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/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package opennlp.tools.util;
public class StringUtil {
/**
* Determines if the specified character is a whitespace.
*
* A character is considered a whitespace when one
* of the following conditions is meet:
*
*
* - Its a {@link Character#isWhitespace(int)} whitespace.
* - Its a part of the Unicode Zs category ({@link Character#SPACE_SEPARATOR}).
*
*
* Character.isWhitespace(int) does not include no-break spaces.
* In OpenNLP no-break spaces are also considered as white spaces.
*
* @param charCode
* @return true if white space otherwise false
*/
public static boolean isWhitespace(char charCode) {
return Character.isWhitespace(charCode) ||
Character.getType(charCode) == Character.SPACE_SEPARATOR;
}
/**
* Determines if the specified character is a whitespace.
*
* A character is considered a whitespace when one
* of the following conditions is meet:
*
*
* - Its a {@link Character#isWhitespace(int)} whitespace.
* - Its a part of the Unicode Zs category ({@link Character#SPACE_SEPARATOR}).
*
*
* Character.isWhitespace(int) does not include no-break spaces.
* In OpenNLP no-break spaces are also considered as white spaces.
*
* @param charCode
* @return true if white space otherwise false
*/
public static boolean isWhitespace(int charCode) {
return Character.isWhitespace(charCode) ||
Character.getType(charCode) == Character.SPACE_SEPARATOR;
}
/**
* Converts to lower case independent of the current locale via
* {@link Character#toLowerCase(int)} which uses mapping information
* from the UnicodeData file.
*
* @param string
* @return lower cased String
*/
public static String toLowerCase(CharSequence string) {
int[] cp = string.codePoints().map(Character::toLowerCase).toArray();
return new String(cp, 0, cp.length);
}
/**
* Converts to upper case independent of the current locale via
* {@link Character#toUpperCase(char)} which uses mapping information
* from the UnicodeData file.
*
* @param string
* @return upper cased String
*/
public static String toUpperCase(CharSequence string) {
char[] upperCaseChars = new char[string.length()];
for (int i = 0; i < string.length(); i++) {
upperCaseChars[i] = Character.toUpperCase(string.charAt(i));
}
return new String(upperCaseChars);
}
/**
* Returns {@code true} if {@link CharSequence#length()} is
* {@code 0} or {@code null}.
*
* @return {@code true} if {@link CharSequence#length()} is {@code 0}, otherwise
* {@code false}
*
* @since 1.5.1
*/
public static boolean isEmpty(CharSequence theString) {
return theString.length() == 0;
}
/**
* Get mininum of three values.
* @param a number a
* @param b number b
* @param c number c
* @return the minimum
*/
private static int minimum(int a, int b, int c) {
int minValue;
minValue = a;
if (b < minValue) {
minValue = b;
}
if (c < minValue) {
minValue = c;
}
return minValue;
}
/**
* Computes the Levenshtein distance of two strings in a matrix.
* Based on pseudo-code provided here:
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance#Computing_Levenshtein_distance
* which in turn is based on the paper Wagner, Robert A.; Fischer, Michael J. (1974),
* "The String-to-String Correction Problem", Journal of the ACM 21 (1): 168-173
* @param wordForm the form
* @param lemma the lemma
* @return the distance
*/
public static int[][] levenshteinDistance(String wordForm, String lemma) {
int wordLength = wordForm.length();
int lemmaLength = lemma.length();
int cost;
int[][] distance = new int[wordLength + 1][lemmaLength + 1];
if (wordLength == 0) {
return distance;
}
if (lemmaLength == 0) {
return distance;
}
//fill in the rows of column 0
for (int i = 0; i <= wordLength; i++) {
distance[i][0] = i;
}
//fill in the columns of row 0
for (int j = 0; j <= lemmaLength; j++) {
distance[0][j] = j;
}
//fill in the rest of the matrix calculating the minimum distance
for (int i = 1; i <= wordLength; i++) {
int s_i = wordForm.charAt(i - 1);
for (int j = 1; j <= lemmaLength; j++) {
if (s_i == lemma.charAt(j - 1)) {
cost = 0;
} else {
cost = 1;
}
//obtain minimum distance from calculating deletion, insertion, substitution
distance[i][j] = minimum(distance[i - 1][j] + 1, distance[i][j - 1]
+ 1, distance[i - 1][j - 1] + cost);
}
}
return distance;
}
/**
* Computes the Shortest Edit Script (SES) to convert a word into its lemma.
* This is based on Chrupala's PhD thesis (2008).
