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Slightly improved version of the Java DBus library provided by freedesktop.org (https://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-java/). Changes: - Fixed lot's of Java warnings - Fixed broken 'Gettext' feature (Exceptions on unsupported languages, usage of "_" as method name). - Renamed some classes/methods/variables to comply with Java naming scheme. - Removed usage of proprietary logger and replaced it with sl4fj. - Renamed/refactored some parts to be more 'Java' like (e.g. naming, shadowing) - Fixed problems with DbusConnection.getConnection(SESSION) when using display export (e.g. SSH X11 forward)

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/*
   D-Bus Java Implementation
   Copyright (c) 2005-2006 Matthew Johnson

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2 or the
   Academic Free Licence Version 2.1.

   Full licence texts are included in the COPYING file with this program.
*/
package org.freedesktop.dbus.messages;

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import org.freedesktop.Hexdump;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.ArrayFrob;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.Container;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.DBusMap;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.Marshalling;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.ObjectPath;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.connections.AbstractConnection;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.exceptions.DBusException;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.exceptions.MarshallingException;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.exceptions.UnknownTypeCodeException;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.types.UInt16;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.types.UInt32;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.types.UInt64;
import org.freedesktop.dbus.types.Variant;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * Superclass of all messages which are sent over the Bus.
 * This class deals with all the marshalling to/from the wire format.
 */
public class Message {
    /** The current protocol major version. */
    public static final byte PROTOCOL = 1;

    /** Position of data offset in int array. */
    private static final int OFFSET_DATA = 1;
    /** Position of signature offset in int array. */
    private static final int OFFSET_SIG = 0;
    
    /** Keep a static reference to each size of padding array to prevent allocation. */
    private static byte[][] padding;
    static {
        padding = new byte[][] {
                null, new byte[1], new byte[2], new byte[3], new byte[4], new byte[5], new byte[6], new byte[7]
        };
    }
    /** Steps to increment the buffer array. */
    private static final int    BUFFERINCREMENT = 20;

    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());

    protected static long       globalserial    = 0;

    private byte[][]            wiredata;
    private long                bytecounter;
    private Map   headers;

    private long                serial;
    private byte              type;
    private byte              flags;
    private byte              protover;

    private boolean             big;
    private Object[]            args;
    private byte[]              body;
    private long                bodylen         = 0;
    private int                 preallocated    = 0;
    private int                 paofs           = 0;
    private byte[]              pabuf;
    private int                 bufferuse       = 0;

    /**
    * Returns the name of the given header field.
    * @param field field
    * @return string
    */
    public static String getHeaderFieldName(byte field) {
        switch (field) {
        case HeaderField.PATH:
            return "Path";
        case HeaderField.INTERFACE:
            return "Interface";
        case HeaderField.MEMBER:
            return "Member";
        case HeaderField.ERROR_NAME:
            return "Error Name";
        case HeaderField.REPLY_SERIAL:
            return "Reply Serial";
        case HeaderField.DESTINATION:
            return "Destination";
        case HeaderField.SENDER:
            return "Sender";
        case HeaderField.SIGNATURE:
            return "Signature";
        default:
            return "Invalid";
        }
    }

    /**
    * Create a message; only to be called by sub-classes.
    * @param endian The endianness to create the message.
    * @param _type The message type.
    * @param _flags Any message flags.
    * @throws DBusException on error
    */
    protected Message(byte endian, byte _type, byte _flags) throws DBusException {
        wiredata = new byte[BUFFERINCREMENT][];
        headers = new HashMap<>();
        big = (Endian.BIG == endian);
        bytecounter = 0;
        synchronized (Message.class) {
            serial = ++globalserial;
        }

        logger.debug("Creating message with serial {}", serial);

        this.type = _type;
        this.flags = _flags;
        preallocate(4);
        append("yyyy", endian, _type, _flags, Message.PROTOCOL);
    }

    /**
    * Create a blank message. Only to be used when calling populate.
    */
    protected Message() {
        wiredata = new byte[BUFFERINCREMENT][];
        headers = new HashMap<>();
        bytecounter = 0;
    }

    /**
    * Create a message from wire-format data.
    * @param _msg D-Bus serialized data of type yyyuu
    * @param _headers D-Bus serialized data of type a(yv)
    * @param _body D-Bus serialized data of the signature defined in headers.
    */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    void populate(byte[] _msg, byte[] _headers, byte[] _body) throws DBusException {
        big = (_msg[0] == Endian.BIG);
        type = _msg[1];
        flags = _msg[2];
        protover = _msg[3];
        wiredata[0] = _msg;
        wiredata[1] = _headers;
        wiredata[2] = _body;
        this.body = _body;
        bufferuse = 3;
        bodylen = ((Number) extract(Message.ArgumentType.UINT32_STRING, _msg, 4)[0]).longValue();
        serial = ((Number) extract(Message.ArgumentType.UINT32_STRING, _msg, 8)[0]).longValue();
        bytecounter = _msg.length + _headers.length + _body.length;

        logger.trace(_headers.toString());
        Object[] hs = extract("a(yv)", _headers, 0);
        if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
            logger.trace(Arrays.deepToString(hs));
        }
        for (Object o : (List) hs[0]) {
            this.headers.put((Byte) ((Object[]) o)[0], ((Variant) ((Object[]) o)[1]).getValue());
        }
    }

    protected Map getHeaders() {
        return headers;
    }

    protected long getByteCounter() {
        return bytecounter;
    }

    protected void setByteCounter(long _bytecounter) {
        bytecounter = _bytecounter;
    }

    protected void setSerial(long _serial) {
        serial = _serial;
    }

    protected byte[][] getWiredata() {
        return wiredata;
    }

    protected void setWiredata(byte[][] _wiredata) {
        wiredata = _wiredata;
    }

