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/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.common.util.concurrent;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;

import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.google.common.base.Supplier;
import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import com.google.common.collect.Queues;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ForwardingListenableFuture.SimpleForwardingListenableFuture;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.Delayed;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

/**
 * Factory and utility methods for {@link java.util.concurrent.Executor}, {@link
 * ExecutorService}, and {@link ThreadFactory}.
 *
 * @author Eric Fellheimer
 * @author Kyle Littlefield
 * @author Justin Mahoney
 * @since 3.0
 */
public final class MoreExecutors {
  private MoreExecutors() {}

  /**
   * Converts the given ThreadPoolExecutor into an ExecutorService that exits
   * when the application is complete.  It does so by using daemon threads and
   * adding a shutdown hook to wait for their completion.
   *
   * 

This is mainly for fixed thread pools. * See {@link Executors#newFixedThreadPool(int)}. * * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the * application is finished * @param terminationTimeout how long to wait for the executor to * finish before terminating the JVM * @param timeUnit unit of time for the time parameter * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM */ @Beta public static ExecutorService getExitingExecutorService( ThreadPoolExecutor executor, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) { return new Application() .getExitingExecutorService(executor, terminationTimeout, timeUnit); } /** * Converts the given ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor into a * ScheduledExecutorService that exits when the application is complete. It * does so by using daemon threads and adding a shutdown hook to wait for * their completion. * *

This is mainly for fixed thread pools. * See {@link Executors#newScheduledThreadPool(int)}. * * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the * application is finished * @param terminationTimeout how long to wait for the executor to * finish before terminating the JVM * @param timeUnit unit of time for the time parameter * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM */ @Beta public static ScheduledExecutorService getExitingScheduledExecutorService( ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) { return new Application() .getExitingScheduledExecutorService(executor, terminationTimeout, timeUnit); } /** * Add a shutdown hook to wait for thread completion in the given * {@link ExecutorService service}. This is useful if the given service uses * daemon threads, and we want to keep the JVM from exiting immediately on * shutdown, instead giving these daemon threads a chance to terminate * normally. * @param service ExecutorService which uses daemon threads * @param terminationTimeout how long to wait for the executor to finish * before terminating the JVM * @param timeUnit unit of time for the time parameter */ @Beta public static void addDelayedShutdownHook( ExecutorService service, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) { new Application() .addDelayedShutdownHook(service, terminationTimeout, timeUnit); } /** * Converts the given ThreadPoolExecutor into an ExecutorService that exits * when the application is complete. It does so by using daemon threads and * adding a shutdown hook to wait for their completion. * *

This method waits 120 seconds before continuing with JVM termination, * even if the executor has not finished its work. * *

This is mainly for fixed thread pools. * See {@link Executors#newFixedThreadPool(int)}. * * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the * application is finished * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM */ @Beta public static ExecutorService getExitingExecutorService(ThreadPoolExecutor executor) { return new Application().getExitingExecutorService(executor); } /** * Converts the given ThreadPoolExecutor into a ScheduledExecutorService that * exits when the application is complete. It does so by using daemon threads * and adding a shutdown hook to wait for their completion. * *

This method waits 120 seconds before continuing with JVM termination, * even if the executor has not finished its work. * *

