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/*
* Copyright (c) 2010-2021 Haifeng Li. All rights reserved.
*
* Smile is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* Smile is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with Smile. If not, see .
*/
package smile.nlp.stemmer;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.ArrayList;
/**
* The Paice/Husk Lancaster stemming algorithm. The stemmer is a conflation
* based iterative stemmer. The stemmer, although remaining efficient and
* easily implemented, is known to be very strong and aggressive. The stemmer
* utilizes a single table of rules, each of which may specify
* the removal or replacement of an ending. For details, see
*
*
References
*
*
Paice, Another stemmer, SIGIR Forum, 24(3), 56-61, 1990.
*
*
* @author Haifeng Li
*/
public class LancasterStemmer implements Stemmer {
private static final org.slf4j.Logger logger = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LancasterStemmer.class);
/**
* Array of rules
*/
private final ArrayList rules = new ArrayList<>();
/**
* ruleIndex is set up to provide faster access to relevant rules.
*/
private final int[] index = new int[26];
/**
* Strip prefix if true.
*/
private final boolean stripPrefix;
/** Loads the rules. */
private void readRules(InputStream is) throws IOException {
// Load rules from Lancaster_rules.txt
try (BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is))) {
input.lines().map(String::trim).filter(line -> !line.isEmpty()).forEach(rule -> {
int j = rule.indexOf(' ');
if (j != -1) {
rule = rule.substring(0, j);
}
rules.add(rule);
});
}
// Now assign the number of the first rule that starts with each letter
// (if any) to an alphabetic array to facilitate selection of sections
char ch = 'a';
for (int j = 0; j < rules.size(); j++) {
while (rules.get(j).charAt(0) != ch) {
ch++;
index[charCode(ch)] = j;
}
}
}
/**
* Constructor with default rules. By default, the stemmer will not strip prefix from words.
*/
public LancasterStemmer() {
this(false);
}
/**
* Constructor with default rules.
*
* @param stripPrefix true if the stemmer will strip prefix such as kilo,
* micro, milli, intra, ultra, mega, nano, pico, pseudo.
*/
public LancasterStemmer(boolean stripPrefix) {
this.stripPrefix = stripPrefix;
try {
readRules(LancasterStemmer.class.getResourceAsStream("/smile/nlp/stemmer/Lancaster_rules.txt"));
} catch (IOException ex) {
logger.error("Failed to load /smile/nlp/stemmer/Lancaster_rules.txt", ex);
}
}
/**
* Constructor with customized rules. By default, the stemmer will not strip prefix from words.
* @param customizedRules an input stream to read customized rules.
* @throws IOException when fails to read the rule file.
*/
public LancasterStemmer(InputStream customizedRules) throws IOException {
this(customizedRules, false);
}
/**
* Constructor with customized rules.
*
* @param customizedRules an input stream to read customized rules.
* @param stripPrefix true if the stemmer will strip prefix such as kilo,
* micro, milli, intra, ultra, mega, nano, pico, pseudo.
* @throws IOException when fails to read the rule file.
*/
public LancasterStemmer(InputStream customizedRules, boolean stripPrefix) throws IOException {
this.stripPrefix = stripPrefix;
readRules(customizedRules);
}
/**
* Checks lowercase word for position of the first vowel
*/
private int firstVowel(String word, int last) {
int i = 0;
if ((i < last) && (!(vowel(word.charAt(i), 'a')))) {
i++;
}
if (i != 0) {
while ((i < last) && (!(vowel(word.charAt(i), word.charAt(i - 1))))) {
i++;
}
}
return Math.min(i, last);
}
/**
* Strips suffix off word
*/
private String stripSuffixes(String word) {
// 1 is positive, 0 undecided, -1 negative equivalent of pun vars positive undecided negative
int ruleok;
int Continue = 0;
int pll = 0; //position of last letter
int xl; //counter for nuber of chars to be replaced and length of stemmed word if rule was aplied
int pfv; //poition of first vowel
int prt; //pointer into rule table
int ir; //index of rule
int iw; //index of word
//char variables
char ll; // last letter
String rule; //variable holding the current rule
String stem; // string holding the word as it is being stemmed this is returned as a stemmed word.