    /**
    * Create a buffer of num bytes.
    * Data is copied to this rather than added to the buffer list.
    */
    private void preallocate(int num) {
        preallocated = 0;
        pabuf = new byte[num];
        appendBytes(pabuf);
        preallocated = num;
        paofs = 0;
    }

    /**
    * Ensures there are enough free buffers.
    * @param num number of free buffers to create.
    */
    private void ensureBuffers(int num) {
        int increase = num - wiredata.length + bufferuse;
        if (increase > 0) {
            if (increase < BUFFERINCREMENT) {
                increase = BUFFERINCREMENT;
            }

            logger.trace("Resizing {}", bufferuse);

            byte[][] temp = new byte[wiredata.length + increase][];
            System.arraycopy(wiredata, 0, temp, 0, wiredata.length);
            wiredata = temp;
        }
    }

    /**
    * Appends a buffer to the buffer list.
    * @param buf buffer byte array
    */
    protected void appendBytes(byte[] buf) {
        if (null == buf) {
            return;
        }
        if (preallocated > 0) {
            if (paofs + buf.length > pabuf.length) {
                throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(MessageFormat.format("Array index out of bounds, paofs={0}, pabuf.length={1}, buf.length={2}.",
                        paofs, pabuf.length, buf.length
                ));
            }
            System.arraycopy(buf, 0, pabuf, paofs, buf.length);
            paofs += buf.length;
            preallocated -= buf.length;
        } else {
            if (bufferuse == wiredata.length) {
                logger.trace("Resizing {}", bufferuse);
                byte[][] temp = new byte[wiredata.length + BUFFERINCREMENT][];
                System.arraycopy(wiredata, 0, temp, 0, wiredata.length);
                wiredata = temp;
            }
            wiredata[bufferuse++] = buf;
            bytecounter += buf.length;
        }
    }

    /**
    * Appends a byte to the buffer list.
    * @param b byte
    */
    protected void appendByte(byte b) {
        if (preallocated > 0) {
            pabuf[paofs++] = b;
            preallocated--;
        } else {
            if (bufferuse == wiredata.length) {

                logger.trace("Resizing {}", bufferuse);
                byte[][] temp = new byte[wiredata.length + BUFFERINCREMENT][];
                System.arraycopy(wiredata, 0, temp, 0, wiredata.length);
                wiredata = temp;
            }
            wiredata[bufferuse++] = new byte[] {
                    b
            };
            bytecounter++;
        }
    }

    /**
    * Demarshalls an integer of a given width from a buffer.
    * Endianness is determined from the format of the message.
    * @param buf The buffer to demarshall from.
    * @param ofs The offset to demarshall from.
    * @param width The byte-width of the int.
    *
    * @return long
    */
    public long demarshallint(byte[] buf, int ofs, int width) {
        return big ? demarshallintBig(buf, ofs, width) : demarshallintLittle(buf, ofs, width);
    }

    /**
    * Demarshalls an integer of a given width from a buffer.
    * @param buf The buffer to demarshall from.
    * @param ofs The offset to demarshall from.
    * @param endian The endianness to use in demarshalling.
    * @param width The byte-width of the int.
    *
    * @return long
    */
    public static long demarshallint(byte[] buf, int ofs, byte endian, int width) {
        return endian == Endian.BIG ? demarshallintBig(buf, ofs, width) : demarshallintLittle(buf, ofs, width);
    }

    /**
    * Demarshalls an integer of a given width from a buffer using big-endian format.
    * @param buf The buffer to demarshall from.
    * @param ofs The offset to demarshall from.
    * @param width The byte-width of the int.
    * @return long
    */
    public static long demarshallintBig(byte[] buf, int ofs, int width) {
        long l = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
            l <<= 8;
            l |= (buf[ofs + i] & 0xFF);
        }
        return l;
    }

    /**
    * Demarshalls an integer of a given width from a buffer using little-endian format.
    * @param buf The buffer to demarshall from.
    * @param ofs The offset to demarshall from.
    * @param width The byte-width of the int.
    *
    * @return long
    */
    public static long demarshallintLittle(byte[] buf, int ofs, int width) {
        long l = 0;
        for (int i = (width - 1); i >= 0; i--) {
            l <<= 8;
            l |= (buf[ofs + i] & 0xFF);
        }
        return l;
    }

    /**
    * Marshalls an integer of a given width and appends it to the message.
    * Endianness is determined from the message.
    * @param l The integer to marshall.
    * @param width The byte-width of the int.
    */
    public void appendint(long l, int width) {
        byte[] buf = new byte[width];
        marshallint(l, buf, 0, width);
        appendBytes(buf);
    }

