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/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.tika.parser.image;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import com.drew.imaging.jpeg.JpegMetadataReader;
import com.drew.imaging.jpeg.JpegProcessingException;
import com.drew.imaging.riff.RiffProcessingException;
import com.drew.imaging.tiff.TiffMetadataReader;
import com.drew.imaging.tiff.TiffProcessingException;
import com.drew.imaging.webp.WebpMetadataReader;
import com.drew.lang.ByteArrayReader;
import com.drew.lang.GeoLocation;
import com.drew.lang.Rational;
import com.drew.metadata.Directory;
import com.drew.metadata.MetadataException;
import com.drew.metadata.Tag;
import com.drew.metadata.exif.ExifIFD0Directory;
import com.drew.metadata.exif.ExifReader;
import com.drew.metadata.exif.ExifSubIFDDirectory;
import com.drew.metadata.exif.ExifThumbnailDirectory;
import com.drew.metadata.exif.GpsDirectory;
import com.drew.metadata.iptc.IptcDirectory;
import com.drew.metadata.jpeg.JpegCommentDirectory;
import com.drew.metadata.jpeg.JpegDirectory;
import org.apache.jempbox.xmp.XMPMetadata;
import org.apache.poi.util.IOUtils;
import org.apache.tika.exception.TikaException;
import org.apache.tika.metadata.IPTC;
import org.apache.tika.metadata.Metadata;
import org.apache.tika.metadata.Property;
import org.apache.tika.metadata.TikaCoreProperties;
import org.apache.tika.parser.ParseContext;
import org.apache.tika.parser.image.xmp.JempboxExtractor;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
/**
* Uses the Metadata Extractor library
* to read EXIF and IPTC image metadata and map to Tika fields.
*
* As of 2.4.0 the library supports jpeg and tiff.
* As of 2.8.0 the library supports webp.
*/
public class ImageMetadataExtractor {
private static final String GEO_DECIMAL_FORMAT_STRING = "#.######"; // 6 dp seems to be reasonable
private final Metadata metadata;
private DirectoryHandler[] handlers;
/**
* @param metadata to extract to, using default directory handlers
*/
public ImageMetadataExtractor(Metadata metadata) {
this(metadata,
new CopyUnknownFieldsHandler(),
new JpegCommentHandler(),
new ExifHandler(),
new DimensionsHandler(),
new GeotagHandler(),
new IptcHandler()
);
}
/**
* @param metadata to extract to
* @param handlers handlers in order, note that handlers may override values from earlier handlers
*/
public ImageMetadataExtractor(Metadata metadata, DirectoryHandler... handlers) {
this.metadata = metadata;
this.handlers = handlers;
}
private static String trimPixels(String s) {
//if height/width appears as "100 pixels", trim " pixels"
if (s != null) {
int i = s.lastIndexOf(" pixels");
s = s.substring(0, i);
}
return s;
}
public void parseJpeg(File file)
throws IOException, SAXException, TikaException {
try {
com.drew.metadata.Metadata jpegMetadata = JpegMetadataReader.readMetadata(file);
handle(jpegMetadata);
} catch (JpegProcessingException e) {
throw new TikaException("Can't read JPEG metadata", e);
} catch (MetadataException e) {
throw new TikaException("Can't read JPEG metadata", e);
}
}
public void parseTiff(File file)
throws IOException, SAXException, TikaException {
try {
com.drew.metadata.Metadata tiffMetadata = TiffMetadataReader.readMetadata(file);
handle(tiffMetadata);
} catch (MetadataException e) {
throw new TikaException("Can't read TIFF metadata", e);
} catch (TiffProcessingException e) {
throw new TikaException("Can't read TIFF metadata", e);
}
}
public void parseWebP(File file) throws IOException, TikaException {
try {
com.drew.metadata.Metadata webPMetadata = new com.drew.metadata.Metadata();
webPMetadata = WebpMetadataReader.readMetadata(file);
handle(webPMetadata);
