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A driver for DataStax Enterprise (DSE)
and Apache Cassandra 1.2+ clusters that works exclusively with the
Cassandra Query Language version 3 (CQL3) and Cassandra's binary protocol,
supporting DSE-specific features such as geospatial types, DSE Graph and DSE authentication.
/*
* Copyright (C) 2012-2017 DataStax Inc.
*
* This software can be used solely with DataStax Enterprise. Please consult the license at
* http://www.datastax.com/terms/datastax-dse-driver-license-terms
*/
package com.datastax.driver.core;
import com.datastax.driver.core.exceptions.AuthenticationException;
import com.datastax.driver.core.exceptions.BusyPoolException;
import com.datastax.driver.core.exceptions.ConnectionException;
import com.datastax.driver.core.exceptions.UnsupportedProtocolVersionException;
import com.datastax.driver.core.utils.MoreFutures;
import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.*;
import io.netty.util.concurrent.EventExecutor;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
import static com.datastax.driver.core.Connection.State.*;
class HostConnectionPool implements Connection.Owner {
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HostConnectionPool.class);
private static final int MAX_SIMULTANEOUS_CREATION = 1;
final Host host;
volatile HostDistance hostDistance;
protected final SessionManager manager;
final List connections;
private final AtomicInteger open;
/**
* The total number of in-flight requests on all connections of this pool.
*/
final AtomicInteger totalInFlight = new AtomicInteger();
/**
* The maximum value of {@link #totalInFlight} since the last call to {@link #cleanupIdleConnections(long)}
*/
private final AtomicInteger maxTotalInFlight = new AtomicInteger();
@VisibleForTesting
final Set trash = new CopyOnWriteArraySet();
private final Queue pendingBorrows = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue();
private final AtomicInteger pendingBorrowCount = new AtomicInteger();
private final Runnable newConnectionTask;
private final AtomicInteger scheduledForCreation = new AtomicInteger();
private final EventExecutor timeoutsExecutor;
private final AtomicReference closeFuture = new AtomicReference();
private enum Phase {INITIALIZING, READY, INIT_FAILED, CLOSING}
protected final AtomicReference phase = new AtomicReference(Phase.INITIALIZING);
// When a request times out, we may never release its stream ID. So over time, a given connection
// may get less an less available streams. When the number of available ones go below the
// following threshold, we just replace the connection by a new one.
private final int minAllowedStreams;
HostConnectionPool(Host host, HostDistance hostDistance, SessionManager manager) {
assert hostDistance != HostDistance.IGNORED;
this.host = host;
this.hostDistance = hostDistance;
this.manager = manager;
this.newConnectionTask = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
addConnectionIfUnderMaximum();
scheduledForCreation.decrementAndGet();
}
};
this.connections = new CopyOnWriteArrayList();
this.open = new AtomicInteger();
this.minAllowedStreams = options().getMaxRequestsPerConnection(hostDistance) * 3 / 4;
this.timeoutsExecutor = manager.getCluster().manager.connectionFactory.eventLoopGroup.next();
}
/**
* @param reusedConnection an existing connection (from a reconnection attempt) that we want to
* reuse as part of this pool. Might be null or already used by another
* pool.
*/
ListenableFuture initAsync(Connection reusedConnection) {
Executor initExecutor = manager.cluster.manager.configuration.getPoolingOptions().getInitializationExecutor();
// Create initial core connections
final int coreSize = options().getCoreConnectionsPerHost(hostDistance);
final List connections = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(coreSize);
final List> connectionFutures = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(coreSize);
int toCreate = coreSize;
if (reusedConnection != null && reusedConnection.setOwner(this)) {
toCreate -= 1;
connections.add(reusedConnection);
connectionFutures.add(MoreFutures.VOID_SUCCESS);
}
List newConnections = manager.connectionFactory().newConnections(this, toCreate);
connections.addAll(newConnections);
for (Connection connection : newConnections) {
ListenableFuture connectionFuture = connection.initAsync();
connectionFutures.add(handleErrors(connectionFuture, initExecutor));
}
ListenableFuture> allConnectionsFuture = Futures.allAsList(connectionFutures);
final SettableFuture initFuture = SettableFuture.create();
Futures.addCallback(allConnectionsFuture, new FutureCallback>() {
@Override
public void onSuccess(List l) {
// Some of the connections might have failed, keep only the successful ones
ListIterator it = connections.listIterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
if (it.next().isClosed())
it.remove();
}
HostConnectionPool.this.connections.addAll(connections);
open.set(connections.size());
if (isClosed()) {
initFuture.setException(new ConnectionException(host.getSocketAddress(), "Pool was closed during initialization"));
// we're not sure if closeAsync() saw the connections, so ensure they get closed
forceClose(connections);
} else {
logger.debug("Created connection pool to host {} ({} connections needed, {} successfully opened)",
host, coreSize, connections.size());
phase.compareAndSet(Phase.INITIALIZING, Phase.READY);
initFuture.set(null);
}
}
@Override
public void onFailure(Throwable t) {
phase.compareAndSet(Phase.INITIALIZING, Phase.INIT_FAILED);
forceClose(connections);
initFuture.setException(t);
}
}, initExecutor);
return initFuture;
}
private ListenableFuture handleErrors(ListenableFuture connectionInitFuture, Executor executor) {
return GuavaCompatibility.INSTANCE.withFallback(connectionInitFuture, new AsyncFunction() {
@Override
public ListenableFuture apply(Throwable t) throws Exception {
// Propagate these exceptions because they mean no connection will ever succeed. They will be handled
// accordingly in SessionManager#maybeAddPool.