    /**
    * Marshalls an integer of a given width into a buffer.
    * Endianness is determined from the message.
    * @param l The integer to marshall.
    * @param buf The buffer to marshall to.
    * @param ofs The offset to marshall to.
    * @param width The byte-width of the int.
    */
    public void marshallint(long l, byte[] buf, int ofs, int width) {
        if (big) {
            marshallintBig(l, buf, ofs, width);
        } else {
            marshallintLittle(l, buf, ofs, width);
        }

        logger.trace("Marshalled int {} to {}", l, Hexdump.toHex(buf, ofs, width));
    }

    /**
    * Marshalls an integer of a given width into a buffer using big-endian format.
    * @param l The integer to marshall.
    * @param buf The buffer to marshall to.
    * @param ofs The offset to marshall to.
    * @param width The byte-width of the int.
    */
    public static void marshallintBig(long l, byte[] buf, int ofs, int width) {
        for (int i = (width - 1); i >= 0; i--) {
            buf[i + ofs] = (byte) (l & 0xFF);
            l >>= 8;
        }
    }

    /**
    * Marshalls an integer of a given width into a buffer using little-endian format.
    * @param l The integer to marshall.
    * @param buf The buffer to demarshall to.
    * @param ofs The offset to demarshall to.
    * @param width The byte-width of the int.
    */
    public static void marshallintLittle(long l, byte[] buf, int ofs, int width) {
        for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
            buf[i + ofs] = (byte) (l & 0xFF);
            l >>= 8;
        }
    }

    public byte[][] getWireData() {
        return wiredata;
    }

    /**
    * Formats the message in a human-readable format.
    */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        sb.append(getClass().getSimpleName());
        sb.append('(');
        sb.append(flags);
        sb.append(',');
        sb.append(serial);
        sb.append(')');
        sb.append(' ');
        sb.append('{');
        sb.append(' ');
        if (headers.size() == 0) {
            sb.append('}');
        } else {
            for (Byte field : headers.keySet()) {
                sb.append(getHeaderFieldName(field));
                sb.append('=');
                sb.append('>');
                sb.append(headers.get(field).toString());
                sb.append(',');
                sb.append(' ');
            }
            sb.setCharAt(sb.length() - 2, ' ');
            sb.setCharAt(sb.length() - 1, '}');
        }
        sb.append(' ');
        sb.append('{');
        sb.append(' ');
        Object[] largs = null;
        try {
            largs = getParameters();
        } catch (DBusException dbe) {
            logger.debug("", dbe);
        }
        if (null == largs || 0 == largs.length) {
            sb.append('}');
        } else {
            for (Object o : largs) {
                if (o instanceof Object[]) {
                    sb.append(Arrays.deepToString((Object[]) o));
                } else if (o instanceof byte[]) {
                    sb.append(Arrays.toString((byte[]) o));
                } else if (o instanceof int[]) {
                    sb.append(Arrays.toString((int[]) o));
                } else if (o instanceof short[]) {
                    sb.append(Arrays.toString((short[]) o));
                } else if (o instanceof long[]) {
                    sb.append(Arrays.toString((long[]) o));
                } else if (o instanceof boolean[]) {
                    sb.append(Arrays.toString((boolean[]) o));
                } else if (o instanceof double[]) {
                    sb.append(Arrays.toString((double[]) o));
                } else if (o instanceof float[]) {
                    sb.append(Arrays.toString((float[]) o));
                } else {
                    sb.append(o.toString());
                }
                sb.append(',');
                sb.append(' ');
            }
            sb.setCharAt(sb.length() - 2, ' ');
            sb.setCharAt(sb.length() - 1, '}');
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    /**
    * Returns the value of the header field of a given field.
    * @param _type The field to return.
    * @return The value of the field or null if unset.
    */
    public Object getHeader(byte _type) {
        return headers.get(_type);
    }

    /**
    * Appends a value to the message.
    * The type of the value is read from a D-Bus signature and used to marshall
    * the value.
    * @param sigb A buffer of the D-Bus signature.
    * @param sigofs The offset into the signature corresponding to this value.
    * @param data The value to marshall.
    * @return The offset into the signature of the end of this value's type.
    */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private int appendone(byte[] sigb, int sigofs, Object data) throws DBusException {
        try {
            int i = sigofs;
            logger.trace("{}", bytecounter);
            logger.trace("Appending type: {} value: {}",((char) sigb[i]), data);

