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/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */

package com.google.common.base;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.ForOverride;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.concurrent.LazyInit;
import com.google.j2objc.annotations.RetainedWith;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Iterator;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.compatqual.NullableDecl;

/**
 * A function from {@code A} to {@code B} with an associated reverse function from {@code B}
 * to {@code A}; used for converting back and forth between different representations of the same
 * information.
 *
 * 

Invertibility

* *

The reverse operation may be a strict inverse (meaning that {@code * converter.reverse().convert(converter.convert(a)).equals(a)} is always true). However, it is very * common (perhaps more common) for round-trip conversion to be lossy. Consider an * example round-trip using {@link com.google.common.primitives.Doubles#stringConverter}: * *

    *
  1. {@code stringConverter().convert("1.00")} returns the {@code Double} value {@code 1.0} *
  2. {@code stringConverter().reverse().convert(1.0)} returns the string {@code "1.0"} -- * not the same string ({@code "1.00"}) we started with *
* *

Note that it should still be the case that the round-tripped and original objects are * similar. * *

Nullability

* *

A converter always converts {@code null} to {@code null} and non-null references to non-null * references. It would not make sense to consider {@code null} and a non-null reference to be * "different representations of the same information", since one is distinguishable from * missing information and the other is not. The {@link #convert} method handles this null * behavior for all converters; implementations of {@link #doForward} and {@link #doBackward} are * guaranteed to never be passed {@code null}, and must never return {@code null}. * * *

Common ways to use

* *

Getting a converter: * *

    *
  • Use a provided converter implementation, such as {@link Enums#stringConverter}, {@link * com.google.common.primitives.Ints#stringConverter Ints.stringConverter} or the {@linkplain * #reverse reverse} views of these. *
  • Convert between specific preset values using {@link * com.google.common.collect.Maps#asConverter Maps.asConverter}. For example, use this to * create a "fake" converter for a unit test. It is unnecessary (and confusing) to mock * the {@code Converter} type using a mocking framework. *
  • Extend this class and implement its {@link #doForward} and {@link #doBackward} methods. *
  • Java 8 users: you may prefer to pass two lambda expressions or method references to * the {@link #from from} factory method. *
* *

Using a converter: * *

    *
  • Convert one instance in the "forward" direction using {@code converter.convert(a)}. *
  • Convert multiple instances "forward" using {@code converter.convertAll(as)}. *
  • Convert in the "backward" direction using {@code converter.reverse().convert(b)} or {@code * converter.reverse().convertAll(bs)}. *
  • Use {@code converter} or {@code converter.reverse()} anywhere a {@link * java.util.function.Function} is accepted (for example {@link java.util.stream.Stream#map * Stream.map}). *
  • Do not call {@link #doForward} or {@link #doBackward} directly; these exist only to * be overridden. *
* *

Example

* *
 *   return new Converter<Integer, String>() {
 *     protected String doForward(Integer i) {
 *       return Integer.toHexString(i);
 *     }
 *
 *     protected Integer doBackward(String s) {
 *       return parseUnsignedInt(s, 16);
 *     }
 *   };
* *