boolean intact = true; //intact if the word has not yet been stemmed to determin a requirement of some stemming rules
//set stem = to word
stem = cleanup(word.toLowerCase());
//move through the word to find the position of the last letter before a non letter char
while ((pll + 1 < stem.length()) && ((stem.charAt(pll + 1) >= 'a') && (stem.charAt(pll + 1) <= 'z'))) {
pll++;
}
if (pll < 1) {
Continue = -1;
}
//find the position of the first vowel
pfv = firstVowel(stem, pll);
iw = stem.length() - 1;
//repeat until continue == negative ie. -1
while (Continue != -1) {
Continue = 0;
//SEEK RULE FOR A NEW FINAL LETTER
ll = stem.charAt(pll);
//last letter
//Check to see if there are any possible rules for stemming
if ((ll >= 'a') && (ll <= 'z')) {
prt = index[charCode(ll)];
//pointer into rule-table
} else {
prt = -1;
//0 is a vaild rule
}
if (prt == -1) {
Continue = -1;
//no rule available
}
if (Continue == 0) {
// THERE IS A POSSIBLE RULE (OR RULES) : SEE IF ONE WORKS
rule = rules.get(prt);
// Take first rule
while (Continue == 0) {
ruleok = 0;
if (rule.charAt(0) != ll) {
//rule-letter changes
Continue = -1;
ruleok = -1;
}
ir = 1;
//index of rule: 2nd character
iw = pll - 1;
//index of word: next-last letter
//repeat untill the rule is not undecided find a rule that is acceptable
while (ruleok == 0) {
if ((rule.charAt(ir) >= '0') && (rule.charAt(ir) <= '9')) //rule fully matched
{
ruleok = 1;
} else if (rule.charAt(ir) == '*') {
//match only if word intact
if (intact) {
ir = ir + 1;
// move forwards along rule
ruleok = 1;
} else {
ruleok = -1;
}
} else if (rule.charAt(ir) != stem.charAt(iw)) {
// mismatch of letters
ruleok = -1;
} else if (iw <= pfv) {
//insufficient stem remains
ruleok = -1;
} else {
// move on to compare next pair of letters
ir = ir + 1;
// move forwards along rule
iw = iw - 1;
// move backwards along word
}
}
//if the rule that has just been checked is valid
if (ruleok == 1) {
// CHECK ACCEPTABILITY CONDITION FOR PROPOSED RULE
xl = 0;
//count any replacement letters
while (!((rule.charAt(ir + xl + 1) >= '.') && (rule.charAt(ir + xl + 1) <= '>'))) {
xl++;
}
xl = pll + xl + 48 - ((int) (rule.charAt(ir)));
// position of last letter if rule used
if (pfv == 0) {
//if word starts with vowel...
if (xl < 1) {
// ...minimal stem is 2 letters
ruleok = -1;
} else {
//ruleok=1; as ruleok must already be positive to reach this stage
}
} //if word start swith consonant...
else if ((xl < 2) | (xl < pfv)) {
ruleok = -1;
// ...minimal stem is 3 letters...
// ...including one or more vowel
} else {
//ruleok=1; as ruleok must already be positive to reach this stage
}
}
// if using the rule passes the assertion tests
if (ruleok == 1) {
// APPLY THE MATCHING RULE
intact = false;
// move end of word marker to position...
// ... given by the numeral.
pll = pll + 48 - ((int) (rule.charAt(ir)));
ir++;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(stem.substring(0, (pll + 1)));
// append any letters following numeral to the word
while ((ir < rule.length()) && (('a' <= rule.charAt(ir)) && (rule.charAt(ir) <= 'z'))) {
sb.append(rule.charAt(ir));
ir++;
pll++;
}
stem = sb.toString();
//if rule ends with '.' then terminate
if ((rule.charAt(ir)) == '.') {
Continue = -1;
} else {
//if rule ends with '>' then Continue
Continue = 1;
}
} else {
//if rule did not match then look for another
prt = prt + 1;
// move to next rule in RULETABLE
if (prt >= rules.size()) {
Continue = -1;
} else {
rule = rules.get(prt);
if (rule.charAt(0) != ll) {
//rule-letter changes
Continue = -1;
}
}
}
}
}
}
return stem;
}
/**
* Determin whether ch is a vowel or not uses prev determination
* when ch == y
*/
private boolean vowel(char ch, char prev) {
switch (ch) {
case 'a':
case 'e':
case 'i':
case 'o':
case 'u':
return true;
case 'y': {
switch (prev) {
case 'a':
case 'e':
case 'i':
case 'o':
case 'u':
return false;
default:
return true;
}
}
default:
return false;
}
}
/**
* Returns the relavent array index for specified char 'a' to 'z'.
*/
private static int charCode(char ch) {
return ((int) ch) - 97;
}
/**
* Removes prefixes so that suffix removal can commence.
*/
private String stripPrefixes(String word) {
String[] prefixes = {"kilo", "micro", "milli", "intra", "ultra", "mega",
"nano", "pico", "pseudo"};
for (String prefix : prefixes) {
if ((word.startsWith(prefix)) && (word.length() > prefix.length())) {
word = word.substring(prefix.length());
return word;
}
}
return word;
}
/**
* Remove all non letter or digit characters from word
*/
private String cleanup(String word) {
int last = word.length();
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < last; i++) {
if ((word.charAt(i) >= 'a') & (word.charAt(i) <= 'z')) {
sb.append(word.charAt(i));
}
}
return sb.toString();
}
@Override
public String stem(String word) {
// Convert input to lowercase and remove all chars that are not a letter.
word = cleanup(word.toLowerCase());
//if str's length is greater than 2 then remove prefixes
if ((word.length() > 3) && (stripPrefix)) {
word = stripPrefixes(word);
}
// if str is not null remove suffix
if (word.length() > 3) {
word = stripSuffixes(word);
}
return word;
}
}