} catch (IOException e) {
throw e;
} catch (RiffProcessingException e) {
throw new TikaException("Can't process Riff data", e);
} catch (MetadataException e) {
throw new TikaException("Can't process Riff data", e);
}
}
public void parseRawExif(InputStream stream, int length, boolean needsExifHeader)
throws IOException, SAXException, TikaException {
byte[] exif;
if (needsExifHeader) {
exif = new byte[length + 6];
exif[0] = (byte) 'E';
exif[1] = (byte) 'x';
exif[2] = (byte) 'i';
exif[3] = (byte) 'f';
IOUtils.readFully(stream, exif, 6, length);
} else {
exif = new byte[length];
IOUtils.readFully(stream, exif, 0, length);
}
parseRawExif(exif);
}
public void parseRawExif(byte[] exifData)
throws IOException, SAXException, TikaException {
com.drew.metadata.Metadata metadata = new com.drew.metadata.Metadata();
ExifReader reader = new ExifReader();
reader.extract(new ByteArrayReader(exifData), metadata, ExifReader.JPEG_SEGMENT_PREAMBLE.length());
try {
handle(metadata);
} catch (MetadataException e) {
throw new TikaException("Can't process the EXIF Data", e);
}
}
public void parseRawXMP(byte[] xmpData)
throws IOException, SAXException, TikaException {
XMPMetadata xmp = null;
try (InputStream decoded =
new ByteArrayInputStream(xmpData)
) {
Document dom = new ParseContext().getDocumentBuilder().parse(decoded);
if (dom != null) {
xmp = new XMPMetadata(dom);
}
} catch (IOException|SAXException e) {
//
}
if (xmp != null) {
JempboxExtractor.extractDublinCore(xmp, metadata);
JempboxExtractor.extractXMPMM(xmp, metadata);
}
}
/**
* Copies extracted tags to tika metadata using registered handlers.
*
* @param metadataExtractor Tag directories from a Metadata Extractor "reader"
* @throws MetadataException This method does not handle exceptions from Metadata Extractor
*/
protected void handle(com.drew.metadata.Metadata metadataExtractor)
throws MetadataException {
handle(metadataExtractor.getDirectories().iterator());
}
/**
* Copies extracted tags to tika metadata using registered handlers.
*
* @param directories Metadata Extractor {@link com.drew.metadata.Directory} instances.
* @throws MetadataException This method does not handle exceptions from Metadata Extractor
*/
protected void handle(Iterator directories) throws MetadataException {
while (directories.hasNext()) {
Directory directory = directories.next();
for (DirectoryHandler handler : handlers) {
if (handler.supports(directory.getClass())) {
handler.handle(directory, metadata);
}
}
}
}
/**
* Reads one or more type of Metadata Extractor fields.
*/
static interface DirectoryHandler {
/**
* @param directoryType A Metadata Extractor directory class
* @return true if the directory type is supported by this handler
*/
boolean supports(Class directoryType);
/**
* @param directory extracted tags
* @param metadata current tika metadata
* @throws MetadataException typically field extraction error, aborts all further extraction
*/
void handle(Directory directory, Metadata metadata)
throws MetadataException;
}
/**
* Mimics the behavior from TIKA-314 of copying all extracted tags
* to tika metadata using field names from Metadata Extractor.
*/
static class CopyAllFieldsHandler implements DirectoryHandler {
public boolean supports(Class directoryType) {
return true;
}
public void handle(Directory directory, Metadata metadata)
throws MetadataException {
if (directory.getTags() != null) {
for (Tag tag : directory.getTags()) {
metadata.set(tag.getTagName(), tag.getDescription());
}
}
}
}
/**
* Copies all fields regardless of directory, if the tag name
* is not identical to a known Metadata field name.
* This leads to more predictable behavior than {@link CopyAllFieldsHandler}.