This is mainly for fixed thread pools. * See {@link Executors#newScheduledThreadPool(int)}. * * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the * application is finished * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM */ @Beta public static ScheduledExecutorService getExitingScheduledExecutorService( ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor) { return new Application().getExitingScheduledExecutorService(executor); } /** Represents the current application to register shutdown hooks. */ @VisibleForTesting static class Application { final ExecutorService getExitingExecutorService( ThreadPoolExecutor executor, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) { useDaemonThreadFactory(executor); ExecutorService service = Executors.unconfigurableExecutorService(executor); addDelayedShutdownHook(service, terminationTimeout, timeUnit); return service; } final ScheduledExecutorService getExitingScheduledExecutorService( ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) { useDaemonThreadFactory(executor); ScheduledExecutorService service = Executors.unconfigurableScheduledExecutorService(executor); addDelayedShutdownHook(service, terminationTimeout, timeUnit); return service; } final void addDelayedShutdownHook( final ExecutorService service, final long terminationTimeout, final TimeUnit timeUnit) { checkNotNull(service); checkNotNull(timeUnit); addShutdownHook(MoreExecutors.newThread("DelayedShutdownHook-for-" + service, new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { try { // We'd like to log progress and failures that may arise in the // following code, but unfortunately the behavior of logging // is undefined in shutdown hooks. // This is because the logging code installs a shutdown hook of its // own. See Cleaner class inside {@link LogManager}. service.shutdown(); service.awaitTermination(terminationTimeout, timeUnit); } catch (InterruptedException ignored) { // We're shutting down anyway, so just ignore. } } })); } final ExecutorService getExitingExecutorService(ThreadPoolExecutor executor) { return getExitingExecutorService(executor, 120, TimeUnit.SECONDS); } final ScheduledExecutorService getExitingScheduledExecutorService( ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor) { return getExitingScheduledExecutorService(executor, 120, TimeUnit.SECONDS); } @VisibleForTesting void addShutdownHook(Thread hook) { Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(hook); } } private static void useDaemonThreadFactory(ThreadPoolExecutor executor) { executor.setThreadFactory(new ThreadFactoryBuilder() .setDaemon(true) .setThreadFactory(executor.getThreadFactory()) .build()); } /** * Creates an executor service that runs each task in the thread * that invokes {@code execute/submit}, as in {@link CallerRunsPolicy} This * applies both to individually submitted tasks and to collections of tasks * submitted via {@code invokeAll} or {@code invokeAny}. In the latter case, * tasks will run serially on the calling thread. Tasks are run to * completion before a {@code Future} is returned to the caller (unless the * executor has been shutdown). * *

Although all tasks are immediately executed in the thread that * submitted the task, this {@code ExecutorService} imposes a small * locking overhead on each task submission in order to implement shutdown * and termination behavior. * *

The implementation deviates from the {@code ExecutorService} * specification with regards to the {@code shutdownNow} method. First, * "best-effort" with regards to canceling running tasks is implemented * as "no-effort". No interrupts or other attempts are made to stop * threads executing tasks. Second, the returned list will always be empty, * as any submitted task is considered to have started execution. * This applies also to tasks given to {@code invokeAll} or {@code invokeAny} * which are pending serial execution, even the subset of the tasks that * have not yet started execution. It is unclear from the * {@code ExecutorService} specification if these should be included, and * it's much easier to implement the interpretation that they not be. * Finally, a call to {@code shutdown} or {@code shutdownNow} may result * in concurrent calls to {@code invokeAll/invokeAny} throwing * RejectedExecutionException, although a subset of the tasks may already * have been executed. * * @since 10.0 (mostly source-compatible since 3.0) */ public static ListeningExecutorService sameThreadExecutor() { return new SameThreadExecutorService(); } // See sameThreadExecutor javadoc for behavioral notes. private static class SameThreadExecutorService extends AbstractListeningExecutorService { /** * Lock used whenever accessing the state variables * (runningTasks, shutdown, terminationCondition) of the executor */ private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); /** Signaled after the executor is shutdown and running tasks are done */ private final Condition termination = lock.newCondition(); /* * Conceptually, these two variables describe the executor being in * one of three states: * - Active: shutdown == false * - Shutdown: runningTasks > 0 and shutdown == true * - Terminated: runningTasks == 0 and shutdown == true */ private int runningTasks = 0; private boolean shutdown = false; @Override public void execute(Runnable command) { startTask(); try { command.run(); } finally { endTask(); } } @Override public boolean isShutdown() { lock.lock(); try { return shutdown; } finally { lock.unlock(); } } @Override public void shutdown() { lock.lock(); try { shutdown = true; } finally { lock.unlock(); } } // See sameThreadExecutor javadoc for unusual behavior of this method. @Override public List shutdownNow() { shutdown(); return Collections.emptyList(); } @Override public boolean isTerminated() { lock.lock(); try { return shutdown && runningTasks == 0; } finally { lock.unlock(); } } @Override public boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException { long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout); lock.lock(); try { for (;;) { if (isTerminated()) { return true; } else if (nanos <= 0) { return false; } else { nanos = termination.awaitNanos(nanos); } } } finally { lock.unlock(); } } /** * Checks if the executor has been shut down and increments the running * task count. * * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the executor has been previously * shutdown */ private void startTask() { lock.lock(); try { if (isShutdown()) { throw new RejectedExecutionException("Executor already shutdown"); } runningTasks++; } finally { lock.unlock(); } } /** * Decrements the running task count. */ private void endTask() { lock.lock(); try { runningTasks--; if (isTerminated()) { termination.signalAll(); } } finally { lock.unlock(); } } } /** * Creates an {@link ExecutorService} whose {@code submit} and {@code * invokeAll} methods submit {@link ListenableFutureTask} instances to the * given delegate executor. Those methods, as well as {@code execute} and * {@code invokeAny}, are implemented in terms of calls to {@code * delegate.execute}. All other methods are forwarded unchanged to the * delegate. This implies that the returned {@code ListeningExecutorService} * never calls the delegate's {@code submit}, {@code invokeAll}, and {@code * invokeAny} methods, so any special handling of tasks must be implemented in * the delegate's {@code execute} method or by wrapping the returned {@code * ListeningExecutorService}. * *