An alternative using Java 8: * *

{@code
 * return Converter.from(
 *     Integer::toHexString,
 *     s -> parseUnsignedInt(s, 16));
 * }
* * @author Mike Ward * @author Kurt Alfred Kluever * @author Gregory Kick * @since 16.0 */ @GwtCompatible public abstract class Converter implements Function { private final boolean handleNullAutomatically; // We lazily cache the reverse view to avoid allocating on every call to reverse(). @LazyInit @RetainedWith @NullableDecl private transient Converter reverse; /** Constructor for use by subclasses. */ protected Converter() { this(true); } /** Constructor used only by {@code LegacyConverter} to suspend automatic null-handling. */ Converter(boolean handleNullAutomatically) { this.handleNullAutomatically = handleNullAutomatically; } // SPI methods (what subclasses must implement) /** * Returns a representation of {@code a} as an instance of type {@code B}. If {@code a} cannot be * converted, an unchecked exception (such as {@link IllegalArgumentException}) should be thrown. * * @param a the instance to convert; will never be null * @return the converted instance; must not be null */ @ForOverride protected abstract B doForward(A a); /** * Returns a representation of {@code b} as an instance of type {@code A}. If {@code b} cannot be * converted, an unchecked exception (such as {@link IllegalArgumentException}) should be thrown. * * @param b the instance to convert; will never be null * @return the converted instance; must not be null * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if backward conversion is not implemented; this should be * very rare. Note that if backward conversion is not only unimplemented but * unimplementable (for example, consider a {@code Converter}), * then this is not logically a {@code Converter} at all, and should just implement {@link * Function}. */ @ForOverride protected abstract A doBackward(B b); // API (consumer-side) methods /** * Returns a representation of {@code a} as an instance of type {@code B}. * * @return the converted value; is null if and only if {@code a} is null */ @CanIgnoreReturnValue @NullableDecl public final B convert(@NullableDecl A a) { return correctedDoForward(a); } @NullableDecl B correctedDoForward(@NullableDecl A a) { if (handleNullAutomatically) { // TODO(kevinb): we shouldn't be checking for a null result at runtime. Assert? return a == null ? null : checkNotNull(doForward(a)); } else { return doForward(a); } } @NullableDecl A correctedDoBackward(@NullableDecl B b) { if (handleNullAutomatically) { // TODO(kevinb): we shouldn't be checking for a null result at runtime. Assert? return b == null ? null : checkNotNull(doBackward(b)); } else { return doBackward(b); } } /** * Returns an iterable that applies {@code convert} to each element of {@code fromIterable}. The * conversion is done lazily. * *

The returned iterable's iterator supports {@code remove()} if the input iterator does. After * a successful {@code remove()} call, {@code fromIterable} no longer contains the corresponding * element. */ @CanIgnoreReturnValue public Iterable convertAll(final Iterable fromIterable) { checkNotNull(fromIterable, "fromIterable"); return new Iterable() { @Override public Iterator iterator() { return new Iterator() { private final Iterator fromIterator = fromIterable.iterator(); @Override public boolean hasNext() { return fromIterator.hasNext(); } @Override public B next() { return convert(fromIterator.next()); } @Override public void remove() { fromIterator.remove(); } }; } }; } /** * Returns the reversed view of this converter, which converts {@code this.convert(a)} back to a * value roughly equivalent to {@code a}. * *

The returned converter is serializable if {@code this} converter is. * *

Note: you should not override this method. It is non-final for legacy reasons. */ @CanIgnoreReturnValue public Converter reverse() { Converter result = reverse; return (result == null) ? reverse = new ReverseConverter<>(this) : result; } private static final class ReverseConverter extends Converter implements Serializable { final Converter original; ReverseConverter(Converter original) { this.original = original; } /* * These gymnastics are a little confusing. Basically this class has neither legacy nor * non-legacy behavior; it just needs to let the behavior of the backing converter shine * through. So, we override the correctedDo* methods, after which the do* methods should never * be reached. */ @Override protected A doForward(B b) { throw new AssertionError(); } @Override protected B doBackward(A a) { throw new AssertionError(); } @Override @NullableDecl A correctedDoForward(@NullableDecl B b) { return original.correctedDoBackward(b); } @Override @NullableDecl B correctedDoBackward(@NullableDecl A a) { return original.correctedDoForward(a); } @Override public Converter reverse() { return original; } @Override public boolean equals(@NullableDecl Object object) { if (object instanceof ReverseConverter) { ReverseConverter that = (ReverseConverter) object; return this.original.equals(that.original); } return false; } @Override public int hashCode() { return ~original.hashCode(); } @Override public String toString() { return original + ".reverse()"; } private static final long serialVersionUID = 0L; } /** * Returns a converter whose {@code convert} method applies {@code secondConverter} to the result * of this converter. Its {@code reverse} method applies the converters in reverse order. * *