*/
static class CopyUnknownFieldsHandler implements DirectoryHandler {
public boolean supports(Class directoryType) {
return true;
}
public void handle(Directory directory, Metadata metadata)
throws MetadataException {
if (directory.getTags() != null) {
for (Tag tag : directory.getTags()) {
String name = tag.getTagName();
if (!MetadataFields.isMetadataField(name) && tag.getDescription() != null) {
String value = tag.getDescription().trim();
if (Boolean.TRUE.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
value = Boolean.TRUE.toString();
} else if (Boolean.FALSE.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
value = Boolean.FALSE.toString();
}
metadata.set(name, value);
}
}
}
}
}
/**
* Basic image properties for TIFF and JPEG, at least.
*/
static class DimensionsHandler implements DirectoryHandler {
private final Pattern LEADING_NUMBERS = Pattern.compile("(\\d+)\\s*.*");
public boolean supports(Class directoryType) {
return directoryType == JpegDirectory.class ||
directoryType == ExifSubIFDDirectory.class ||
directoryType == ExifThumbnailDirectory.class ||
directoryType == ExifIFD0Directory.class;
}
public void handle(Directory directory, Metadata metadata) throws MetadataException {
// The test TIFF has width and height stored as follows according to exiv2
//Exif.Image.ImageWidth Short 1 100
//Exif.Image.ImageLength Short 1 75
// and the values are found in "Thumbnail Image Width" (and Height) from Metadata Extractor
set(directory, metadata, JpegDirectory.TAG_IMAGE_WIDTH, Metadata.IMAGE_WIDTH);
set(directory, metadata, JpegDirectory.TAG_IMAGE_HEIGHT, Metadata.IMAGE_LENGTH);
// Bits per sample, two methods of extracting, exif overrides jpeg
set(directory, metadata, JpegDirectory.TAG_DATA_PRECISION, Metadata.BITS_PER_SAMPLE);
set(directory, metadata, ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_BITS_PER_SAMPLE, Metadata.BITS_PER_SAMPLE);
// Straightforward
set(directory, metadata, ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL, Metadata.SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL);
}
private void set(Directory directory, Metadata metadata, int extractTag, Property metadataField) {
if (directory.containsTag(extractTag)) {
Matcher m = LEADING_NUMBERS.matcher(directory.getString(extractTag));
if (m.matches()) {
metadata.set(metadataField, m.group(1));
}
}
}
}
static class JpegCommentHandler implements DirectoryHandler {
public boolean supports(Class directoryType) {
return directoryType == JpegCommentDirectory.class;
}
public void handle(Directory directory, Metadata metadata) throws MetadataException {
if (directory.containsTag(JpegCommentDirectory.TAG_COMMENT)) {
metadata.add(TikaCoreProperties.COMMENTS, directory.getString(JpegCommentDirectory.TAG_COMMENT));
}
}
}
static class ExifHandler implements DirectoryHandler {
// There's a new ExifHandler for each file processed, so this is thread safe
private final SimpleDateFormat dateUnspecifiedTz =
new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss", Locale.US);
public boolean supports(Class directoryType) {
return directoryType == ExifIFD0Directory.class ||
directoryType == ExifSubIFDDirectory.class;
}
public void handle(Directory directory, Metadata metadata) {
try {
handleDateTags(directory, metadata);
handlePhotoTags(directory, metadata);
handleCommentTags(directory, metadata);
} catch (MetadataException e) {
// ignore date parse errors and proceed with other tags
}
}
/**
* EXIF may contain image description, although with undefined encoding.
* Use IPTC for other annotation fields, and XMP for unicode support.
*/
public void handleCommentTags(Directory directory, Metadata metadata) {
if (metadata.get(TikaCoreProperties.DESCRIPTION) == null &&
directory.containsTag(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_IMAGE_DESCRIPTION)) {
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.DESCRIPTION,
directory.getString(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_IMAGE_DESCRIPTION));
}
}
/**
* Maps common TIFF and EXIF tags onto the Tika
* TIFF image metadata namespace.
