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Standalone fully-featured Whatsapp Web API for Java and Kotlin
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package it.auties.whatsapp.util;

import it.auties.whatsapp.model.message.model.Message;
import it.auties.whatsapp.model.message.model.MessageContainer;
import it.auties.whatsapp.model.message.model.MessageContainerSpec;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.DataOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
import java.util.zip.DataFormatException;
import java.util.zip.Deflater;
import java.util.zip.Inflater;

import static it.auties.whatsapp.util.SignalConstants.CURRENT_VERSION;

public final class Bytes {
    private static final String CROCKFORD_CHARACTERS = "123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ";

    public static byte random() {
        return (byte) ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt();
    }

    public static byte[] random(int length) {
        var bytes = new byte[length];
        ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextBytes(bytes);
        return bytes;
    }

    public static byte[] concat(List entries) {
        return entries.stream()
                .filter(Objects::nonNull)
                .reduce(Bytes::concat)
                .orElseGet(() -> new byte[0]);
    }

    public static byte[] concat(byte[]... entries) {
        return Arrays.stream(entries)
                .filter(entry -> entry != null && entry.length != 0)
                .reduce(Bytes::concat)
                .orElseGet(() -> new byte[0]);
    }

    public static byte[] concat(byte first, byte[] second) {
        if (second == null || second.length == 0) {
            return new byte[]{first};
        }

        var result = new byte[1 + second.length];
        result[0] = first;
        System.arraycopy(second, 0, result, 1, second.length);
        return result;
    }

    public static byte[] concat(byte[] first, byte[] second) {
        if (first == null || first.length == 0) {
            return second;
        }

        if (second == null || second.length == 0) {
            return first;
        }

        var result = new byte[first.length + second.length];
        System.arraycopy(first, 0, result, 0, first.length);
        System.arraycopy(second, 0, result, first.length, second.length);
        return result;
    }

    public static byte versionToBytes(int version) {
        return (byte) (version << 4 | CURRENT_VERSION);
    }

    public static int bytesToVersion(byte version) {
        return Byte.toUnsignedInt(version) >> 4;
    }

    public static byte[] compress(byte[] uncompressed) {
        var deflater = new Deflater();
        deflater.setInput(uncompressed);
        deflater.finish();
        var result = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        var buffer = new byte[1024];
        while (!deflater.finished()) {
            var count = deflater.deflate(buffer);
            result.write(buffer, 0, count);
        }
        deflater.end();
        return result.toByteArray();
    }

    public static byte[] decompress(byte[] compressed) {
        return decompress(compressed, 0, compressed.length);
    }

    public static byte[] decompress(byte[] compressed, int offset, int length) {
        try {
            var decompressor = new Inflater();
            decompressor.setInput(compressed, offset, length);
            var result = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            var buffer = new byte[1024];
            while (!decompressor.finished()) {
                var count = decompressor.inflate(buffer);
                result.write(buffer, 0, count);
            }
            decompressor.end();
            return result.toByteArray();
        } catch (DataFormatException exception) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Malformed data", exception);
        }
    }

    public static byte[] messageToBytes(Message message) {
        return messageToBytes(MessageContainer.of(message));
    }

    public static byte[] messageToBytes(MessageContainer container) {
        if (container.isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }

        var padRandomByte = 1 + (15 & random());
        var padding = new byte[padRandomByte];
        Arrays.fill(padding, (byte) padRandomByte);
        return concat(MessageContainerSpec.encode(container), padding);
    }

    public static MessageContainer bytesToMessage(byte[] bytes) {
        var message = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, bytes.length - bytes[bytes.length - 1]);
        return MessageContainerSpec.decode(message);
    }

    public static byte[] longToBytes(long number) {
        var byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        try(var dataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(byteArrayOutputStream)) {
            dataOutputStream.writeLong(number);
            return byteArrayOutputStream.toByteArray();
        }catch (IOException exception) {
            throw new UncheckedIOException(exception);
        }
    }

    public static byte[] intToBytes(int input, int length) {
        var result = new byte[length];
        for (var i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            result[i] = (byte) (255 & input);
            input >>>= 8;
        }
        return result;
    }

    public static int bytesToInt(byte[] bytes, int length) {
        var result = 0;
        for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            result = 256 * result + Byte.toUnsignedInt(bytes[i]);
        }
        return result;
    }

    public static int bytesToInt(ByteBuffer buffer, int length) {
        var result = 0;
        for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            result = 256 * result + Byte.toUnsignedInt(buffer.get());
        }
        return result;
    }

    public static String bytesToCrockford(byte[] bytes) {
        var buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes);
        var value = 0;
        var bitCount = 0;
        var crockford = new StringBuilder();
        for (var i = 0; i < buffer.limit(); i++) {
            value = (value << 8) | (buffer.get(i) & 0xFF);
            bitCount += 8;
            while (bitCount >= 5) {
                crockford.append(CROCKFORD_CHARACTERS.charAt((value >>> (bitCount - 5)) & 31));
                bitCount -= 5;
            }
        }

        if (bitCount > 0) {
            crockford.append(CROCKFORD_CHARACTERS.charAt((value << (5 - bitCount)) & 31));
        }

        return crockford.toString();
    }

    public static byte[] intToVarInt(int value) {
        var out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        while ((value & 0xFFFFFF80) != 0L) {
            out.write((byte) ((value & 0x7F) | 0x80));
            value >>>= 7;
        }
        out.write((byte) (value & 0x7F));
        return out.toByteArray();
    }
}