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/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.avro.io;

import java.io.Flushable;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;

import org.apache.avro.util.Utf8;

/**
 * Low-level support for serializing Avro values.
 * 

* This class has two types of methods. One type of methods support the writing * of leaf values (for example, {@link #writeLong} and {@link #writeString}). * These methods have analogs in {@link Decoder}. *

* The other type of methods support the writing of maps and arrays. These * methods are {@link #writeArrayStart}, {@link #startItem}, and * {@link #writeArrayEnd} (and similar methods for maps). Some implementations * of {@link Encoder} handle the buffering required to break large maps and * arrays into blocks, which is necessary for applications that want to do * streaming. (See {@link #writeArrayStart} for details on these methods.) *

* {@link EncoderFactory} contains Encoder construction and configuration * facilities. * * @see EncoderFactory * @see Decoder */ public abstract class Encoder implements Flushable { /** * "Writes" a null value. (Doesn't actually write anything, but advances the * state of the parser if this class is stateful.) * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a null is not * expected */ public abstract void writeNull() throws IOException; /** * Write a boolean value. * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a boolean is not * expected */ public abstract void writeBoolean(boolean b) throws IOException; /** * Writes a 32-bit integer. * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and an integer is not * expected */ public abstract void writeInt(int n) throws IOException; /** * Write a 64-bit integer. * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a long is not * expected */ public abstract void writeLong(long n) throws IOException; /** * Write a float. * * @throws IOException * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a float is not * expected */ public abstract void writeFloat(float f) throws IOException; /** * Write a double. * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a double is not * expected */ public abstract void writeDouble(double d) throws IOException; /** * Write a Unicode character string. * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a char-string is * not expected */ public abstract void writeString(Utf8 utf8) throws IOException; /** * Write a Unicode character string. The default implementation converts the * String to a {@link org.apache.avro.util.Utf8}. Some Encoder implementations * may want to do something different as a performance optimization. * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a char-string is * not expected */ public void writeString(String str) throws IOException { writeString(new Utf8(str)); } /** * Write a Unicode character string. If the CharSequence is an * {@link org.apache.avro.util.Utf8} it writes this directly, otherwise the * CharSequence is converted to a String via toString() and written. * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a char-string is * not expected */ public void writeString(CharSequence charSequence) throws IOException { if (charSequence instanceof Utf8) writeString((Utf8) charSequence); else writeString(charSequence.toString()); } /** * Write a byte string. * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a byte-string is * not expected */ public abstract void writeBytes(ByteBuffer bytes) throws IOException; /** * Write a byte string. * * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a byte-string is * not expected */ public abstract void writeBytes(byte[] bytes, int start, int len) throws IOException; /** * Writes a byte string. Equivalent to * writeBytes(bytes, 0, bytes.length) * * @throws IOException * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a byte-string is * not expected */ public void writeBytes(byte[] bytes) throws IOException { writeBytes(bytes, 0, bytes.length); } /** * Writes a fixed size binary object. * * @param bytes The contents to write * @param start The position within bytes where the contents start. * @param len The number of bytes to write. * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a byte-string is * not expected * @throws IOException */ public abstract void writeFixed(byte[] bytes, int start, int len) throws IOException; /** * A shorthand for writeFixed(bytes, 0, bytes.length) * * @param bytes */ public void writeFixed(byte[] bytes) throws IOException { writeFixed(bytes, 0, bytes.length); } /** Writes a fixed from a ByteBuffer. */ public void writeFixed(ByteBuffer bytes) throws IOException { int pos = bytes.position(); int len = bytes.limit() - pos; if (bytes.hasArray()) { writeFixed(bytes.array(), bytes.arrayOffset() + pos, len); } else { byte[] b = new byte[len]; bytes.duplicate().get(b, 0, len); writeFixed(b, 0, len); } } /** * Writes an enumeration. * * @param e * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and an enumeration is * not expected or the e is out of range. * @throws IOException */ public abstract void writeEnum(int e) throws IOException; /** * Call this method to start writing an array. * * When starting to serialize an array, call {@link #writeArrayStart}. Then, * before writing any data for any item call {@link #setItemCount} followed by a * sequence of {@link #startItem()} and the item itself. The number of * {@link #startItem()} should match the number specified in * {@link #setItemCount}. When actually writing the data of the item, you can * call any {@link Encoder} method (e.g., {@link #writeLong}). When all items of * the array have been written, call {@link #writeArrayEnd}. * * As an example, let's say you want to write an array of records, the record * consisting of an Long field and a Boolean field. Your code would look * something like this: * *

   * out.writeArrayStart();
   * out.setItemCount(list.size());
   * for (Record r : list) {
   *   out.startItem();
   *   out.writeLong(r.longField);
   *   out.writeBoolean(r.boolField);
   * }
   * out.writeArrayEnd();
   * 
* * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and an array is not * expected */ public abstract void writeArrayStart() throws IOException; /** * Call this method before writing a batch of items in an array or a map. Then * for each item, call {@link #startItem()} followed by any of the other write * methods of {@link Encoder}. The number of calls to {@link #startItem()} must * be equal to the count specified in {@link #setItemCount}. Once a batch is * completed you can start another batch with {@link #setItemCount}. * * @param itemCount The number of {@link #startItem()} calls to follow. * @throws IOException */ public abstract void setItemCount(long itemCount) throws IOException; /** * Start a new item of an array or map. See {@link #writeArrayStart} for usage * information. * * @throws AvroTypeException If called outside of an array or map context */ public abstract void startItem() throws IOException; /** * Call this method to finish writing an array. See {@link #writeArrayStart} for * usage information. * * @throws AvroTypeException If items written does not match count provided to * {@link #writeArrayStart} * @throws AvroTypeException If not currently inside an array */ public abstract void writeArrayEnd() throws IOException; /** * Call this to start a new map. See {@link #writeArrayStart} for details on * usage. * * As an example of usage, let's say you want to write a map of records, the * record consisting of an Long field and a Boolean field. Your code would look * something like this: * *
   * out.writeMapStart();
   * out.setItemCount(list.size());
   * for (Map.Entry entry : map.entrySet()) {
   *   out.startItem();
   *   out.writeString(entry.getKey());
   *   out.writeLong(entry.getValue().longField);
   *   out.writeBoolean(entry.getValue().boolField);
   * }
   * out.writeMapEnd();
   * 
* * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a map is not * expected */ public abstract void writeMapStart() throws IOException; /** * Call this method to terminate the inner-most, currently-opened map. See * {@link #writeArrayStart} for more details. * * @throws AvroTypeException If items written does not match count provided to * {@link #writeMapStart} * @throws AvroTypeException If not currently inside a map */ public abstract void writeMapEnd() throws IOException; /** * Call this method to write the tag of a union. * * As an example of usage, let's say you want to write a union, whose second * branch is a record consisting of an Long field and a Boolean field. Your code * would look something like this: * *
   * out.writeIndex(1);
   * out.writeLong(record.longField);
   * out.writeBoolean(record.boolField);
   * 
* * @throws AvroTypeException If this is a stateful writer and a map is not * expected */ public abstract void writeIndex(int unionIndex) throws IOException; }




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