*/
public void handlePhotoTags(Directory directory, Metadata metadata) {
if (directory.containsTag(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_EXPOSURE_TIME)) {
Object exposure = directory.getObject(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_EXPOSURE_TIME);
if (exposure instanceof Rational) {
metadata.set(Metadata.EXPOSURE_TIME, ((Rational) exposure).doubleValue());
} else {
metadata.set(Metadata.EXPOSURE_TIME, directory.getString(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_EXPOSURE_TIME));
}
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_FLASH)) {
String flash = directory.getDescription(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_FLASH);
if (flash != null) {
if (flash.contains("Flash fired")) {
metadata.set(Metadata.FLASH_FIRED, Boolean.TRUE.toString());
} else if (flash.contains("Flash did not fire")) {
metadata.set(Metadata.FLASH_FIRED, Boolean.FALSE.toString());
} else {
metadata.set(Metadata.FLASH_FIRED, flash);
}
}
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_FNUMBER)) {
Object fnumber = directory.getObject(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_FNUMBER);
if (fnumber instanceof Rational) {
metadata.set(Metadata.F_NUMBER, ((Rational) fnumber).doubleValue());
} else {
metadata.set(Metadata.F_NUMBER, directory.getString(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_FNUMBER));
}
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_FOCAL_LENGTH)) {
Object length = directory.getObject(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_FOCAL_LENGTH);
if (length instanceof Rational) {
metadata.set(Metadata.FOCAL_LENGTH, ((Rational) length).doubleValue());
} else {
metadata.set(Metadata.FOCAL_LENGTH, directory.getString(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_FOCAL_LENGTH));
}
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_ISO_EQUIVALENT)) {
metadata.set(Metadata.ISO_SPEED_RATINGS, directory.getString(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_ISO_EQUIVALENT));
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_MAKE)) {
metadata.set(Metadata.EQUIPMENT_MAKE, directory.getString(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_MAKE));
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_MODEL)) {
metadata.set(Metadata.EQUIPMENT_MODEL, directory.getString(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_MODEL));
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_ORIENTATION)) {
Object length = directory.getObject(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_ORIENTATION);
if (length instanceof Integer) {
metadata.set(Metadata.ORIENTATION, Integer.toString((Integer) length));
} else {
metadata.set(Metadata.ORIENTATION, directory.getString(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_ORIENTATION));
}
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_SOFTWARE)) {
metadata.set(Metadata.SOFTWARE, directory.getString(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_SOFTWARE));
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_X_RESOLUTION)) {
Object resolution = directory.getObject(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_X_RESOLUTION);
if (resolution instanceof Rational) {
metadata.set(Metadata.RESOLUTION_HORIZONTAL, ((Rational) resolution).doubleValue());
} else {
metadata.set(Metadata.RESOLUTION_HORIZONTAL, directory.getString(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_X_RESOLUTION));
}
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_Y_RESOLUTION)) {
Object resolution = directory.getObject(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_Y_RESOLUTION);
if (resolution instanceof Rational) {
metadata.set(Metadata.RESOLUTION_VERTICAL, ((Rational) resolution).doubleValue());
} else {
metadata.set(Metadata.RESOLUTION_VERTICAL, directory.getString(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_Y_RESOLUTION));
}
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_RESOLUTION_UNIT)) {
metadata.set(Metadata.RESOLUTION_UNIT, directory.getDescription(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_RESOLUTION_UNIT));
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifThumbnailDirectory.TAG_IMAGE_WIDTH)) {
metadata.set(Metadata.IMAGE_WIDTH,
trimPixels(directory.getDescription(ExifThumbnailDirectory.TAG_IMAGE_WIDTH)));
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifThumbnailDirectory.TAG_IMAGE_HEIGHT)) {
metadata.set(Metadata.IMAGE_LENGTH,
trimPixels(directory.getDescription(ExifThumbnailDirectory.TAG_IMAGE_HEIGHT)));
}
}
/**
* Maps exif dates to metadata fields.
