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/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
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package org.apache.commons.math.linear;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;

import org.apache.commons.math.Field;
import org.apache.commons.math.FieldElement;
import org.apache.commons.math.MathRuntimeException;
import org.apache.commons.math.exception.util.LocalizedFormats;

/**
 * Calculates the LUP-decomposition of a square matrix.
 * 

The LUP-decomposition of a matrix A consists of three matrices * L, U and P that satisfy: PA = LU, L is lower triangular, and U is * upper triangular and P is a permutation matrix. All matrices are * m×m.

*

Since {@link FieldElement field elements} do not provide an ordering * operator, the permutation matrix is computed here only in order to avoid * a zero pivot element, no attempt is done to get the largest pivot element.

* * @param the type of the field elements * @version $Revision: 983921 $ $Date: 2010-08-10 12:46:06 +0200 (mar. 10 août 2010) $ * @since 2.0 */ public class FieldLUDecompositionImpl> implements FieldLUDecomposition { /** Field to which the elements belong. */ private final Field field; /** Entries of LU decomposition. */ private T lu[][]; /** Pivot permutation associated with LU decomposition */ private int[] pivot; /** Parity of the permutation associated with the LU decomposition */ private boolean even; /** Singularity indicator. */ private boolean singular; /** Cached value of L. */ private FieldMatrix cachedL; /** Cached value of U. */ private FieldMatrix cachedU; /** Cached value of P. */ private FieldMatrix cachedP; /** * Calculates the LU-decomposition of the given matrix. * @param matrix The matrix to decompose. * @exception NonSquareMatrixException if matrix is not square */ public FieldLUDecompositionImpl(FieldMatrix matrix) throws NonSquareMatrixException { if (!matrix.isSquare()) { throw new NonSquareMatrixException(matrix.getRowDimension(), matrix.getColumnDimension()); } final int m = matrix.getColumnDimension(); field = matrix.getField(); lu = matrix.getData(); pivot = new int[m]; cachedL = null; cachedU = null; cachedP = null; // Initialize permutation array and parity for (int row = 0; row < m; row++) { pivot[row] = row; } even = true; singular = false; // Loop over columns for (int col = 0; col < m; col++) { T sum = field.getZero(); // upper for (int row = 0; row < col; row++) { final T[] luRow = lu[row]; sum = luRow[col]; for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) { sum = sum.subtract(luRow[i].multiply(lu[i][col])); } luRow[col] = sum; } // lower int nonZero = col; // permutation row for (int row = col; row < m; row++) { final T[] luRow = lu[row]; sum = luRow[col]; for (int i = 0; i < col; i++) { sum = sum.subtract(luRow[i].multiply(lu[i][col])); } luRow[col] = sum; if (lu[nonZero][col].equals(field.getZero())) { // try to select a better permutation choice ++nonZero; } } // Singularity check if (nonZero >= m) { singular = true; return; } // Pivot if necessary if (nonZero != col) { T tmp = field.getZero(); for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) { tmp = lu[nonZero][i]; lu[nonZero][i] = lu[col][i]; lu[col][i] = tmp; } int temp = pivot[nonZero]; pivot[nonZero] = pivot[col]; pivot[col] = temp; even = !even; } // Divide the lower elements by the "winning" diagonal elt. final T luDiag = lu[col][col]; for (int row = col + 1; row < m; row++) { final T[] luRow = lu[row]; luRow[col] = luRow[col].divide(luDiag); } } } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public FieldMatrix getL() { if ((cachedL == null) && !singular) { final int m = pivot.length; cachedL = new Array2DRowFieldMatrix(field, m, m); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) { final T[] luI = lu[i]; for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) { cachedL.setEntry(i, j, luI[j]); } cachedL.setEntry(i, i, field.getOne()); } } return cachedL; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public FieldMatrix getU() { if ((cachedU == null) && !singular) { final int m = pivot.length; cachedU = new Array2DRowFieldMatrix(field, m, m); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) { final T[] luI = lu[i]; for (int j = i; j < m; ++j) { cachedU.setEntry(i, j, luI[j]); } } } return cachedU; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public FieldMatrix getP() { if ((cachedP == null) && !singular) { final int m = pivot.length; cachedP = new Array2DRowFieldMatrix(field, m, m); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) { cachedP.setEntry(i, pivot[i], field.getOne()); } } return cachedP; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public int[] getPivot() { return pivot.clone(); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public T getDeterminant() { if (singular) { return field.getZero(); } else { final int m = pivot.length; T determinant = even ? field.getOne() : field.getZero().subtract(field.getOne()); for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) { determinant = determinant.multiply(lu[i][i]); } return determinant; } } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public FieldDecompositionSolver getSolver() { return new Solver(field, lu, pivot, singular); } /** Specialized solver. */ private static class Solver> implements FieldDecompositionSolver { /** Serializable version identifier. */ private static final long serialVersionUID = -6353105415121373022L; /** Field to which the elements belong. */ private final Field field; /** Entries of LU decomposition. */ private final T lu[][]; /** Pivot permutation associated with LU decomposition. */ private final int[] pivot; /** Singularity indicator. */ private final boolean singular; /** * Build a solver from decomposed matrix. * @param field field to which the matrix elements belong * @param lu entries of LU decomposition * @param pivot pivot permutation associated with LU decomposition * @param singular singularity indicator */ private Solver(final Field field, final T[][] lu, final int[] pivot, final boolean singular) { this.field = field; this.lu = lu; this.pivot = pivot; this.singular = singular; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public boolean isNonSingular() { return !singular; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public T[] solve(T[] b) throws IllegalArgumentException, InvalidMatrixException { final int m = pivot.length; if (b.length != m) { throw MathRuntimeException.createIllegalArgumentException( LocalizedFormats.VECTOR_LENGTH_MISMATCH, b.length, m); } if (singular) { throw new SingularMatrixException(); } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // field is of type T final T[] bp = (T[]) Array.newInstance(field.getZero().getClass(), m); // Apply permutations to b for (int row = 0; row < m; row++) { bp[row] = b[pivot[row]]; } // Solve LY = b for (int col = 0; col < m; col++) { final T bpCol = bp[col]; for (int i = col + 1; i < m; i++) { bp[i] = bp[i].subtract(bpCol.multiply(lu[i][col])); } } // Solve UX = Y for (int col = m - 1; col >= 0; col--) { bp[col] = bp[col].divide(lu[col][col]); final T bpCol = bp[col]; for (int i = 0; i < col; i++) { bp[i] = bp[i].subtract(bpCol.multiply(lu[i][col])); } } return bp; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public FieldVector solve(FieldVector b) throws IllegalArgumentException, InvalidMatrixException { try { return solve((ArrayFieldVector) b); } catch (ClassCastException cce) { final int m = pivot.length; if (b.getDimension() != m) { throw MathRuntimeException.createIllegalArgumentException( LocalizedFormats.VECTOR_LENGTH_MISMATCH, b.getDimension(), m); } if (singular) { throw new SingularMatrixException(); } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // field is of type T final T[] bp = (T[]) Array.newInstance(field.getZero().getClass(), m); // Apply permutations to b for (int row = 0; row < m; row++) { bp[row] = b.getEntry(pivot[row]); } // Solve LY = b for (int col = 0; col < m; col++) { final T bpCol = bp[col]; for (int i = col + 1; i < m; i++) { bp[i] = bp[i].subtract(bpCol.multiply(lu[i][col])); } } // Solve UX = Y for (int col = m - 1; col >= 0; col--) { bp[col] = bp[col].divide(lu[col][col]); final T bpCol = bp[col]; for (int i = 0; i < col; i++) { bp[i] = bp[i].subtract(bpCol.multiply(lu[i][col])); } } return new ArrayFieldVector(bp, false); } } /** Solve the linear equation A × X = B. *

