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/*
* Copyright (C) 2012 The Guava Authors
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.google.common.collect;
import static com.google.common.collect.CollectPreconditions.checkRemove;
import static com.google.common.collect.CompactHashing.UNSET;
import static com.google.common.collect.Hashing.smearedHash;
import com.google.common.annotations.GwtIncompatible;
import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.google.common.base.Objects;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import com.google.common.primitives.Ints;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.AbstractSet;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Set;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.compatqual.NullableDecl;
/**
* CompactHashSet is an implementation of a Set. All optional operations (adding and removing) are
* supported. The elements can be any objects.
*
* {@code contains(x)}, {@code add(x)} and {@code remove(x)}, are all (expected and amortized)
* constant time operations. Expected in the hashtable sense (depends on the hash function doing a
* good job of distributing the elements to the buckets to a distribution not far from uniform), and
* amortized since some operations can trigger a hash table resize.
*
*
Unlike {@code java.util.HashSet}, iteration is only proportional to the actual {@code size()},
* which is optimal, and not the size of the internal hashtable, which could be much larger
* than {@code size()}. Furthermore, this structure only depends on a fixed number of arrays; {@code
* add(x)} operations do not create objects for the garbage collector to deal with, and for
* every element added, the garbage collector will have to traverse {@code 1.5} references on
* average, in the marking phase, not {@code 5.0} as in {@code java.util.HashSet}.
*
*
If there are no removals, then {@link #iterator iteration} order is the same as insertion
* order. Any removal invalidates any ordering guarantees.
*
*
This class should not be assumed to be universally superior to {@code java.util.HashSet}.
* Generally speaking, this class reduces object allocation and memory consumption at the price of
* moderately increased constant factors of CPU. Only use this class when there is a specific reason
* to prioritize memory over CPU.
*
* @author Dimitris Andreou
* @author Jon Noack
*/
@GwtIncompatible // not worth using in GWT for now
class CompactHashSet extends AbstractSet implements Serializable {
// TODO(user): cache all field accesses in local vars
/** Creates an empty {@code CompactHashSet} instance. */
public static CompactHashSet create() {
return new CompactHashSet<>();
}
/**
* Creates a mutable {@code CompactHashSet} instance containing the elements of the given
* collection in unspecified order.
*
* @param collection the elements that the set should contain
* @return a new {@code CompactHashSet} containing those elements (minus duplicates)
*/
public static CompactHashSet create(Collection collection) {
CompactHashSet set = createWithExpectedSize(collection.size());
set.addAll(collection);
return set;
}
/**
* Creates a mutable {@code CompactHashSet} instance containing the given elements in
* unspecified order.
*
* @param elements the elements that the set should contain
* @return a new {@code CompactHashSet} containing those elements (minus duplicates)
*/
@SafeVarargs
public static CompactHashSet create(E... elements) {
CompactHashSet set = createWithExpectedSize(elements.length);
Collections.addAll(set, elements);
return set;
}
/**
* Creates a {@code CompactHashSet} instance, with a high enough "initial capacity" that it
* should hold {@code expectedSize} elements without growth.
*
* @param expectedSize the number of elements you expect to add to the returned set
* @return a new, empty {@code CompactHashSet} with enough capacity to hold {@code expectedSize}
* elements without resizing
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expectedSize} is negative
*/
public static CompactHashSet createWithExpectedSize(int expectedSize) {
return new CompactHashSet<>(expectedSize);
}
/**
* Maximum allowed false positive probability of detecting a hash flooding attack given random
* input.
*/
@VisibleForTesting(
)
static final double HASH_FLOODING_FPP = 0.001;
/**
* Maximum allowed length of a hash table bucket before falling back to a j.u.LinkedHashSet based
* implementation. Experimentally determined.
*/
private static final int MAX_HASH_BUCKET_LENGTH = 9;
/**
* The hashtable object. This can be either:
*
*
* - a byte[], short[], or int[], with size a power of two, created by
* CompactHashing.createTable, whose values are either
*
* - UNSET, meaning "null pointer"
*
- one plus an index into the entries and elements array
*
* - another java.util.Set delegate implementation. In most modern JDKs, normal java.util hash
* collections intelligently fall back to a binary search tree if hash table collisions are
* detected. Rather than going to all the trouble of reimplementing this ourselves, we
* simply switch over to use the JDK implementation wholesale if probable hash flooding is
* detected, sacrificing the compactness guarantee in very rare cases in exchange for much
* more reliable worst-case behavior.