*/
public void handleDateTags(Directory directory, Metadata metadata)
throws MetadataException {
//TODO: should we try to process ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_TIME_ZONE_OFFSET
//if it exists?
// Date/Time Original overrides value from ExifDirectory.TAG_DATETIME
Date original = null;
if (directory.containsTag(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_DATETIME_ORIGINAL)) {
original = directory.getDate(ExifSubIFDDirectory.TAG_DATETIME_ORIGINAL);
// Unless we have GPS time we don't know the time zone so date must be set
// as ISO 8601 datetime without timezone suffix (no Z or +/-)
if (original != null) {
String datetimeNoTimeZone = dateUnspecifiedTz.format(original); // Same time zone as Metadata Extractor uses
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.CREATED, datetimeNoTimeZone);
metadata.set(Metadata.ORIGINAL_DATE, datetimeNoTimeZone);
}
}
if (directory.containsTag(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_DATETIME)) {
Date datetime = directory.getDate(ExifIFD0Directory.TAG_DATETIME);
if (datetime != null) {
String datetimeNoTimeZone = dateUnspecifiedTz.format(datetime);
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.MODIFIED, datetimeNoTimeZone);
// If Date/Time Original does not exist this might be creation date
if (metadata.get(TikaCoreProperties.CREATED) == null) {
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.CREATED, datetimeNoTimeZone);
}
}
}
}
}
/**
* Reads image comments, originally TIKA-472.
* Metadata Extractor does not read XMP so we need to use the values from Iptc or EXIF
*/
static class IptcHandler implements DirectoryHandler {
public boolean supports(Class directoryType) {
return directoryType == IptcDirectory.class;
}
public void handle(Directory directory, Metadata metadata)
throws MetadataException {
if (directory.containsTag(IptcDirectory.TAG_KEYWORDS)) {
String[] keywords = directory.getStringArray(IptcDirectory.TAG_KEYWORDS);
for (String k : keywords) {
metadata.add(TikaCoreProperties.KEYWORDS, k);
}
}
if (directory.containsTag(IptcDirectory.TAG_HEADLINE)) {
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.TITLE, directory.getString(IptcDirectory.TAG_HEADLINE));
} else if (directory.containsTag(IptcDirectory.TAG_OBJECT_NAME)) {
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.TITLE, directory.getString(IptcDirectory.TAG_OBJECT_NAME));
}
if (directory.containsTag(IptcDirectory.TAG_BY_LINE)) {
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.CREATOR, directory.getString(IptcDirectory.TAG_BY_LINE));
metadata.set(IPTC.CREATOR, directory.getString(IptcDirectory.TAG_BY_LINE));
}
if (directory.containsTag(IptcDirectory.TAG_CAPTION)) {
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.DESCRIPTION,
// Looks like metadata extractor returns IPTC newlines as a single carriage return,
// but the exiv2 command does not so we change to line feed here because that is less surprising to users
directory.getString(IptcDirectory.TAG_CAPTION).replaceAll("\r\n?", "\n"));
}
}
}
/**
* Maps EXIF Geo Tags onto the Tika Geo metadata namespace.
*/
static class GeotagHandler implements DirectoryHandler {
public boolean supports(Class directoryType) {
return directoryType == GpsDirectory.class;
}
public void handle(Directory directory, Metadata metadata) throws MetadataException {
GeoLocation geoLocation = ((GpsDirectory) directory).getGeoLocation();
if (geoLocation != null) {
DecimalFormat geoDecimalFormat = new DecimalFormat(GEO_DECIMAL_FORMAT_STRING,
new DecimalFormatSymbols(Locale.ENGLISH));
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.LATITUDE, geoDecimalFormat.format(geoLocation.getLatitude()));
metadata.set(TikaCoreProperties.LONGITUDE, geoDecimalFormat.format(geoLocation.getLongitude()));
}
}
}
}