            // pad to the alignment of this type.
            pad(sigb[i]);
            switch (sigb[i]) {
            case ArgumentType.BYTE:
                appendByte(((Number) data).byteValue());
                break;
            case ArgumentType.BOOLEAN:
                appendint(((Boolean) data).booleanValue() ? 1 : 0, 4);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.DOUBLE:
                long l = Double.doubleToLongBits(((Number) data).doubleValue());
                appendint(l, 8);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.FLOAT:
                int rf = Float.floatToIntBits(((Number) data).floatValue());
                appendint(rf, 4);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.UINT32:
                appendint(((Number) data).longValue(), 4);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.INT64:
                appendint(((Number) data).longValue(), 8);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.UINT64:
                if (big) {
                    appendint(((UInt64) data).top(), 4);
                    appendint(((UInt64) data).bottom(), 4);
                } else {
                    appendint(((UInt64) data).bottom(), 4);
                    appendint(((UInt64) data).top(), 4);
                }
                break;
            case ArgumentType.INT32:
                appendint(((Number) data).intValue(), 4);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.UINT16:
                appendint(((Number) data).intValue(), 2);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.INT16:
                appendint(((Number) data).shortValue(), 2);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.STRING:
            case ArgumentType.OBJECT_PATH:
                // Strings are marshalled as a UInt32 with the length,
                // followed by the String, followed by a null byte.
                String payload = data.toString();
                byte[] payloadbytes = null;
                try {
                    payloadbytes = payload.getBytes("UTF-8");
                } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
                    logger.debug("System does not support UTF-8 encoding", uee);
                    throw new DBusException("System does not support UTF-8 encoding");
                }
                logger.trace("Appending String of length {}", payloadbytes.length);
                appendint(payloadbytes.length, 4);
                appendBytes(payloadbytes);
                appendBytes(padding[1]);
                // pad(ArgumentType.STRING);? do we need this?
                break;
            case ArgumentType.SIGNATURE:
                // Signatures are marshalled as a byte with the length,
                // followed by the String, followed by a null byte.
                // Signatures are generally short, so preallocate the array
                // for the string, length and null byte.
                if (data instanceof Type[]) {
                    payload = Marshalling.getDBusType((Type[]) data);
                } else {
                    payload = (String) data;
                }
                byte[] pbytes = payload.getBytes();
                preallocate(2 + pbytes.length);
                appendByte((byte) pbytes.length);
                appendBytes(pbytes);
                appendByte((byte) 0);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.ARRAY:
                // Arrays are given as a UInt32 for the length in bytes,
                // padding to the element alignment, then elements in
                // order. The length is the length from the end of the
                // initial padding to the end of the last element.
                if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
                    if (data instanceof Object[]) {
                        logger.trace("Appending array: {}", Arrays.deepToString((Object[]) data));
                    }
                }

                byte[] alen = new byte[4];
                appendBytes(alen);
                pad(sigb[++i]);
                long c = bytecounter;

                // optimise primitives
                if (data.getClass().isArray() && data.getClass().getComponentType().isPrimitive()) {
                    byte[] primbuf;
                    int algn = getAlignment(sigb[i]);
                    int len = Array.getLength(data);
                    switch (sigb[i]) {
                    case ArgumentType.BYTE:
                        primbuf = (byte[]) data;
                        break;
                    case ArgumentType.INT16:
                    case ArgumentType.INT32:
                    case ArgumentType.INT64:
                        primbuf = new byte[len * algn];
                        for (int j = 0, k = 0; j < len; j++, k += algn) {
                            marshallint(Array.getLong(data, j), primbuf, k, algn);
                        }
                        break;
                    case ArgumentType.BOOLEAN:
                        primbuf = new byte[len * algn];
                        for (int j = 0, k = 0; j < len; j++, k += algn) {
                            marshallint(Array.getBoolean(data, j) ? 1 : 0, primbuf, k, algn);
                        }
                        break;
                    case ArgumentType.DOUBLE:
                        primbuf = new byte[len * algn];
                        if (data instanceof float[]) {
                            for (int j = 0, k = 0; j < len; j++, k += algn) {
                                marshallint(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(((float[]) data)[j]), primbuf, k, algn);
                            }
                        } else {
                            for (int j = 0, k = 0; j < len; j++, k += algn) {
                                marshallint(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(((double[]) data)[j]), primbuf, k, algn);
                            }
                        }
                        break;
                    case ArgumentType.FLOAT:
                        primbuf = new byte[len * algn];
                        for (int j = 0, k = 0; j < len; j++, k += algn) {
                            marshallint(Float.floatToRawIntBits(((float[]) data)[j]), primbuf, k, algn);
                        }
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw new MarshallingException("Primitive array being sent as non-primitive array.");
                    }
                    appendBytes(primbuf);
                } else if (data instanceof List) {
                    Object[] contents = ((List) data).toArray();
                    int diff = i;
                    ensureBuffers(contents.length * 4);
                    for (Object o : contents) {
                        diff = appendone(sigb, i, o);
                    }
                    i = diff;
                } else if (data instanceof Map) {
                    int diff = i;
                    ensureBuffers(((Map) data).size() * 6);
                    for (Map.Entry o : ((Map) data).entrySet()) {
                        diff = appendone(sigb, i, o);
                    }
                    if (i == diff) {
                        // advance the type parser even on 0-size arrays.
                        List temp = new ArrayList<>();
                        byte[] temp2 = new byte[sigb.length - diff];
                        System.arraycopy(sigb, diff, temp2, 0, temp2.length);
                        String temp3 = new String(temp2);
                        int temp4 = Marshalling.getJavaType(temp3, temp, 1);
                        diff += temp4;
                    }
                    i = diff;
                } else {
                    Object[] contents = (Object[]) data;
                    ensureBuffers(contents.length * 4);
                    int diff = i;
                    for (Object o : contents) {
                        diff = appendone(sigb, i, o);
                    }
                    i = diff;
                }
                logger.trace("start: {} end: {} length: {}",c, bytecounter, (bytecounter - c));
                marshallint(bytecounter - c, alen, 0, 4);
                break;
            case ArgumentType.STRUCT1:
                // Structs are aligned to 8 bytes
                // and simply contain each element marshalled in order
                Object[] contents;
                if (data instanceof Container) {
                    contents = ((Container) data).getParameters();
                } else {
                    contents = (Object[]) data;
                }
                ensureBuffers(contents.length * 4);
                int j = 0;
                for (i++; sigb[i] != ArgumentType.STRUCT2; i++) {
                    i = appendone(sigb, i, contents[j++]);
                }
                break;
            case ArgumentType.DICT_ENTRY1:
                // Dict entries are the same as structs.
                if (data instanceof Map.Entry) {
                    i++;
                    i = appendone(sigb, i, ((Map.Entry) data).getKey());
                    i++;
                    i = appendone(sigb, i, ((Map.Entry) data).getValue());
                    i++;
                } else {
                    contents = (Object[]) data;
                    j = 0;
                    for (i++; sigb[i] != ArgumentType.DICT_ENTRY2; i++) {
                        i = appendone(sigb, i, contents[j++]);
                    }
                }
                break;
            case ArgumentType.VARIANT:
                // Variants are marshalled as a signature
                // followed by the value.
                if (data instanceof Variant) {
                    Variant var = (Variant) data;
                    appendone(new byte[] {
                            ArgumentType.SIGNATURE
                    }, 0, var.getSig());
                    appendone((var.getSig()).getBytes(), 0, var.getValue());
                } else if (data instanceof Object[]) {
                    contents = (Object[]) data;
                    appendone(new byte[] {
                            ArgumentType.SIGNATURE
                    }, 0, contents[0]);
                    appendone(((String) contents[0]).getBytes(), 0, contents[1]);
                } else {
                    String sig = Marshalling.getDBusType(data.getClass())[0];
                    appendone(new byte[] {
                            ArgumentType.SIGNATURE
                    }, 0, sig);
                    appendone((sig).getBytes(), 0, data);
                }
                break;
            }
            return i;
        } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
            logger.debug("Trying to marshall to unconvertible type.", cce);
            throw new MarshallingException(MessageFormat.format("Trying to marshall to unconvertible type (from {0} to {1}).",
                data.getClass().getName(), (char) sigb[sigofs]
            ));
        }
    }