Throwables.propagateIfInstanceOf(t, ClusterNameMismatchException.class);
Throwables.propagateIfInstanceOf(t, UnsupportedProtocolVersionException.class);
Throwables.propagateIfInstanceOf(t, AuthenticationException.class);
// We don't want to swallow Errors either as they probably indicate a more serious issue (OOME...)
Throwables.propagateIfInstanceOf(t, Error.class);
// Otherwise, log the exception but return success.
// The pool will simply ignore this connection when it sees that it's been closed.
logger.warn("Error creating connection to " + host, t);
return MoreFutures.VOID_SUCCESS;
}
}, executor);
}
// Clean up if we got a fatal error at construction time but still created part of the core connections
private void forceClose(List connections) {
for (Connection connection : connections) {
connection.closeAsync().force();
}
}
private PoolingOptions options() {
return manager.configuration().getPoolingOptions();
}
ListenableFuture borrowConnection(long timeout, TimeUnit unit, int maxQueueSize) {
Phase phase = this.phase.get();
if (phase != Phase.READY)
return Futures.immediateFailedFuture(new ConnectionException(host.getSocketAddress(), "Pool is " + phase));
if (connections.isEmpty()) {
if (host.convictionPolicy.canReconnectNow()) {
int coreSize = options().getCoreConnectionsPerHost(hostDistance);
if (coreSize == 0) {
maybeSpawnNewConnection();
} else if (scheduledForCreation.compareAndSet(0, coreSize)) {
for (int i = 0; i < coreSize; i++) {
// We don't respect MAX_SIMULTANEOUS_CREATION here because it's only to
// protect against creating connection in excess of core too quickly
manager.blockingExecutor().submit(newConnectionTask);
}
}
return enqueue(timeout, unit, maxQueueSize);
}
}
int minInFlight = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
Connection leastBusy = null;
for (Connection connection : connections) {
int inFlight = connection.inFlight.get();
if (inFlight < minInFlight) {
minInFlight = inFlight;
leastBusy = connection;
}
}
if (leastBusy == null) {
// We could have raced with a shutdown since the last check
if (isClosed())
return Futures.immediateFailedFuture(new ConnectionException(host.getSocketAddress(), "Pool is shutdown"));
// This might maybe happen if the number of core connections per host is 0 and a connection was trashed between
// the previous check to connections and now. But in that case, the line above will have trigger the creation of
// a new connection, so just wait that connection and move on
return enqueue(timeout, unit, maxQueueSize);
} else {
while (true) {
int inFlight = leastBusy.inFlight.get();
if (inFlight >= Math.min(leastBusy.maxAvailableStreams(), options().getMaxRequestsPerConnection(hostDistance))) {
return enqueue(timeout, unit, maxQueueSize);
}
if (leastBusy.inFlight.compareAndSet(inFlight, inFlight + 1))
break;
}
}
int totalInFlightCount = totalInFlight.incrementAndGet();
// update max atomically:
while (true) {
int oldMax = maxTotalInFlight.get();
if (totalInFlightCount <= oldMax || maxTotalInFlight.compareAndSet(oldMax, totalInFlightCount))
break;
}
int connectionCount = open.get() + scheduledForCreation.get();
if (connectionCount < options().getCoreConnectionsPerHost(hostDistance)) {
maybeSpawnNewConnection();
} else if (connectionCount < options().getMaxConnectionsPerHost(hostDistance)) {
// Add a connection if we fill the first n-1 connections and almost fill the last one