If the delegate executor was already an instance of {@code * ListeningExecutorService}, it is returned untouched, and the rest of this * documentation does not apply. * * @since 10.0 */ public static ListeningExecutorService listeningDecorator( ExecutorService delegate) { return (delegate instanceof ListeningExecutorService) ? (ListeningExecutorService) delegate : (delegate instanceof ScheduledExecutorService) ? new ScheduledListeningDecorator((ScheduledExecutorService) delegate) : new ListeningDecorator(delegate); } /** * Creates a {@link ScheduledExecutorService} whose {@code submit} and {@code * invokeAll} methods submit {@link ListenableFutureTask} instances to the * given delegate executor. Those methods, as well as {@code execute} and * {@code invokeAny}, are implemented in terms of calls to {@code * delegate.execute}. All other methods are forwarded unchanged to the * delegate. This implies that the returned {@code * ListeningScheduledExecutorService} never calls the delegate's {@code * submit}, {@code invokeAll}, and {@code invokeAny} methods, so any special * handling of tasks must be implemented in the delegate's {@code execute} * method or by wrapping the returned {@code * ListeningScheduledExecutorService}. * *

If the delegate executor was already an instance of {@code * ListeningScheduledExecutorService}, it is returned untouched, and the rest * of this documentation does not apply. * * @since 10.0 */ public static ListeningScheduledExecutorService listeningDecorator( ScheduledExecutorService delegate) { return (delegate instanceof ListeningScheduledExecutorService) ? (ListeningScheduledExecutorService) delegate : new ScheduledListeningDecorator(delegate); } private static class ListeningDecorator extends AbstractListeningExecutorService { private final ExecutorService delegate; ListeningDecorator(ExecutorService delegate) { this.delegate = checkNotNull(delegate); } @Override public boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException { return delegate.awaitTermination(timeout, unit); } @Override public boolean isShutdown() { return delegate.isShutdown(); } @Override public boolean isTerminated() { return delegate.isTerminated(); } @Override public void shutdown() { delegate.shutdown(); } @Override public List shutdownNow() { return delegate.shutdownNow(); } @Override public void execute(Runnable command) { delegate.execute(command); } } private static class ScheduledListeningDecorator extends ListeningDecorator implements ListeningScheduledExecutorService { @SuppressWarnings("hiding") final ScheduledExecutorService delegate; ScheduledListeningDecorator(ScheduledExecutorService delegate) { super(delegate); this.delegate = checkNotNull(delegate); } @Override public ListenableScheduledFuture schedule( Runnable command, long delay, TimeUnit unit) { ListenableFutureTask task = ListenableFutureTask.create(command, null); ScheduledFuture scheduled = delegate.schedule(task, delay, unit); return new ListenableScheduledTask(task, scheduled); } @Override public ListenableScheduledFuture schedule( Callable callable, long delay, TimeUnit unit) { ListenableFutureTask task = ListenableFutureTask.create(callable); ScheduledFuture scheduled = delegate.schedule(task, delay, unit); return new ListenableScheduledTask(task, scheduled); } @Override public ListenableScheduledFuture scheduleAtFixedRate( Runnable command, long initialDelay, long period, TimeUnit unit) { NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask task = new NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask(command); ScheduledFuture scheduled = delegate.scheduleAtFixedRate(task, initialDelay, period, unit); return new ListenableScheduledTask(task, scheduled); } @Override public ListenableScheduledFuture scheduleWithFixedDelay( Runnable command, long initialDelay, long delay, TimeUnit unit) { NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask task = new NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask(command); ScheduledFuture scheduled = delegate.scheduleWithFixedDelay(task, initialDelay, delay, unit); return new ListenableScheduledTask(task, scheduled); } private static final class ListenableScheduledTask extends SimpleForwardingListenableFuture implements ListenableScheduledFuture { private final ScheduledFuture scheduledDelegate; public ListenableScheduledTask( ListenableFuture listenableDelegate, ScheduledFuture scheduledDelegate) { super(listenableDelegate); this.scheduledDelegate = scheduledDelegate; } @Override public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) { boolean cancelled = super.