    /**
    * Pad the message to the proper alignment for the given type.
    * @param _type type
    */
    public void pad(byte _type) {
        logger.trace("padding for {}", (char) _type);
        int a = getAlignment(_type);
        logger.trace("{} {} {} {}", preallocated, paofs, bytecounter, a);
        int b = (int) ((bytecounter - preallocated) % a);
        if (0 == b) {
            return;
        }
        a = (a - b);
        if (preallocated > 0) {
            paofs += a;
            preallocated -= a;
        } else {
            appendBytes(padding[a]);
        }
        logger.trace("{} {} {} {}", preallocated, paofs, bytecounter, a);
        
    }

    /**
    * Return the alignment for a given type.
    * @param type type
    * @return int
    */
    public static int getAlignment(byte type) {
        switch (type) {
        case 2:
        case ArgumentType.INT16:
        case ArgumentType.UINT16:
            return 2;
        case 4:
        case ArgumentType.BOOLEAN:
        case ArgumentType.FLOAT:
        case ArgumentType.INT32:
        case ArgumentType.UINT32:
        case ArgumentType.STRING:
        case ArgumentType.OBJECT_PATH:
        case ArgumentType.ARRAY:
            return 4;
        case 8:
        case ArgumentType.INT64:
        case ArgumentType.UINT64:
        case ArgumentType.DOUBLE:
        case ArgumentType.STRUCT:
        case ArgumentType.DICT_ENTRY:
        case ArgumentType.STRUCT1:
        case ArgumentType.DICT_ENTRY1:
        case ArgumentType.STRUCT2:
        case ArgumentType.DICT_ENTRY2:
            return 8;
        case 1:
        case ArgumentType.BYTE:
        case ArgumentType.SIGNATURE:
        case ArgumentType.VARIANT:
        default:
            return 1;
        }
    }

    /**
    * Append a series of values to the message.
    * @param sig The signature(s) of the value(s).
    * @param data The value(s).
    *
    * @throws DBusException on error
    */
    public void append(String sig, Object... data) throws DBusException {
        logger.debug("Appending sig: {} data: {}", sig, Arrays.deepToString(data));
        byte[] sigb = sig.getBytes();
        int j = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < sigb.length; i++) {
            logger.trace("Appending item: {} {} {}", i, ((char) sigb[i]), j);
            i = appendone(sigb, i, data[j++]);
        }
    }

    /**
    * Align a counter to the given type.
    * @param _current The current counter.
    * @param _type The type to align to.
    * @return The new, aligned, counter.
    */
    public int align(int _current, byte _type) {
        logger.trace("aligning to {}", (char) _type);
        int a = getAlignment(_type);
        if (0 == (_current % a)) {
            return _current;
        }
        return _current + (a - (_current % a));
    }

    /**
    * Demarshall one value from a buffer.
    * @param _signatureBuf A buffer of the D-Bus signature.
    * @param _dataBuf The buffer to demarshall from.
    * @param _offsets An array of two ints, which holds the position of the current signature offset
    *            and the current offset of the data buffer.
    * @param _contained converts nested arrays to Lists
    * @return The demarshalled value.
    */
    private Object extractOne(byte[] _signatureBuf, byte[] _dataBuf, int[] _offsets, boolean _contained) throws DBusException {

        logger.trace("Extracting type: {} from offset {}", ((char) _signatureBuf[_offsets[OFFSET_SIG]]), _offsets[OFFSET_DATA]);