* @param wordForm the token
* @param lemma the target lemma
* @param distance the levenshtein distance
* @param permutations the number of permutations
*/
public static void computeShortestEditScript(String wordForm, String lemma,
int[][] distance, StringBuffer permutations) {
int n = distance.length;
int m = distance[0].length;
int wordFormLength = n - 1;
int lemmaLength = m - 1;
while (true) {
if (distance[wordFormLength][lemmaLength] == 0) {
break;
}
if ((lemmaLength > 0 && wordFormLength > 0) && (distance[wordFormLength - 1][lemmaLength - 1]
< distance[wordFormLength][lemmaLength])) {
permutations.append('R').append(Integer.toString(wordFormLength - 1))
.append(wordForm.charAt(wordFormLength - 1)).append(lemma.charAt(lemmaLength - 1));
lemmaLength--;
wordFormLength--;
continue;
}
if (lemmaLength > 0 && (distance[wordFormLength][lemmaLength - 1]
< distance[wordFormLength][lemmaLength])) {
permutations.append('I').append(Integer.toString(wordFormLength))
.append(lemma.charAt(lemmaLength - 1));
lemmaLength--;
continue;
}
if (wordFormLength > 0 && (distance[wordFormLength - 1][lemmaLength]
< distance[wordFormLength][lemmaLength])) {
permutations.append('D').append(Integer.toString(wordFormLength - 1))
.append(wordForm.charAt(wordFormLength - 1));
wordFormLength--;
continue;
}
if ((wordFormLength > 0 && lemmaLength > 0) && (distance[wordFormLength - 1][lemmaLength - 1]
== distance[wordFormLength][lemmaLength])) {
wordFormLength--;
lemmaLength--;
continue ;
}
if (wordFormLength > 0 && (distance[wordFormLength - 1][lemmaLength]
== distance[wordFormLength][lemmaLength])) {
wordFormLength--;
continue;
}
if (lemmaLength > 0 && (distance[wordFormLength][lemmaLength - 1]
== distance[wordFormLength][lemmaLength])) {
lemmaLength--;
}
}
}
/**
* Read predicted SES by the lemmatizer model and apply the
* permutations to obtain the lemma from the wordForm.
* @param wordForm the wordForm
* @param permutations the permutations predicted by the lemmatizer model
* @return the lemma
*/
public static String decodeShortestEditScript(String wordForm, String permutations) {
StringBuffer lemma = new StringBuffer(wordForm).reverse();
int permIndex = 0;
while (true) {
if (permutations.length() <= permIndex) {
break;
}
//read first letter of permutation string
char nextOperation = permutations.charAt(permIndex);
//System.err.println("-> NextOP: " + nextOperation);
//go to the next permutation letter
permIndex++;
if (nextOperation == 'R') {
String charAtPerm = Character.toString(permutations.charAt(permIndex));
int charIndex = Integer.parseInt(charAtPerm);
// go to the next character in the permutation buffer
// which is the replacement character
permIndex++;
char replace = permutations.charAt(permIndex);
//go to the next char in the permutation buffer
// which is the candidate character
permIndex++;
char with = permutations.charAt(permIndex);
if (lemma.length() <= charIndex) {
return wordForm;
}
if (lemma.charAt(charIndex) == replace) {
lemma.setCharAt(charIndex, with);
}
//System.err.println("-> ROP: " + lemma.toString());
//go to next permutation
permIndex++;
} else if (nextOperation == 'I') {
String charAtPerm = Character.toString(permutations.charAt(permIndex));
int charIndex = Integer.parseInt(charAtPerm);
permIndex++;
//character to be inserted
char in = permutations.charAt(permIndex);
if (lemma.length() < charIndex) {
return wordForm;
}
lemma.insert(charIndex, in);
//System.err.println("-> IOP " + lemma.toString());
//go to next permutation
permIndex++;
} else if (nextOperation == 'D') {
String charAtPerm = Character.toString(permutations.charAt(permIndex));
int charIndex = Integer.parseInt(charAtPerm);
if (lemma.length() <= charIndex) {
return wordForm;
}
lemma.deleteCharAt(charIndex);
permIndex++;
// go to next permutation
permIndex++;
}
}
return lemma.reverse().toString();
}
/**
* Get the SES required to go from a word to a lemma.
* @param wordForm the word
* @param lemma the lemma
* @return the shortest edit script
*/
public static String getShortestEditScript(String wordForm, String lemma) {
String reversedWF = new StringBuffer(wordForm.toLowerCase()).reverse().toString();
String reversedLemma = new StringBuffer(lemma.toLowerCase()).reverse().toString();
StringBuffer permutations = new StringBuffer();
String ses;
if (!reversedWF.equals(reversedLemma)) {
int[][]levenDistance = StringUtil.levenshteinDistance(reversedWF, reversedLemma);
StringUtil.computeShortestEditScript(reversedWF, reversedLemma, levenDistance, permutations);
ses = permutations.toString();
} else {
ses = "O";
}
return ses;
}
}