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g0401_0500.s0460_lfu_cache.readme.md Maven / Gradle / Ivy

460\. LFU Cache

Hard

Design and implement a data structure for a [Least Frequently Used (LFU)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_frequently_used) cache.

Implement the `LFUCache` class:

*   `LFUCache(int capacity)` Initializes the object with the `capacity` of the data structure.
*   `int get(int key)` Gets the value of the `key` if the `key` exists in the cache. Otherwise, returns `-1`.
*   `void put(int key, int value)` Update the value of the `key` if present, or inserts the `key` if not already present. When the cache reaches its `capacity`, it should invalidate and remove the **least frequently used** key before inserting a new item. For this problem, when there is a **tie** (i.e., two or more keys with the same frequency), the **least recently used** `key` would be invalidated.

To determine the least frequently used key, a **use counter** is maintained for each key in the cache. The key with the smallest **use counter** is the least frequently used key.

When a key is first inserted into the cache, its **use counter** is set to `1` (due to the `put` operation). The **use counter** for a key in the cache is incremented either a `get` or `put` operation is called on it.

The functions `get` and `put` must each run in `O(1)` average time complexity.

**Example 1:**

**Input**

    ["LFUCache", "put", "put", "get", "put", "get", "get", "put", "get", "get", "get"] 
    [[2], [1, 1], [2, 2], [1], [3, 3], [2], [3], [4, 4], [1], [3], [4]]

**Output:** [null, null, null, 1, null, -1, 3, null, -1, 3, 4]

**Explanation:** 

    // cnt(x) = the use counter for key x 
   
    // cache=[] will show the last used order for tiebreakers (leftmost element is most recent) 
    
    LFUCache lfu = new LFUCache(2); 
    lfu.put(1, 1); // cache=[1,_], cnt(1)=1
    lfu.put(2, 2);  // cache=[2,1], cnt(2)=1, cnt(1)=1
    lfu.get(1);     // return 1 
                    // cache=[1,2], cnt(2)=1, cnt(1)=2
    lfu.put(3, 3);  // 2 is the LFU key because cnt(2)=1 is the smallest, invalidate 2. 
                    // cache=[3,1], cnt(3)=1, cnt(1)=2
    lfu.get(2);     // return -1 (not found)
    lfu.get(3);     // return 3
                    // cache=[3,1], cnt(3)=2, cnt(1)=2
    lfu.put(4, 4);  // Both 1 and 3 have the same cnt, but 1 is LRU, invalidate 1. 
                    // cache=[4,3], cnt(4)=1, cnt(3)=2
    lfu.get(1);     // return -1 (not found)
    lfu.get(3);     // return 3 
                    // cache=[3,4], cnt(4)=1, cnt(3)=3
    lfu.get(4);     // return 4 
                    // cache=[3,4], cnt(4)=2, cnt(3)=3

**Constraints:**

*   0 <= capacity <= 104
*   0 <= key <= 105
*   0 <= value <= 109
*   At most 2 * 105 calls will be made to `get` and `put`.