int currentCapacity = (connectionCount - 1) * options().getMaxRequestsPerConnection(hostDistance)
+ options().getNewConnectionThreshold(hostDistance);
if (totalInFlightCount > currentCapacity)
maybeSpawnNewConnection();
}
return leastBusy.setKeyspaceAsync(manager.poolsState.keyspace);
}
private ListenableFuture enqueue(long timeout, TimeUnit unit, int maxQueueSize) {
if (timeout == 0 || maxQueueSize == 0) {
return Futures.immediateFailedFuture(new BusyPoolException(host.getSocketAddress(), 0));
}
while (true) {
int count = pendingBorrowCount.get();
if (count >= maxQueueSize) {
return Futures.immediateFailedFuture(new BusyPoolException(host.getSocketAddress(), maxQueueSize));
}
if (pendingBorrowCount.compareAndSet(count, count + 1)) {
break;
}
}
PendingBorrow pendingBorrow = new PendingBorrow(timeout, unit, timeoutsExecutor);
pendingBorrows.add(pendingBorrow);
// If we raced with shutdown, make sure the future will be completed. This has no effect if it was properly
// handled in closeAsync.
if (phase.get() == Phase.CLOSING) {
pendingBorrow.setException(new ConnectionException(host.getSocketAddress(), "Pool is shutdown"));
}
return pendingBorrow.future;
}
void returnConnection(Connection connection) {
connection.inFlight.decrementAndGet();
totalInFlight.decrementAndGet();
if (isClosed()) {
close(connection);
return;
}
if (connection.isDefunct()) {
// As part of making it defunct, we have already replaced it or
// closed the pool.
return;
}
if (connection.state.get() != TRASHED) {
if (connection.maxAvailableStreams() < minAllowedStreams) {
replaceConnection(connection);
} else {
dequeue(connection);
}
}
}
// When a connection gets returned to the pool, check if there are pending borrows that can be completed with it.
private void dequeue(final Connection connection) {
while (!pendingBorrows.isEmpty()) {
// We can only reuse the connection if it's under its maximum number of inFlight requests.
// Do this atomically, as we could be competing with other borrowConnection or dequeue calls.
while (true) {
int inFlight = connection.inFlight.get();
if (inFlight >= Math.min(connection.maxAvailableStreams(), options().getMaxRequestsPerConnection(hostDistance))) {
// Connection is full again, stop dequeuing
return;
}
if (connection.inFlight.compareAndSet(inFlight, inFlight + 1)) {
// We acquired the right to reuse the connection for one request, proceed
break;
}
}
final PendingBorrow pendingBorrow = pendingBorrows.poll();
if (pendingBorrow == null) {
// Another thread has emptied the queue since our last check, restore the count
connection.inFlight.decrementAndGet();
} else {
pendingBorrowCount.decrementAndGet();
// Ensure that the keyspace set on the connection is the one set on the pool state, in the general case it will be.
ListenableFuture setKeyspaceFuture = connection.setKeyspaceAsync(manager.poolsState.keyspace);
// Slight optimization, if the keyspace was already correct the future will be complete, so simply complete it here.
if (setKeyspaceFuture.isDone()) {
try {
if (pendingBorrow.set(Uninterruptibles.getUninterruptibly(setKeyspaceFuture))) {
totalInFlight.incrementAndGet();
} else {
connection.inFlight.decrementAndGet();
}
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
pendingBorrow.setException(e.getCause());
connection.inFlight.decrementAndGet();
}
} else {
// Otherwise the keyspace did need to be set, tie the pendingBorrow future to the set keyspace completion.
