION = '0.9.2';

  // Require Underscore, if we're on the server, and it's not already present.
  var _ = root._;
  if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require('underscore');

  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, or Ender owns the `$` variable.
  var $ = root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender;

  // Set the JavaScript library that will be used for DOM manipulation and
  // Ajax calls (a.k.a. the `$` variable). By default Backbone will use: jQuery,
  // Zepto, or Ender; but the `setDomLibrary()` method lets you inject an
  // alternate JavaScript library (or a mock library for testing your views
  // outside of a browser).
  Backbone.setDomLibrary = function(lib) {
    $ = lib;
  };

  // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
  // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
  Backbone.noConflict = function() {
    root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
    return this;
  };

  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
  // will fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
  // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
  Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;

  // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
  // `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as
  // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
  // form param named `model`.
  Backbone.emulateJSON = false;

  // Backbone.Events
  // -----------------

  // Regular expression used to split event strings
  var eventSplitter = /\s+/;

  // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
  // custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback functions
  // to an event; trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in succession.
  //
  //     var object = {};
  //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
  //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
  //     object.trigger('expand');
  //
  var Events = Backbone.Events = {

    // Bind one or more space separated events, `events`, to a `callback`
    // function. Passing `"all"` will bind the callback to all events fired.
    on: function(events, callback, context) {

      var calls, event, node, tail, list;
      if (!callback) return this;
      events = events.split(eventSplitter);
      calls = this._callbacks || (this._callbacks = {});

      // Create an immutable callback list, allowing traversal during
      // modification.  The tail is an empty object that will always be used
      // as the next node.
      while (event = events.shift()) {
        list = calls[event];
        node = list ? list.tail : {};
        node.next = tail = {};
        node.context = context;
        node.callback = callback;
        calls[event] = {tail: tail, next: list ? list.next : node};
      }

      return this;
    },

    // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all callbacks
    // with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all callbacks for the
    // event. If `events` is null, removes all bound callbacks for all events.
    off: function(events, callback, context) {
      var event, calls, node, tail, cb, ctx;

      // No events, or removing *all* events.
      if (!(calls = this._callbacks)) return;
      if (!(events || callback || context)) {
        delete this._callbacks;
        return this;
      }

      // Loop through the listed events and contexts, splicing them out of the
      // linked list of callbacks if appropriate.
      events = events ? events.split(eventSplitter) : _.keys(calls);
      while (event = events.shift()) {
        node = calls[event];
        delete calls[event];
        if (!node || !(callback || context)) continue;
        // Create a new list, omitting the indicated callbacks.
        tail = node.tail;
        while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {
          cb = node.callback;
          ctx = node.context;
          if ((callback && cb !== callback) || (context && ctx !== context)) {
            this.on(event, cb, ctx);
          }
        }
      }

      return this;
    },

    // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
    // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
    // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
    // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
    trigger: function(events) {
      var event, node, calls, tail, args, all, rest;
      if (!(calls = this._callbacks)) return this;
      all = calls.all;
      events = events.split(eventSplitter);
      rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);

      // For each event, walk through the linked list of callbacks twice,
      // first to trigger the event, then to trigger any `"all"` callbacks.
      while (event = events.shift()) {
        if (node = calls[event]) {
          tail = node.tail;
          while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {
            node.callback.apply(node.context || this, rest);
          }
        }
        if (node = all) {
          tail = node.tail;
          args = [event].concat(rest);
          while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {
            node.callback.apply(node.context || this, args);
          }
        }
      }

      return this;
    }

  };

  // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
  Events.bind   = Events.on;
  Events.unbind = Events.off;

  // Backbone.Model
  // --------------

  // Create a new model, with defined attributes. A client id (`cid`)
  // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
  var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
    var defaults;
    attributes || (attributes = {});
    if (options && options.parse) attributes = this.parse(attributes);
    if (defaults = getValue(this, 'defaults')) {
      attributes = _.extend({}, defaults, attributes);
    }
    if (options && options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
    this.attributes = {};
    this._escapedAttributes = {};
    this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
    this.changed = {};
    this._silent = {};
    this._pending = {};
    this.set(attributes, {silent: true});
    // Reset change tracking.
    this.changed = {};
    this._silent = {};
    this._pending = {};
    this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
  _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {

    // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
    changed: null,

    // A hash of attributes that have silently changed since the last time
    // `change` was called.  Will become pending attributes on the next call.
    _silent: null,