The returned converter is serializable if {@code this} converter and {@code secondConverter} * are. */ public final Converter andThen(Converter secondConverter) { return doAndThen(secondConverter); } /** Package-private non-final implementation of andThen() so only we can override it. */ Converter doAndThen(Converter secondConverter) { return new ConverterComposition<>(this, checkNotNull(secondConverter)); } private static final class ConverterComposition extends Converter implements Serializable { final Converter first; final Converter second; ConverterComposition(Converter first, Converter second) { this.first = first; this.second = second; } /* * These gymnastics are a little confusing. Basically this class has neither legacy nor * non-legacy behavior; it just needs to let the behaviors of the backing converters shine * through (which might even differ from each other!). So, we override the correctedDo* methods, * after which the do* methods should never be reached. */ @Override protected C doForward(A a) { throw new AssertionError(); } @Override protected A doBackward(C c) { throw new AssertionError(); } @Override @NullableDecl C correctedDoForward(@NullableDecl A a) { return second.correctedDoForward(first.correctedDoForward(a)); } @Override @NullableDecl A correctedDoBackward(@NullableDecl C c) { return first.correctedDoBackward(second.correctedDoBackward(c)); } @Override public boolean equals(@NullableDecl Object object) { if (object instanceof ConverterComposition) { ConverterComposition that = (ConverterComposition) object; return this.first.equals(that.first) && this.second.equals(that.second); } return false; } @Override public int hashCode() { return 31 * first.hashCode() + second.hashCode(); } @Override public String toString() { return first + ".andThen(" + second + ")"; } private static final long serialVersionUID = 0L; } /** * @deprecated Provided to satisfy the {@code Function} interface; use {@link #convert} instead. */ @Deprecated @Override @CanIgnoreReturnValue @NullableDecl public final B apply(@NullableDecl A a) { return convert(a); } /** * Indicates whether another object is equal to this converter. * *

Most implementations will have no reason to override the behavior of {@link Object#equals}. * However, an implementation may also choose to return {@code true} whenever {@code object} is a * {@link Converter} that it considers interchangeable with this one. "Interchangeable" * typically means that {@code Objects.equal(this.convert(a), that.convert(a))} is true for * all {@code a} of type {@code A} (and similarly for {@code reverse}). Note that a {@code false} * result from this method does not imply that the converters are known not to be * interchangeable. */ @Override public boolean equals(@NullableDecl Object object) { return super.equals(object); } // Static converters /** * Returns a converter based on separate forward and backward functions. This is useful if the * function instances already exist, or so that you can supply lambda expressions. If those * circumstances don't apply, you probably don't need to use this; subclass {@code Converter} and * implement its {@link #doForward} and {@link #doBackward} methods directly. * *

These functions will never be passed {@code null} and must not under any circumstances * return {@code null}. If a value cannot be converted, the function should throw an unchecked * exception (typically, but not necessarily, {@link IllegalArgumentException}). * *

The returned converter is serializable if both provided functions are. * * @since 17.0 */ public static Converter from( Function forwardFunction, Function backwardFunction) { return new FunctionBasedConverter<>(forwardFunction, backwardFunction); } private static final class FunctionBasedConverter extends Converter implements Serializable { private final Function forwardFunction; private final Function backwardFunction; private FunctionBasedConverter( Function forwardFunction, Function backwardFunction) { this.forwardFunction = checkNotNull(forwardFunction); this.backwardFunction = checkNotNull(backwardFunction); } @Override protected B doForward(A a) { return forwardFunction.apply(a); } @Override protected A doBackward(B b) { return backwardFunction.apply(b); } @Override public boolean equals(@NullableDecl Object object) { if (object instanceof FunctionBasedConverter) { FunctionBasedConverter that = (FunctionBasedConverter) object; return this.forwardFunction.equals(that.forwardFunction) && this.backwardFunction.equals(that.backwardFunction); } return false; } @Override public int hashCode() { return forwardFunction.hashCode() * 31 + backwardFunction.hashCode(); } @Override public String toString() { return "Converter.from(" + forwardFunction + ", " + backwardFunction + ")"; } } /** Returns a serializable converter that always converts or reverses an object to itself. */ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // implementation is "fully variant" public static Converter identity() { return (IdentityConverter) IdentityConverter.INSTANCE; } /** * A converter that always converts or reverses an object to itself. Note that T is now a * "pass-through type". */ private static final class IdentityConverter extends Converter implements Serializable { static final IdentityConverter INSTANCE = new IdentityConverter<>(); @Override protected T doForward(T t) { return t; } @Override protected T doBackward(T t) { return t; } @Override public IdentityConverter reverse() { return this; } @Override Converter doAndThen(Converter otherConverter) { return checkNotNull(otherConverter, "otherConverter"); } /* * We *could* override convertAll() to return its input, but it's a rather pointless * optimization and opened up a weird type-safety problem. */ @Override public String toString() { return "Converter.identity()"; } private Object readResolve() { return INSTANCE; } private static final long serialVersionUID = 0L; } }