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Lucene 4.5 file format.
Apache Lucene - Index File Formats
Introduction
This document defines the index file formats used in this version of Lucene.
If you are using a different version of Lucene, please consult the copy of
docs/ that was distributed with
the version you are using.
Apache Lucene is written in Java, but several efforts are underway to write
versions of
Lucene in other programming languages. If these versions are to remain
compatible with Apache Lucene, then a language-independent definition of the
Lucene index format is required. This document thus attempts to provide a
complete and independent definition of the Apache Lucene file formats.
As Lucene evolves, this document should evolve. Versions of Lucene in
different programming languages should endeavor to agree on file formats, and
generate new versions of this document.
Definitions
The fundamental concepts in Lucene are index, document, field and term.
An index contains a sequence of documents.
- A document is a sequence of fields.
- A field is a named sequence of terms.
- A term is a sequence of bytes.
The same sequence of bytes in two different fields is considered a different
term. Thus terms are represented as a pair: the string naming the field, and the
bytes within the field.
Inverted Indexing
The index stores statistics about terms in order to make term-based search
more efficient. Lucene's index falls into the family of indexes known as an
inverted index. This is because it can list, for a term, the documents
that contain it. This is the inverse of the natural relationship, in which
documents list terms.
Types of Fields
In Lucene, fields may be stored, in which case their text is stored
in the index literally, in a non-inverted manner. Fields that are inverted are
called indexed. A field may be both stored and indexed.
The text of a field may be tokenized into terms to be indexed, or the
text of a field may be used literally as a term to be indexed. Most fields are
tokenized, but sometimes it is useful for certain identifier fields to be
indexed literally.
See the {@link org.apache.lucene.document.Field Field}
java docs for more information on Fields.
Segments
Lucene indexes may be composed of multiple sub-indexes, or segments.
Each segment is a fully independent index, which could be searched separately.
Indexes evolve by:
- Creating new segments for newly added documents.
- Merging existing segments.
Searches may involve multiple segments and/or multiple indexes, each index
potentially composed of a set of segments.
Document Numbers
Internally, Lucene refers to documents by an integer document number.
The first document added to an index is numbered zero, and each subsequent
document added gets a number one greater than the previous.
Note that a document's number may change, so caution should be taken when
storing these numbers outside of Lucene. In particular, numbers may change in
the following situations:
-
The numbers stored in each segment are unique only within the segment, and
must be converted before they can be used in a larger context. The standard
technique is to allocate each segment a range of values, based on the range of
numbers used in that segment. To convert a document number from a segment to an
external value, the segment's base document number is added. To convert
an external value back to a segment-specific value, the segment is identified
by the range that the external value is in, and the segment's base value is
subtracted. For example two five document segments might be combined, so that
the first segment has a base value of zero, and the second of five. Document
three from the second segment would have an external value of eight.
-
When documents are deleted, gaps are created in the numbering. These are
eventually removed as the index evolves through merging. Deleted documents are
dropped when segments are merged. A freshly-merged segment thus has no gaps in
its numbering.
Index Structure Overview
Each segment index maintains the following:
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene40.Lucene40SegmentInfoFormat Segment info}.
This contains metadata about a segment, such as the number of documents,
what files it uses,
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene42.Lucene42FieldInfosFormat Field names}.
This contains the set of field names used in the index.
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41StoredFieldsFormat Stored Field values}.
This contains, for each document, a list of attribute-value pairs, where the attributes
are field names. These are used to store auxiliary information about the document, such as
its title, url, or an identifier to access a database. The set of stored fields are what is
returned for each hit when searching. This is keyed by document number.
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41PostingsFormat Term dictionary}.
A dictionary containing all of the terms used in all of the
indexed fields of all of the documents. The dictionary also contains the number
of documents which contain the term, and pointers to the term's frequency and
proximity data.
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41PostingsFormat Term Frequency data}.
For each term in the dictionary, the numbers of all the
documents that contain that term, and the frequency of the term in that
document, unless frequencies are omitted (IndexOptions.DOCS_ONLY)
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41PostingsFormat Term Proximity data}.
For each term in the dictionary, the positions that the
term occurs in each document. Note that this will not exist if all fields in
all documents omit position data.
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene42.Lucene42NormsFormat Normalization factors}.
For each field in each document, a value is stored
that is multiplied into the score for hits on that field.
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene42.Lucene42TermVectorsFormat Term Vectors}.
For each field in each document, the term vector (sometimes
called document vector) may be stored. A term vector consists of term text and
term frequency. To add Term Vectors to your index see the
{@link org.apache.lucene.document.Field Field} constructors
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene45.Lucene45DocValuesFormat Per-document values}.
Like stored values, these are also keyed by document
number, but are generally intended to be loaded into main memory for fast
access. Whereas stored values are generally intended for summary results from
searches, per-document values are useful for things like scoring factors.
-
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene40.Lucene40LiveDocsFormat Deleted documents}.
An optional file indicating which documents are deleted.
Details on each of these are provided in their linked pages.
File Naming
All files belonging to a segment have the same name with varying extensions.
The extensions correspond to the different file formats described below. When
using the Compound File format (default in 1.4 and greater) these files (except
for the Segment info file, the Lock file, and Deleted documents file) are collapsed
into a single .cfs file (see below for details)
Typically, all segments in an index are stored in a single directory,
although this is not required.