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning); if (cancelled) { // Unless it is cancelled, the delegate may continue being scheduled scheduledDelegate.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning); // TODO(user): Cancel "this" if "scheduledDelegate" is cancelled. } return cancelled; } @Override public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) { return scheduledDelegate.getDelay(unit); } @Override public int compareTo(Delayed other) { return scheduledDelegate.compareTo(other); } } private static final class NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask extends AbstractFuture implements Runnable { private final Runnable delegate; public NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask(Runnable delegate) { this.delegate = checkNotNull(delegate); } @Override public void run() { try { delegate.run(); } catch (Throwable t) { setException(t); throw Throwables.propagate(t); } } } } /* * This following method is a modified version of one found in * http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/jsr166/src/test/tck/AbstractExecutorServiceTest.java?revision=1.30 * which contained the following notice: * * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ * Other contributors include Andrew Wright, Jeffrey Hayes, * Pat Fisher, Mike Judd. */ /** * An implementation of {@link ExecutorService#invokeAny} for {@link ListeningExecutorService} * implementations. */ static T invokeAnyImpl(ListeningExecutorService executorService, Collection> tasks, boolean timed, long nanos) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException { checkNotNull(executorService); int ntasks = tasks.size(); checkArgument(ntasks > 0); List> futures = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(ntasks); BlockingQueue> futureQueue = Queues.newLinkedBlockingQueue(); // For efficiency, especially in executors with limited // parallelism, check to see if previously submitted tasks are // done before submitting more of them. This interleaving // plus the exception mechanics account for messiness of main // loop. try { // Record exceptions so that if we fail to obtain any // result, we can throw the last exception we got. ExecutionException ee = null; long lastTime = timed ? System.nanoTime() : 0; Iterator> it = tasks.iterator(); futures.add(submitAndAddQueueListener(executorService, it.next(), futureQueue)); --ntasks; int active = 1; for (;;) { Future f = futureQueue.poll(); if (f == null) { if (ntasks > 0) { --ntasks; futures.add(submitAndAddQueueListener(executorService, it.next(), futureQueue)); ++active; } else if (active == 0) { break; } else if (timed) { f = futureQueue.poll(nanos, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS); if (f == null) { throw new TimeoutException(); } long now = System.nanoTime(); nanos -= now - lastTime; lastTime = now; } else { f = futureQueue.take(); } } if (f != null) { --active; try { return f.get(); } catch (ExecutionException eex) { ee = eex; } catch (RuntimeException rex) { ee = new ExecutionException(rex); } } } if (ee == null) { ee = new ExecutionException(null); } throw ee; } finally { for (Future f : futures) { f.cancel(true); } } } /** * Submits the task and adds a listener that adds the future to {@code queue} when it completes. */ private static ListenableFuture submitAndAddQueueListener( ListeningExecutorService executorService, Callable task, final BlockingQueue> queue) { final ListenableFuture future = executorService.submit(task); future.addListener(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { queue.add(future); } }, MoreExecutors.sameThreadExecutor()); return future; } /** * Returns a default thread factory used to create new threads. * *