        Object rv = null;
        _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] = align(_offsets[OFFSET_DATA], _signatureBuf[_offsets[OFFSET_SIG]]);
        switch (_signatureBuf[_offsets[OFFSET_SIG]]) {
        case ArgumentType.BYTE:
            rv = _dataBuf[_offsets[OFFSET_DATA]++];
            break;
        case ArgumentType.UINT32:
            rv = new UInt32(demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4));
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.INT32:
            rv = (int) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.INT16:
            rv = (short) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 2);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 2;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.UINT16:
            rv = new UInt16((int) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 2));
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 2;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.INT64:
            rv = demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 8);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 8;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.UINT64:
            long top;
            long bottom;
            if (big) {
                top = demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);
                _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
                bottom = demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);
            } else {
                bottom = demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);
                _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
                top = demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);
            }
            rv = new UInt64(top, bottom);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.DOUBLE:
            long l = demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 8);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 8;
            rv = Double.longBitsToDouble(l);
            break;
        case ArgumentType.FLOAT:
            int rf = (int) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
            rv = Float.intBitsToFloat(rf);
            break;
        case ArgumentType.BOOLEAN:
            rf = (int) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
            rv = (1 == rf) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.ARRAY:
            long size = demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);

            logger.trace("Reading array of size: {}", size);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
            byte algn = (byte) getAlignment(_signatureBuf[++_offsets[OFFSET_SIG]]);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] = align(_offsets[OFFSET_DATA], _signatureBuf[_offsets[OFFSET_SIG]]);
            int length = (int) (size / algn);
            if (length > AbstractConnection.MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH) {
                throw new MarshallingException("Arrays must not exceed " + AbstractConnection.MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH);
            }
            
            rv = optimizePrimitives(_signatureBuf, _dataBuf, _offsets, size, algn, length);
            
            if (_contained && !(rv instanceof List) && !(rv instanceof Map)) {
                rv = ArrayFrob.listify(rv);
            }
            break;
        case ArgumentType.STRUCT1:
            List contents = new ArrayList<>();
            while (_signatureBuf[++_offsets[OFFSET_SIG]] != ArgumentType.STRUCT2) {
                contents.add(extractOne(_signatureBuf, _dataBuf, _offsets, true));
            }
            rv = contents.toArray();
            break;
        case ArgumentType.DICT_ENTRY1:
            Object[] decontents = new Object[2];
            logger.trace("Extracting Dict Entry ({}) from: {}",Hexdump.toAscii(_signatureBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_SIG], _signatureBuf.length - _offsets[OFFSET_SIG]), Hexdump.toHex(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], _dataBuf.length - _offsets[OFFSET_DATA]));
            _offsets[OFFSET_SIG]++;
            decontents[0] = extractOne(_signatureBuf, _dataBuf, _offsets, true);
            _offsets[OFFSET_SIG]++;
            decontents[1] = extractOne(_signatureBuf, _dataBuf, _offsets, true);
            _offsets[OFFSET_SIG]++;
            rv = decontents;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.VARIANT:
            int[] newofs = new int[] {
                    0, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA]
            };
            String sig = (String) extract(ArgumentType.SIGNATURE_STRING, _dataBuf, newofs)[0];
            newofs[OFFSET_SIG] = 0;
            rv = new Variant<>(extract(sig, _dataBuf, newofs)[0], sig);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] = newofs[OFFSET_DATA];
            break;
        case ArgumentType.STRING:
            length = (int) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
            try {
                rv = new String(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], length, "UTF-8");
            } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
                logger.debug("System does not support UTF-8 encoding", uee);
                throw new DBusException("System does not support UTF-8 encoding");
            }
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += length + 1;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.OBJECT_PATH:
            length = (int) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], 4);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += 4;
            rv = new ObjectPath(getSource(), new String(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], length));
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += length + 1;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.SIGNATURE:
            length = (_dataBuf[_offsets[OFFSET_DATA]++] & 0xFF);
            rv = new String(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], length);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += length + 1;
            break;
        default:
            throw new UnknownTypeCodeException(_signatureBuf[_offsets[OFFSET_SIG]]);
        }
        if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
            if (rv instanceof Object[]) {
                logger.trace("Extracted: {} (now at {})", Arrays.deepToString((Object[]) rv), _offsets[OFFSET_DATA]);
            } else {
                logger.trace("Extracted: {} (now at {})",rv, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA]);
            }
        }
        return rv;
    }