As of version 2.1 (lock-less commits), file names are never re-used (there
is one exception, "segments.gen", see below). That is, when any file is saved
to the Directory it is given a never before used filename. This is achieved
using a simple generations approach. For example, the first segments file is
segments_1, then segments_2, etc. The generation is a sequential long integer
represented in alpha-numeric (base 36) form.
Summary of File Extensions
The following table summarizes the names and extensions of the files in
Lucene:
Name
Extension
Brief Description
{@link org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentInfos Segments File}
segments.gen, segments_N
Stores information about a commit point
Lock File
write.lock
The Write lock prevents multiple IndexWriters from writing to the same
file.
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene40.Lucene40SegmentInfoFormat Segment Info}
.si
Stores metadata about a segment
{@link org.apache.lucene.store.CompoundFileDirectory Compound File}
.cfs, .cfe
An optional "virtual" file consisting of all the other index files for
systems that frequently run out of file handles.
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene42.Lucene42FieldInfosFormat Fields}
.fnm
Stores information about the fields
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41StoredFieldsFormat Field Index}
.fdx
Contains pointers to field data
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41StoredFieldsFormat Field Data}
.fdt
The stored fields for documents
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41PostingsFormat Term Dictionary}
.tim
The term dictionary, stores term info
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41PostingsFormat Term Index}
.tip
The index into the Term Dictionary
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41PostingsFormat Frequencies}
.doc
Contains the list of docs which contain each term along with frequency
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41PostingsFormat Positions}
.pos
Stores position information about where a term occurs in the index
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41PostingsFormat Payloads}
.pay
Stores additional per-position metadata information such as character offsets and user payloads
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene42.Lucene42NormsFormat Norms}
.nvd, .nvm
Encodes length and boost factors for docs and fields
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene45.Lucene45DocValuesFormat Per-Document Values}
.dvd, .dvm
Encodes additional scoring factors or other per-document information.
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene42.Lucene42TermVectorsFormat Term Vector Index}
.tvx
Stores offset into the document data file
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene42.Lucene42TermVectorsFormat Term Vector Documents}
.tvd
Contains information about each document that has term vectors
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene42.Lucene42TermVectorsFormat Term Vector Fields}
.tvf
The field level info about term vectors
{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene40.Lucene40LiveDocsFormat Deleted Documents}
.del
Info about what files are deleted
Lock File
The write lock, which is stored in the index directory by default, is named
"write.lock". If the lock directory is different from the index directory then
the write lock will be named "XXXX-write.lock" where XXXX is a unique prefix
derived from the full path to the index directory. When this file is present, a
writer is currently modifying the index (adding or removing documents). This
lock file ensures that only one writer is modifying the index at a time.
History
Compatibility notes are provided in this document, describing how file
formats have changed from prior versions:
- In version 2.1, the file format was changed to allow lock-less commits (ie,
no more commit lock). The change is fully backwards compatible: you can open a
pre-2.1 index for searching or adding/deleting of docs. When the new segments
file is saved (committed), it will be written in the new file format (meaning
no specific "upgrade" process is needed). But note that once a commit has
occurred, pre-2.1 Lucene will not be able to read the index.
- In version 2.3, the file format was changed to allow segments to share a
single set of doc store (vectors & stored fields) files. This allows for
faster indexing in certain cases. The change is fully backwards compatible (in
the same way as the lock-less commits change in 2.1).
- In version 2.4, Strings are now written as true UTF-8 byte sequence, not
Java's modified UTF-8. See
LUCENE-510 for details.
- In version 2.9, an optional opaque Map<String,String> CommitUserData
may be passed to IndexWriter's commit methods (and later retrieved), which is
recorded in the segments_N file. See
LUCENE-1382 for details. Also,
diagnostics were added to each segment written recording details about why it
was written (due to flush, merge; which OS/JRE was used; etc.). See issue
LUCENE-1654 for details.
- In version 3.0, compressed fields are no longer written to the index (they
can still be read, but on merge the new segment will write them, uncompressed).
See issue LUCENE-1960
for details.
- In version 3.1, segments records the code version that created them. See
LUCENE-2720 for details.
Additionally segments track explicitly whether or not they have term vectors.
See LUCENE-2811
for details.
- In version 3.2, numeric fields are written as natively to stored fields
file, previously they were stored in text format only.
- In version 3.4, fields can omit position data while still indexing term
frequencies.
- In version 4.0, the format of the inverted index became extensible via
the {@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec Codec} api. Fast per-document storage
({@code DocValues}) was introduced. Normalization factors need no longer be a
single byte, they can be any {@link org.apache.lucene.index.NumericDocValues NumericDocValues}.
Terms need not be unicode strings, they can be any byte sequence. Term offsets
can optionally be indexed into the postings lists. Payloads can be stored in the
term vectors.
- In version 4.1, the format of the postings list changed to use either
of FOR compression or variable-byte encoding, depending upon the frequency
of the term. Terms appearing only once were changed to inline directly into
the term dictionary. Stored fields are compressed by default.
- In version 4.2, term vectors are compressed by default. DocValues has
a new multi-valued type (SortedSet), that can be used for faceting/grouping/joining
on multi-valued fields.
- In version 4.5, DocValues were extended to explicitly represent missing values.
Limitations
Lucene uses a Java int to refer to
document numbers, and the index file format uses an Int32
on-disk to store document numbers. This is a limitation
of both the index file format and the current implementation. Eventually these
should be replaced with either UInt64 values, or
better yet, {@link org.apache.lucene.store.DataOutput#writeVInt VInt} values which have no limit.