On AppEngine, returns {@code ThreadManager.currentRequestThreadFactory()}. * Otherwise, returns {@link Executors#defaultThreadFactory()}. * * @since 14.0 */ @Beta public static ThreadFactory platformThreadFactory() { if (!isAppEngine()) { return Executors.defaultThreadFactory(); } try { return (ThreadFactory) Class.forName("com.google.appengine.api.ThreadManager") .getMethod("currentRequestThreadFactory") .invoke(null); } catch (IllegalAccessException e) { throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't invoke ThreadManager.currentRequestThreadFactory", e); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't invoke ThreadManager.currentRequestThreadFactory", e); } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) { throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't invoke ThreadManager.currentRequestThreadFactory", e); } catch (InvocationTargetException e) { throw Throwables.propagate(e.getCause()); } } private static boolean isAppEngine() { if (System.getProperty("com.google.appengine.runtime.environment") == null) { return false; } try { // If the current environment is null, we're not inside AppEngine. return Class.forName("com.google.apphosting.api.ApiProxy") .getMethod("getCurrentEnvironment") .invoke(null) != null; } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { // If ApiProxy doesn't exist, we're not on AppEngine at all. return false; } catch (InvocationTargetException e) { // If ApiProxy throws an exception, we're not in a proper AppEngine environment. return false; } catch (IllegalAccessException e) { // If the method isn't accessible, we're not on a supported version of AppEngine; return false; } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) { // If the method doesn't exist, we're not on a supported version of AppEngine; return false; } } /** * Creates a thread using {@link #platformThreadFactory}, and sets its name to {@code name} * unless changing the name is forbidden by the security manager. */ static Thread newThread(String name, Runnable runnable) { checkNotNull(name); checkNotNull(runnable); Thread result = platformThreadFactory().newThread(runnable); try { result.setName(name); } catch (SecurityException e) { // OK if we can't set the name in this environment. } return result; } // TODO(user): provide overloads for ListeningExecutorService? ListeningScheduledExecutorService? // TODO(user): provide overloads that take constant strings? Functions to // calculate names? /** * Creates an {@link Executor} that renames the {@link Thread threads} that its tasks run in. * *

The names are retrieved from the {@code nameSupplier} on the thread that is being renamed * right before each task is run. The renaming is best effort, if a {@link SecurityManager} * prevents the renaming then it will be skipped but the tasks will still execute. * * @param executor The executor to decorate * @param nameSupplier The source of names for each task */ static Executor renamingDecorator(final Executor executor, final Supplier nameSupplier) { checkNotNull(executor); checkNotNull(nameSupplier); if (isAppEngine()) { // AppEngine doesn't support thread renaming, so don't even try return executor; } return new Executor() { @Override public void execute(Runnable command) { executor.execute(Callables.threadRenaming(command, nameSupplier)); } }; } /** * Creates an {@link ExecutorService} that renames the {@link Thread threads} that its tasks run * in. * *

The names are retrieved from the {@code nameSupplier} on the thread that is being renamed * right before each task is run. The renaming is best effort, if a {@link SecurityManager} * prevents the renaming then it will be skipped but the tasks will still execute. * * @param service The executor to decorate * @param nameSupplier The source of names for each task */ static ExecutorService renamingDecorator(final ExecutorService service, final Supplier nameSupplier) { checkNotNull(service); checkNotNull(nameSupplier); if (isAppEngine()) { // AppEngine doesn't support thread renaming, so don't even try. return service; } return new WrappingExecutorService(service) { @Override protected Callable wrapTask(Callable callable) { return Callables.threadRenaming(callable, nameSupplier); } @Override protected Runnable wrapTask(Runnable command) { return Callables.threadRenaming(command, nameSupplier); } }; } /** * Creates a {@link ScheduledExecutorService} that renames the {@link Thread threads} that its * tasks run in. * *

The names are retrieved from the {@code nameSupplier} on the thread that is being renamed * right before each task is run. The renaming is best effort, if a {@link SecurityManager} * prevents the renaming then it will be skipped but the tasks will still execute. * * @param service The executor to decorate * @param nameSupplier The source of names for each task */ static ScheduledExecutorService renamingDecorator(final ScheduledExecutorService service, final Supplier nameSupplier) { checkNotNull(service); checkNotNull(nameSupplier); if (isAppEngine()) { // AppEngine doesn't support thread renaming, so don't even try. return service; } return new WrappingScheduledExecutorService(service) { @Override protected Callable wrapTask(Callable callable) { return Callables.threadRenaming(callable, nameSupplier); } @Override protected Runnable wrapTask(Runnable command) { return Callables.threadRenaming(command, nameSupplier); } }; } }





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