    // A hash of attributes that have changed since the last `'change'` event
    // began.
    _pending: null,

    // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
    // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
    idAttribute: 'id',

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
    toJSON: function(options) {
      return _.clone(this.attributes);
    },

    // Get the value of an attribute.
    get: function(attr) {
      return this.attributes[attr];
    },

    // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
    escape: function(attr) {
      var html;
      if (html = this._escapedAttributes[attr]) return html;
      var val = this.get(attr);
      return this._escapedAttributes[attr] = _.escape(val == null ? '' : '' + val);
    },

    // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
    // or undefined.
    has: function(attr) {
      return this.get(attr) != null;
    },

    // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless
    // you choose to silence it.
    set: function(key, value, options) {
      var attrs, attr, val;

      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
      if (_.isObject(key) || key == null) {
        attrs = key;
        options = value;
      } else {
        attrs = {};
        attrs[key] = value;
      }

      // Extract attributes and options.
      options || (options = {});
      if (!attrs) return this;
      if (attrs instanceof Model) attrs = attrs.attributes;
      if (options.unset) for (attr in attrs) attrs[attr] = void 0;

      // Run validation.
      if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;

      // Check for changes of `id`.
      if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute];

      var changes = options.changes = {};
      var now = this.attributes;
      var escaped = this._escapedAttributes;
      var prev = this._previousAttributes || {};

      // For each `set` attribute...
      for (attr in attrs) {
        val = attrs[attr];

        // If the new and current value differ, record the change.
        if (!_.isEqual(now[attr], val) || (options.unset && _.has(now, attr))) {
          delete escaped[attr];
          (options.silent ? this._silent : changes)[attr] = true;
        }

        // Update or delete the current value.
        options.unset ? delete now[attr] : now[attr] = val;

        // If the new and previous value differ, record the change.  If not,
        // then remove changes for this attribute.
        if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val) || (_.has(now, attr) != _.has(prev, attr))) {
          this.changed[attr] = val;
          if (!options.silent) this._pending[attr] = true;
        } else {
          delete this.changed[attr];
          delete this._pending[attr];
        }
      }

      // Fire the `"change"` events.
      if (!options.silent) this.change(options);
      return this;
    },

    // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
    // to silence it. `unset` is a noop if the attribute doesn't exist.
    unset: function(attr, options) {
      (options || (options = {})).unset = true;
      return this.set(attr, null, options);
    },

    // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
    // to silence it.
    clear: function(options) {
      (options || (options = {})).unset = true;
      return this.set(_.clone(this.attributes), options);
    },

    // Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the
    // model differs from its current attributes, they will be overriden,
    // triggering a `"change"` event.
    fetch: function(options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      var model = this;
      var success = options.success;
      options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {
        if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, xhr), options)) return false;
        if (success) success(model, resp);
      };
      options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);
      return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'read', this, options);
    },

    // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
    // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
    // state will be `set` again.
    save: function(key, value, options) {
      var attrs, current;

      // Handle both `("key", value)` and `({key: value})` -style calls.
      if (_.isObject(key) || key == null) {
        attrs = key;
        options = value;
      } else {
        attrs = {};
        attrs[key] = value;
      }
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};

      // If we're "wait"-ing to set changed attributes, validate early.
      if (options.wait) {
        if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
        current = _.clone(this.attributes);
      }

      // Regular saves `set` attributes before persisting to the server.
      var silentOptions = _.extend({}, options, {silent: true});
      if (attrs && !this.set(attrs, options.wait ? silentOptions : options)) {
        return false;
      }

      // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
      // updated with the server-side state.
      var model = this;
      var success = options.success;
      options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {
        var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp, xhr);
        if (options.wait) {
          delete options.wait;
          serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs);
        }
        if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
        if (success) {
          success(model, resp);
        } else {
          model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
        }
      };

      // Finish configuring and sending the Ajax request.
      options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);
      var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : 'update';
      var xhr = (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, method, this, options);
      if (options.wait) this.set(current, silentOptions);
      return xhr;
    },

    // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
    // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
    // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
    destroy: function(options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      var model = this;
      var success = options.success;

      var triggerDestroy = function() {
        model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
      };

      if (this.isNew()) {
        triggerDestroy();
        return false;
      }

      options.success = function(resp) {
        if (options.wait) triggerDestroy();
        if (success) {
          success(model, resp);
        } else {
          model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
        }
      };

      options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);
      var xhr = (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'delete', this, options);
      if (!options.wait) triggerDestroy();
      return xhr;
    },

    // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
    // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
    // that will be called.
    url: function() {
      var base = getValue(this, 'urlRoot') || getValue(this.collection, 'url') || urlError();
      if (this.isNew()) return base;
      return base + (base.charAt(base.length - 1) == '/' ? '' : '/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);
    },

    // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
    // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
    parse: function(resp, xhr) {
      return resp;
    },

    // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
    clone: function() {
      return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
    },

    // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
    isNew: function() {
      return this.id == null;
    },

    // Call this method to manually fire a `"change"` event for this model and
    // a `"change:attribute"` event for each changed attribute.
    // Calling this will cause all objects observing the model to update.
    change: function(options) {
      options || (options = {});
      var changing = this._changing;
      this._changing = true;

      // Silent changes become pending changes.
      for (var attr in this._silent) this._pending[attr] = true;

      // Silent changes are triggered.
      var changes = _.extend({}, options.changes, this._silent);
      this._silent = {};
      for (var attr in changes) {
        this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, this.get(attr), options);
      }
      if (changing) return this;

      // Continue firing `"change"` events while there are pending changes.
      while (!_.isEmpty(this._pending)) {
        this._pending = {};
        this.trigger('change', this, options);
        // Pending and silent changes still remain.
        for (var attr in this.changed) {
          if (this._pending[attr] || this._silent[attr]) continue;
          delete this.changed[attr];
        }
        this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
      }

      this._changing = false;
      return this;
    },

    // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
    // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
    hasChanged: function(attr) {
      if (!arguments.length) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
      return _.has(this.changed, attr);
    },

    // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
    // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
    // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
    // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
    // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
    // determining if there *would be* a change.
    changedAttributes: function(diff) {
      if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
      var val, changed = false, old = this._previousAttributes;
      for (var attr in diff) {
        if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue;
        (changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val;
      }
      return changed;
    },

    // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
    // `"change"` event was fired.
    previous: function(attr) {
      if (!arguments.length || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
      return this._previousAttributes[attr];
    },

    // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
    // `"change"` event.
    previousAttributes: function() {
      return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
    },

    // Check if the model is currently in a valid state. It's only possible to
    // get into an *invalid* state if you're using silent changes.
    isValid: function() {
      return !this.validate(this.attributes);
    },

    // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
    // returning `true` if all is well. If a specific `error` callback has
    // been passed, call that instead of firing the general `"error"` event.
    _validate: function(attrs, options) {
      if (options.silent || !this.validate) return true;
      attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
      var error = this.validate(attrs, options);
      if (!error) return true;
      if (options && options.error) {
        options.error(this, error, options);
      } else {
        this.trigger('error', this, error, options);
      }
      return false;
    }

  });

  // Backbone.Collection
  // -------------------

  // Provides a standard collection class for our sets of models, ordered
  // or unordered. If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
  // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
  var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
    options || (options = {});
    if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
    if (options.comparator) this.comparator = options.comparator;
    this._reset();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
    if (models) this.reset(models, {silent: true, parse: options.parse});
  };

  // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
  _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {

    // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
    // This should be overridden in most cases.
    model: Model,

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
    // models' attributes.
    toJSON: function(options) {
      return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(options); });
    },

    // Add a model, or list of models to the set. Pass **silent** to avoid
    // firing the `add` event for every new model.
    add: function(models, options) {
      var i, index, length, model, cid, id, cids = {}, ids = {}, dups = [];
      options || (options = {});
      models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];

      // Begin by turning bare objects into model references, and preventing
      // invalid models or duplicate models from being added.
      for (i = 0, length = models.length; i < length; i++) {
        if (!(model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(models[i], options))) {
          throw new Error("Can't add an invalid model to a collection");
        }
        cid = model.cid;
        id = model.id;
        if (cids[cid] || this._byCid[cid] || ((id != null) && (ids[id] || this._byId[id]))) {
          dups.push(i);
          continue;
        }
        cids[cid] = ids[id] = model;
      }

      // Remove duplicates.
      i = dups.length;
      while (i--) {
        models.splice(dups[i], 1);
      }

      // Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by
      // `id` and by `cid`.
      for (i = 0, length = models.length; i < length; i++) {
        (model = models[i]).on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
        this._byCid[model.cid] = model;
        if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
      }

      // Insert models into the collection, re-sorting if needed, and triggering
      // `add` events unless silenced.
      this.length += length;
      index = options.at != null ? options.at : this.models.length;
      splice.apply(this.models, [index, 0].concat(models));
      if (this.comparator) this.sort({silent: true});
      if (options.silent) return this;
      for (i = 0, length = this.models.length; i < length; i++) {
        if (!cids[(model = this.models[i]).cid]) continue;
        options.index = i;
        model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
      }
      return this;
    },

    // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set. Pass silent to avoid
    // firing the `remove` event for every model removed.
    remove: function(models, options) {
      var i, l, index, model;
      options || (options = {});
      models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
      for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
        model = this.getByCid(models[i]) || this.get(models[i]);
        if (!model) continue;
        delete this._byId[model.id];
        delete this._byCid[model.cid];
        index = this.indexOf(model);
        this.models.splice(index, 1);
        this.length--;
        if (!options.silent) {
          options.index = index;
          model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
        }
        this._removeReference(model);
      }
      return this;
    },

    // Add a model to the end of the collection.
    push: function(model, options) {
      model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
      this.add(model, options);
      return model;
    },

    // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
    pop: function(options) {
      var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
      this.remove(model, options);
      return model;
    },

    // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
    unshift: function(model, options) {
      model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
      this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
      return model;
    },

    // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
    shift: function(options) {
      var model = this.at(0);
      this.remove(model, options);
      return model;
    },

    // Get a model from the set by id.
    get: function(id) {
      if (id == null) return void 0;
      return this._byId[id.id != null ? id.id : id];
    },

    // Get a model from the set by client id.
    getByCid: function(cid) {
      return cid && this._byCid[cid.cid || cid];
    },

    // Get the model at the given index.
    at: function(index) {
      return this.models[index];
    },

    // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of `filter`.
    where: function(attrs) {
      if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return [];
      return this.filter(function(model) {
        for (var key in attrs) {
          if (attrs[key] !== model.get(key)) return false;
        }
        return true;
      });
    },

    // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
    // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
    // is added.
    sort: function(options) {
      options || (options = {});
      if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
      var boundComparator = _.bind(this.comparator, this);
      if (this.comparator.length == 1) {
        this.models = this.sortBy(boundComparator);
      } else {
        this.models.sort(boundComparator);
      }
      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
      return this;
    },

    // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
    pluck: function(attr) {
      return _.map(this.models, function(model){ return model.get(attr); });
    },

    // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
    // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
    // any `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
    reset: function(models, options) {
      models  || (models = []);
      options || (options = {});
      for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
        this._removeReference(this.models[i]);
      }
      this._reset();
      this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
      return this;
    },

    // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
    // collection when they arrive. If `add: true` is passed, appends the
    // models to the collection instead of resetting.
    fetch: function(options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      if (options.parse === undefined) options.parse = true;
      var collection = this;
      var success = options.success;
      options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {
        collection[options.add ? 'add' : 'reset'](collection.parse(resp, xhr), options);
        if (success) success(collection, resp);
      };
      options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, collection, options);
      return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'read', this, options);
    },

    // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
    // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
    // wait for the server to agree.
    create: function(model, options) {
      var coll = this;
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
      if (!model) return false;
      if (!options.wait) coll.add(model, options);
      var success = options.success;
      options.success = function(nextModel, resp, xhr) {
        if (options.wait) coll.add(nextModel, options);
        if (success) {
          success(nextModel, resp);
        } else {
          nextModel.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
        }
      };
      model.save(null, options);
      return model;
    },

    // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
    // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
    parse: function(resp, xhr) {
      return resp;
    },

    // Proxy to _'s chain. Can't be proxied the same way the rest of the
    // underscore methods are proxied because it relies on the underscore
    // constructor.
    chain: function () {
      return _(this.models).chain();
    },

    // Reset all internal state. Called when the collection is reset.
    _reset: function(options) {
      this.length = 0;
      this.models = [];
      this._byId  = {};
      this._byCid = {};
    },

    // Prepare a model or hash of attributes to be added to this collection.
    _prepareModel: function(model, options) {
      options || (options = {});
      if (!(model instanceof Model)) {
        var attrs = model;
        options.collection = this;
        model = new this.model(attrs, options);
        if (!model._validate(model.attributes, options)) model = false;
      } else if (!model.collection) {
        model.collection = this;
      }
      return model;
    },