The A matrix is implicit here. It is

* @param b right-hand side of the equation A × X = B * @return a vector X such that A × X = B * @exception IllegalArgumentException if matrices dimensions don't match * @exception InvalidMatrixException if decomposed matrix is singular */ public ArrayFieldVector solve(ArrayFieldVector b) throws IllegalArgumentException, InvalidMatrixException { return new ArrayFieldVector(solve(b.getDataRef()), false); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public FieldMatrix solve(FieldMatrix b) throws IllegalArgumentException, InvalidMatrixException { final int m = pivot.length; if (b.getRowDimension() != m) { throw MathRuntimeException.createIllegalArgumentException( LocalizedFormats.DIMENSIONS_MISMATCH_2x2, b.getRowDimension(), b.getColumnDimension(), m, "n"); } if (singular) { throw new SingularMatrixException(); } final int nColB = b.getColumnDimension(); // Apply permutations to b @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // field is of type T final T[][] bp = (T[][]) Array.newInstance(field.getZero().getClass(), new int[] { m, nColB }); for (int row = 0; row < m; row++) { final T[] bpRow = bp[row]; final int pRow = pivot[row]; for (int col = 0; col < nColB; col++) { bpRow[col] = b.getEntry(pRow, col); } } // Solve LY = b for (int col = 0; col < m; col++) { final T[] bpCol = bp[col]; for (int i = col + 1; i < m; i++) { final T[] bpI = bp[i]; final T luICol = lu[i][col]; for (int j = 0; j < nColB; j++) { bpI[j] = bpI[j].subtract(bpCol[j].multiply(luICol)); } } } // Solve UX = Y for (int col = m - 1; col >= 0; col--) { final T[] bpCol = bp[col]; final T luDiag = lu[col][col]; for (int j = 0; j < nColB; j++) { bpCol[j] = bpCol[j].divide(luDiag); } for (int i = 0; i < col; i++) { final T[] bpI = bp[i]; final T luICol = lu[i][col]; for (int j = 0; j < nColB; j++) { bpI[j] = bpI[j].subtract(bpCol[j].multiply(luICol)); } } } return new Array2DRowFieldMatrix(bp, false); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ public FieldMatrix getInverse() throws InvalidMatrixException { final int m = pivot.length; final T one = field.getOne(); FieldMatrix identity = new Array2DRowFieldMatrix(field, m, m); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) { identity.setEntry(i, i, one); } return solve(identity); } } }




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