Futures.addCallback(setKeyspaceFuture, new FutureCallback() {
@Override
public void onSuccess(Connection c) {
if (pendingBorrow.set(c)) {
totalInFlight.incrementAndGet();
} else {
connection.inFlight.decrementAndGet();
}
}
@Override
public void onFailure(Throwable t) {
pendingBorrow.setException(t);
connection.inFlight.decrementAndGet();
}
});
}
}
}
}
// Trash the connection and create a new one, but we don't call trashConnection
// directly because we want to make sure the connection is always trashed.
private void replaceConnection(Connection connection) {
if (!connection.state.compareAndSet(OPEN, TRASHED))
return;
open.decrementAndGet();
maybeSpawnNewConnection();
connection.maxIdleTime = Long.MIN_VALUE;
doTrashConnection(connection);
}
private boolean trashConnection(Connection connection) {
if (!connection.state.compareAndSet(OPEN, TRASHED))
return true;
// First, make sure we don't go below core connections
for (; ; ) {
int opened = open.get();
if (opened <= options().getCoreConnectionsPerHost(hostDistance)) {
connection.state.set(OPEN);
return false;
}
if (open.compareAndSet(opened, opened - 1))
break;
}
logger.trace("Trashing {}", connection);
connection.maxIdleTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + options().getIdleTimeoutSeconds() * 1000;
doTrashConnection(connection);
return true;
}
private void doTrashConnection(Connection connection) {
connections.remove(connection);
trash.add(connection);
}
private boolean addConnectionIfUnderMaximum() {
// First, make sure we don't cross the allowed limit of open connections
for (; ; ) {
int opened = open.get();
if (opened >= options().getMaxConnectionsPerHost(hostDistance))
return false;
if (open.compareAndSet(opened, opened + 1))
break;
}
if (phase.get() != Phase.READY) {
open.decrementAndGet();
return false;
}
// Now really open the connection
try {
Connection newConnection = tryResurrectFromTrash();
if (newConnection == null) {
if (!host.convictionPolicy.canReconnectNow()) {
open.decrementAndGet();
return false;
}
logger.debug("Creating new connection on busy pool to {}", host);
newConnection = manager.connectionFactory().open(this);
newConnection.setKeyspace(manager.poolsState.keyspace);
}
connections.add(newConnection);
newConnection.state.compareAndSet(RESURRECTING, OPEN); // no-op if it was already OPEN
// We might have raced with pool shutdown since the last check; ensure the connection gets closed in case the pool did not do it.
if (isClosed() && !newConnection.isClosed()) {
close(newConnection);
open.decrementAndGet();
return false;
}
dequeue(newConnection);
return true;
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
// Skip the open but ignore otherwise
open.decrementAndGet();
return false;
} catch (ConnectionException e) {
open.decrementAndGet();
logger.debug("Connection error to {} while creating additional connection", host);
return false;
} catch (AuthenticationException e) {
// This shouldn't really happen in theory
open.decrementAndGet();
logger.error("Authentication error while creating additional connection (error is: {})", e.getMessage());
return false;
} catch (UnsupportedProtocolVersionException e) {
// This shouldn't happen since we shouldn't have been able to connect in the first place
open.decrementAndGet();
logger.error("UnsupportedProtocolVersionException error while creating additional connection (error is: {})", e.getMessage());
return false;
} catch (ClusterNameMismatchException e) {
open.decrementAndGet();
logger.error("ClusterNameMismatchException error while creating additional connection (error is: {})", e.getMessage());
return false;
}
}
private Connection tryResurrectFromTrash() {
long highestMaxIdleTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
Connection chosen = null;
while (true) {
for (Connection connection : trash)
if (connection.maxIdleTime > highestMaxIdleTime && connection.maxAvailableStreams() > minAllowedStreams) {
chosen = connection;
highestMaxIdleTime = connection.maxIdleTime;
}
if (chosen == null)
return null;
else if (chosen.state.compareAndSet(TRASHED, RESURRECTING))
break;
}
logger.trace("Resurrecting {}", chosen);
trash.remove(chosen);
return chosen;
}
private void maybeSpawnNewConnection() {
if (isClosed() || !host.convictionPolicy.canReconnectNow())
return;
while (true) {
int inCreation = scheduledForCreation.get();
if (inCreation >= MAX_SIMULTANEOUS_CREATION)
return;
if (scheduledForCreation.compareAndSet(inCreation, inCreation + 1))
break;
}
manager.blockingExecutor().submit(newConnectionTask);
}
@Override
public void onConnectionDefunct(final Connection connection) {
if (connection.state.compareAndSet(OPEN, GONE))
open.decrementAndGet();
connections.remove(connection);
// Don't try to replace the connection now. Connection.defunct already signaled the failure,