    private Object optimizePrimitives(byte[] _signatureBuf, byte[] _dataBuf, int[] _offsets, long size, byte algn, int length)
            throws DBusException {
        Object rv;
        switch (_signatureBuf[_offsets[OFFSET_SIG]]) {
        case ArgumentType.BYTE:
            rv = new byte[length];
            System.arraycopy(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], rv, 0, length);
            _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += size;
            break;
        case ArgumentType.INT16:
            rv = new short[length];
            for (int j = 0; j < length; j++, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += algn) {
                ((short[]) rv)[j] = (short) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], algn);
            }
            break;
        case ArgumentType.INT32:
            rv = new int[length];
            for (int j = 0; j < length; j++, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += algn) {
                ((int[]) rv)[j] = (int) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], algn);
            }
            break;
        case ArgumentType.INT64:
            rv = new long[length];
            for (int j = 0; j < length; j++, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += algn) {
                ((long[]) rv)[j] = demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], algn);
            }
            break;
        case ArgumentType.BOOLEAN:
            rv = new boolean[length];
            for (int j = 0; j < length; j++, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += algn) {
                ((boolean[]) rv)[j] = (1 == demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], algn));
            }
            break;
        case ArgumentType.FLOAT:
            rv = new float[length];
            for (int j = 0; j < length; j++, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += algn) {
                ((float[]) rv)[j] = Float.intBitsToFloat((int) demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], algn));
            }
            break;
        case ArgumentType.DOUBLE:
            rv = new double[length];
            for (int j = 0; j < length; j++, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] += algn) {
                ((double[]) rv)[j] = Double.longBitsToDouble(demarshallint(_dataBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_DATA], algn));
            }
            break;
        case ArgumentType.DICT_ENTRY1:
            if (0 == size) {
                // advance the type parser even on 0-size arrays.
                List temp = new ArrayList<>();
                byte[] temp2 = new byte[_signatureBuf.length - _offsets[OFFSET_SIG]];
                System.arraycopy(_signatureBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_SIG], temp2, 0, temp2.length);
                String temp3 = new String(temp2);
                // ofs[OFFSET_SIG] gets incremented anyway. Leave one character on the stack
                int temp4 = Marshalling.getJavaType(temp3, temp, 1) - 1;
                _offsets[OFFSET_SIG] += temp4;
                logger.trace("Aligned type: {} {} {}", temp3, temp4, _offsets[OFFSET_SIG]);
            }
            int ofssave = _offsets[OFFSET_SIG];
            long end = _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] + size;
            List entries = new ArrayList<>();
            while (_offsets[OFFSET_DATA] < end) {
                _offsets[OFFSET_SIG] = ofssave;
                entries.add((Object[]) extractOne(_signatureBuf, _dataBuf, _offsets, true));
            }
            rv = new DBusMap<>(entries.toArray(new Object[0][]));
            break;
        default:
            if (0 == size) {
                // advance the type parser even on 0-size arrays.
                List temp = new ArrayList<>();
                byte[] temp2 = new byte[_signatureBuf.length - _offsets[OFFSET_SIG]];
                System.arraycopy(_signatureBuf, _offsets[OFFSET_SIG], temp2, 0, temp2.length);
                String temp3 = new String(temp2);
                // ofs[OFFSET_SIG] gets incremented anyway. Leave one character on the stack
                int temp4 = Marshalling.getJavaType(temp3, temp, 1) - 1;
                _offsets[OFFSET_SIG] += temp4;
                logger.trace("Aligned type: {} {} {}", temp3, temp4, _offsets[OFFSET_SIG]);
            }
            ofssave = _offsets[OFFSET_SIG];
            end = _offsets[OFFSET_DATA] + size;
            List contents = new ArrayList<>();
            while (_offsets[OFFSET_DATA] < end) {
                _offsets[OFFSET_SIG] = ofssave;
                contents.add(extractOne(_signatureBuf, _dataBuf, _offsets, true));
            }
            rv = contents;
        }
        return rv;
    }

    /**
    * Demarshall values from a buffer.
    * @param _signature The D-Bus signature(s) of the value(s).
    * @param _dataBuf The buffer to demarshall from.
    * @param _offsets The offset into the data buffer to start.
    * @return The demarshalled value(s).
    *
    * @throws DBusException on error
    */
    public Object[] extract(String _signature, byte[] _dataBuf, int _offsets) throws DBusException {
        return extract(_signature, _dataBuf, new int[] {
                0, _offsets
        });
    }

    /**
    * Demarshall values from a buffer.
    * @param _signature The D-Bus signature(s) of the value(s).
    * @param _dataBuf The buffer to demarshall from.
    * @param _offsets An array of two ints, which holds the position of the current signature offset
    *            and the current offset of the data buffer. These values will be
    *            updated to the start of the next value after demarshalling.
    * @return The demarshalled value(s).
    *
    * @throws DBusException on error
    */
    public Object[] extract(String _signature, byte[] _dataBuf, int[] _offsets) throws DBusException {
        logger.trace("extract({},#{}, {{},{}}", _signature, _dataBuf.length, _offsets[OFFSET_SIG], _offsets[OFFSET_DATA]);
        List rv = new ArrayList<>();
        byte[] sigb = _signature.getBytes();
        for (int[] i = _offsets; i[0] < sigb.length; i[0]++) {
            rv.add(extractOne(sigb, _dataBuf, i, false));
        }
        return rv.toArray();
    }

    /**
    * Returns the Bus ID that sent the message.
    * @return string
    */
    public String getSource() {
        return (String) headers.get(HeaderField.SENDER);
    }

    /**
    * Returns the destination of the message.
    * @return string
    */
    public String getDestination() {
        return (String) headers.get(HeaderField.DESTINATION);
    }

    /**
    * Returns the interface of the message.
    * @return string
    */
    public String getInterface() {
        return (String) headers.get(HeaderField.INTERFACE);
    }

    /**
    * Returns the object path of the message.
    * @return string
    */
    public String getPath() {
        Object o = headers.get(HeaderField.PATH);
        if (null == o) {
            return null;
        }
        return o.toString();
    }