    // Internal method to remove a model's ties to a collection.
    _removeReference: function(model) {
      if (this == model.collection) {
        delete model.collection;
      }
      model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
    },

    // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
    // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
    // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
    // in other collections are ignored.
    _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
      if ((event == 'add' || event == 'remove') && collection != this) return;
      if (event == 'destroy') {
        this.remove(model, options);
      }
      if (model && event === 'change:' + model.idAttribute) {
        delete this._byId[model.previous(model.idAttribute)];
        this._byId[model.id] = model;
      }
      this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
    }

  });

  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
  var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'reduce', 'reduceRight', 'find',
    'detect', 'filter', 'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any',
    'include', 'contains', 'invoke', 'max', 'min', 'sortBy', 'sortedIndex',
    'toArray', 'size', 'first', 'initial', 'rest', 'last', 'without', 'indexOf',
    'shuffle', 'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty', 'groupBy'];

  // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
  _.each(methods, function(method) {
    Collection.prototype[method] = function() {
      return _[method].apply(_, [this.models].concat(_.toArray(arguments)));
    };
  });

  // Backbone.Router
  // -------------------

  // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
  // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
  var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
    options || (options = {});
    if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
    this._bindRoutes();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
  // parts of route strings.
  var namedParam    = /:\w+/g;
  var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
  var escapeRegExp  = /[-[\]{}()+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g;

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
  _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
    //
    //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
    //       ...
    //     });
    //
    route: function(route, name, callback) {
      Backbone.history || (Backbone.history = new History);
      if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
      if (!callback) callback = this[name];
      Backbone.history.route(route, _.bind(function(fragment) {
        var args = this._extractParameters(route, fragment);
        callback && callback.apply(this, args);
        this.trigger.apply(this, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
        Backbone.history.trigger('route', this, name, args);
      }, this));
      return this;
    },

    // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
      Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
    },

    // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
    // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
    // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
    _bindRoutes: function() {
      if (!this.routes) return;
      var routes = [];
      for (var route in this.routes) {
        routes.unshift([route, this.routes[route]]);
      }
      for (var i = 0, l = routes.length; i < l; i++) {
        this.route(routes[i][0], routes[i][1], this[routes[i][1]]);
      }
    },

    // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
    // against the current location hash.
    _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
      route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
                   .replace(namedParam, '([^\/]+)')
                   .replace(splatParam, '(.*?)');
      return new RegExp('^' + route + '$');
    },

    // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
    // extracted parameters.
    _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
      return route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
    }

  });

  // Backbone.History
  // ----------------

  // Handles cross-browser history management, based on URL fragments. If the
  // browser does not support `onhashchange`, falls back to polling.
  var History = Backbone.History = function() {
    this.handlers = [];
    _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
  };

  // Cached regex for cleaning leading hashes and slashes .
  var routeStripper = /^[#\/]/;

  // Cached regex for detecting MSIE.
  var isExplorer = /msie [\w.]+/;

  // Has the history handling already been started?
  History.started = false;

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
  _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {

    // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
    // twenty times a second.
    interval: 50,

    // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
    // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
    getHash: function(windowOverride) {
      var loc = windowOverride ? windowOverride.location : window.location;
      var match = loc.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
      return match ? match[1] : '';
    },

    // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,
    // the hash, or the override.
    getFragment: function(fragment, forcePushState) {
      if (fragment == null) {
        if (this._hasPushState || forcePushState) {
          fragment = window.location.pathname;
          var search = window.location.search;
          if (search) fragment += search;
        } else {
          fragment = this.getHash();
        }
      }
      if (!fragment.indexOf(this.options.root)) fragment = fragment.substr(this.options.root.length);
      return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
    },

    // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
    // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
    start: function(options) {
      if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
      History.started = true;

      // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
      // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
      this.options          = _.extend({}, {root: '/'}, this.options, options);
      this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
      this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
      this._hasPushState    = !!(this.options.pushState && window.history && window.history.pushState);
      var fragment          = this.getFragment();
      var docMode           = document.documentMode;
      var oldIE             = (isExplorer.exec(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase()) && (!docMode || docMode <= 7));

      if (oldIE) {
        this.iframe = $('