// and either the host will be marked DOWN (which destroys all pools), or we want to prevent
// new connections for some time
}
void cleanupIdleConnections(long now) {
if (isClosed())
return;
shrinkIfBelowCapacity();
cleanupTrash(now);
}
/**
* If we have more active connections than needed, trash some of them
*/
private void shrinkIfBelowCapacity() {
int currentLoad = maxTotalInFlight.getAndSet(totalInFlight.get());
int maxRequestsPerConnection = options().getMaxRequestsPerConnection(hostDistance);
int needed = currentLoad / maxRequestsPerConnection + 1;
if (currentLoad % maxRequestsPerConnection > options().getNewConnectionThreshold(hostDistance))
needed += 1;
needed = Math.max(needed, options().getCoreConnectionsPerHost(hostDistance));
int actual = open.get();
int toTrash = Math.max(0, actual - needed);
logger.trace("Current inFlight = {}, {} connections needed, {} connections available, trashing {}",
currentLoad, needed, actual, toTrash);
if (toTrash <= 0)
return;
for (Connection connection : connections)
if (trashConnection(connection)) {
toTrash -= 1;
if (toTrash == 0)
return;
}
}
/**
* Close connections that have been sitting in the trash for too long
*/
private void cleanupTrash(long now) {
for (Connection connection : trash) {
if (connection.maxIdleTime < now && connection.state.compareAndSet(TRASHED, GONE)) {
if (connection.inFlight.get() == 0) {
logger.trace("Cleaning up {}", connection);
trash.remove(connection);
close(connection);
} else {
// Given that idleTimeout >> request timeout, all outstanding requests should
// have finished by now, so we should not get here.
// Restore the status so that it's retried on the next cleanup.
connection.state.set(TRASHED);
}
}
}
}
private void close(final Connection connection) {
connection.closeAsync();
}
final boolean isClosed() {
return closeFuture.get() != null;
}
final CloseFuture closeAsync() {
CloseFuture future = closeFuture.get();
if (future != null)
return future;
phase.set(Phase.CLOSING);
for (PendingBorrow pendingBorrow : pendingBorrows) {
pendingBorrow.setException(new ConnectionException(host.getSocketAddress(), "Pool is shutdown"));
}
future = new CloseFuture.Forwarding(discardAvailableConnections());
return closeFuture.compareAndSet(null, future)
? future
: closeFuture.get(); // We raced, it's ok, return the future that was actually set
}
int opened() {
return open.get();
}
int trashed() {
return trash.size();
}
private List discardAvailableConnections() {
// Note: if this gets called before initialization has completed, both connections and trash will be empty,
// so this will return an empty list
List futures = new ArrayList(connections.size() + trash.size());
for (final Connection connection : connections) {
CloseFuture future = connection.closeAsync();
future.addListener(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
if (connection.state.compareAndSet(OPEN, GONE))
open.decrementAndGet();
}
}, GuavaCompatibility.INSTANCE.sameThreadExecutor());
futures.add(future);
}
// Some connections in the trash might still be open if they hadn't reached their idle timeout
for (Connection connection : trash)
futures.add(connection.closeAsync());
return futures;
}
// This creates connections if we have less than core connections (if we
// have more than core, connection will just get trash when we can).
void ensureCoreConnections() {
if (isClosed())
return;
if (!host.convictionPolicy.canReconnectNow())
return;
// Note: this process is a bit racy, but it doesn't matter since we're still guaranteed to not create
// more connection than maximum (and if we create more than core connection due to a race but this isn't
// justified by the load, the connection in excess will be quickly trashed anyway)
int opened = open.get();
for (int i = opened; i < options().getCoreConnectionsPerHost(hostDistance); i++) {
// We don't respect MAX_SIMULTANEOUS_CREATION here because it's only to
// protect against creating connection in excess of core too quickly
scheduledForCreation.incrementAndGet();
manager.blockingExecutor().submit(newConnectionTask);
}
}
static class PoolState {
volatile String keyspace;
void setKeyspace(String keyspace) {
this.keyspace = keyspace;
}
}
private class PendingBorrow {
final SettableFuture future;
final Future timeoutTask;
PendingBorrow(final long timeout, final TimeUnit unit, EventExecutor timeoutsExecutor) {
this.future = SettableFuture.create();
this.timeoutTask = timeoutsExecutor.schedule(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
future.setException(
new BusyPoolException(host.getSocketAddress(), timeout, unit));
}
}, timeout, unit);
}
boolean set(Connection connection) {
boolean succeeded = this.future.set(connection);
this.timeoutTask.cancel(false);
return succeeded;
}
void setException(Throwable exception) {
this.future.setException(exception);
this.timeoutTask.cancel(false);
}
}
}