    /**
    * Returns the member name or error name this message represents.
    * @return string
    */
    public String getName() {
        if (this instanceof org.freedesktop.dbus.errors.Error) {
            return (String) headers.get(HeaderField.ERROR_NAME);
        } else {
            return (String) headers.get(HeaderField.MEMBER);
        }
    }

    /**
    * Returns the dbus signature of the parameters.
    * @return string
    */
    public String getSig() {
        return (String) headers.get(HeaderField.SIGNATURE);
    }

    /**
    * Returns the message flags.
    * @return int
    */
    public int getFlags() {
        return flags;
    }

    /**
    * Returns the message serial ID (unique for this connection)
    * @return the message serial.
    */
    public long getSerial() {
        return serial;
    }

    /**
    * If this is a reply to a message, this returns its serial.
    * @return The reply serial, or 0 if it is not a reply.
    */
    public long getReplySerial() {
        Number l = (Number) headers.get(HeaderField.REPLY_SERIAL);
        if (null == l) {
            return 0;
        }
        return l.longValue();
    }

    /**
    * Parses and returns the parameters to this message as an Object array.
    * @return object array
    * @throws DBusException on failure
    */
    public Object[] getParameters() throws DBusException {
        if (null == args && null != body) {
            String sig = (String) headers.get(HeaderField.SIGNATURE);
            if (null != sig && 0 != body.length) {
                args = extract(sig, body, 0);
            } else {
                args = new Object[0];
            }
        }
        return args;
    }

    public void setArgs(Object[] _args) {
        this.args = _args;
    }

    /**
    * Warning, do not use this method unless you really know what you are doing.
    * @param source string
    * @throws DBusException on error
    */
    public void setSource(String source) throws DBusException {
        if (null != body) {
            wiredata = new byte[BUFFERINCREMENT][];
            bufferuse = 0;
            bytecounter = 0;
            preallocate(12);
            append("yyyyuu", big ? Endian.BIG : Endian.LITTLE, type, flags, protover, bodylen, serial);
            headers.put(HeaderField.SENDER, source);
            Object[][] newhead = new Object[headers.size()][];
            int i = 0;
            for (Byte b : headers.keySet()) {
                newhead[i] = new Object[2];
                newhead[i][0] = b;
                newhead[i][1] = headers.get(b);
                i++;
            }
            append("a(yv)", (Object) newhead);
            pad((byte) 8);
            appendBytes(body);
        }
    }

    /** Defines constants representing the flags which can be set on a message. */
    public interface Flags {
        byte NO_REPLY_EXPECTED = 0x01;
        byte NO_AUTO_START     = 0x02;
        byte ASYNC             = 0x40;
    }

    /** Defines constants for each message type. */
    public interface MessageType {
        byte METHOD_CALL   = 1;
        byte METHOD_RETURN = 2;
        byte ERROR         = 3;
        byte SIGNAL        = 4;
    }

    /** Defines constants for each valid header field type. */
    public interface HeaderField {
        byte PATH         = 1;
        byte INTERFACE    = 2;
        byte MEMBER       = 3;
        byte ERROR_NAME   = 4;
        byte REPLY_SERIAL = 5;
        byte DESTINATION  = 6;
        byte SENDER       = 7;
        byte SIGNATURE    = 8;
    }

    /** Defines constants for each argument type.
    * There are two constants for each argument type,
    * as a byte or as a String (the _STRING version) */
    public interface ArgumentType {
        String BYTE_STRING        = "y";
        String BOOLEAN_STRING     = "b";
        String INT16_STRING       = "n";
        String UINT16_STRING      = "q";
        String INT32_STRING       = "i";
        String UINT32_STRING      = "u";
        String INT64_STRING       = "x";
        String UINT64_STRING      = "t";
        String DOUBLE_STRING      = "d";
        String FLOAT_STRING       = "f";
        String STRING_STRING      = "s";
        String OBJECT_PATH_STRING = "o";
        String SIGNATURE_STRING   = "g";
        String ARRAY_STRING       = "a";
        String VARIANT_STRING     = "v";
        String STRUCT_STRING      = "r";
        String STRUCT1_STRING     = "(";
        String STRUCT2_STRING     = ")";
        String DICT_ENTRY_STRING  = "e";
        String DICT_ENTRY1_STRING = "{";
        String DICT_ENTRY2_STRING = "}";

        byte   BYTE               = 'y';
        byte   BOOLEAN            = 'b';
        byte   INT16              = 'n';
        byte   UINT16             = 'q';
        byte   INT32              = 'i';
        byte   UINT32             = 'u';
        byte   INT64              = 'x';
        byte   UINT64             = 't';
        byte   DOUBLE             = 'd';
        byte   FLOAT              = 'f';
        byte   STRING             = 's';
        byte   OBJECT_PATH        = 'o';
        byte   SIGNATURE          = 'g';
        byte   ARRAY              = 'a';
        byte   VARIANT            = 'v';
        byte   STRUCT             = 'r';
        byte   STRUCT1            = '(';
        byte   STRUCT2            = ')';
        byte   DICT_ENTRY         = 'e';
        byte   DICT_ENTRY1        = '{';
        byte   DICT_ENTRY2        = '}';
    }

    /** Defines constants representing the endianness of the message. */
    public interface Endian {
        byte BIG    = 'B';
        byte LITTLE = 'l';
    }
}