*
- null, if no entries have yet been added to the map
*
*/
@NullableDecl private transient Object table;
/**
* Contains the logical entries, in the range of [0, size()). The high bits of each int are the
* part of the smeared hash of the element not covered by the hashtable mask, whereas the low bits
* are the "next" pointer (pointing to the next entry in the bucket chain), which will always be
* less than or equal to the hashtable mask.
*
*
* hash = aaaaaaaa
* mask = 0000ffff
* next = 0000bbbb
* entry = aaaabbbb
*
*
* The pointers in [size(), entries.length) are all "null" (UNSET).
*/
@NullableDecl private transient int[] entries;
/**
* The elements contained in the set, in the range of [0, size()). The elements in [size(),
* elements.length) are all {@code null}.
*/
@VisibleForTesting @NullableDecl transient Object[] elements;
/**
* Keeps track of metadata like the number of hash table bits and modifications of this data
* structure (to make it possible to throw ConcurrentModificationException in the iterator). Note
* that we choose not to make this volatile, so we do less of a "best effort" to track such
* errors, for better performance.
*/
private transient int metadata;
/** The number of elements contained in the set. */
private transient int size;
/** Constructs a new empty instance of {@code CompactHashSet}. */
CompactHashSet() {
init(CompactHashing.DEFAULT_SIZE);
}
/**
* Constructs a new instance of {@code CompactHashSet} with the specified capacity.
*
* @param expectedSize the initial capacity of this {@code CompactHashSet}.
*/
CompactHashSet(int expectedSize) {
init(expectedSize);
}
/** Pseudoconstructor for serialization support. */
void init(int expectedSize) {
Preconditions.checkArgument(expectedSize >= 0, "Expected size must be >= 0");
// Save expectedSize for use in allocArrays()
this.metadata = Ints.constrainToRange(expectedSize, 1, CompactHashing.MAX_SIZE);
}
/** Returns whether arrays need to be allocated. */
@VisibleForTesting
boolean needsAllocArrays() {
return table == null;
}
/** Handle lazy allocation of arrays. */
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
int allocArrays() {
Preconditions.checkState(needsAllocArrays(), "Arrays already allocated");
int expectedSize = metadata;
int buckets = CompactHashing.tableSize(expectedSize);
this.table = CompactHashing.createTable(buckets);
setHashTableMask(buckets - 1);
this.entries = new int[expectedSize];
this.elements = new Object[expectedSize];
return expectedSize;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@VisibleForTesting
@NullableDecl
Set delegateOrNull() {
if (table instanceof Set) {
return (Set) table;
}
return null;
}
private Set createHashFloodingResistantDelegate(int tableSize) {
return new LinkedHashSet<>(tableSize, 1.0f);
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@VisibleForTesting
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
Set convertToHashFloodingResistantImplementation() {
Set newDelegate = createHashFloodingResistantDelegate(hashTableMask() + 1);
for (int i = firstEntryIndex(); i >= 0; i = getSuccessor(i)) {
newDelegate.add((E) elements[i]);
}
this.table = newDelegate;
this.entries = null;
this.elements = null;
incrementModCount();
return newDelegate;
}
@VisibleForTesting
boolean isUsingHashFloodingResistance() {
return delegateOrNull() != null;
}
/** Stores the hash table mask as the number of bits needed to represent an index. */
private void setHashTableMask(int mask) {
int hashTableBits = Integer.SIZE - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(mask);
metadata =
CompactHashing.maskCombine(metadata, hashTableBits, CompactHashing.HASH_TABLE_BITS_MASK);
}
/** Gets the hash table mask using the stored number of hash table bits. */
private int hashTableMask() {
return (1 << (metadata & CompactHashing.HASH_TABLE_BITS_MASK)) - 1;
}
void incrementModCount() {
metadata += CompactHashing.MODIFICATION_COUNT_INCREMENT;
}
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
@Override
public boolean add(@NullableDecl E object) {
if (needsAllocArrays()) {
allocArrays();
}
@NullableDecl Set delegate = delegateOrNull();
if (delegate != null) {
return delegate.add(object);
}
int[] entries = this.entries;
Object[] elements = this.elements;
int newEntryIndex = this.size; // current size, and pointer to the entry to be appended
int newSize = newEntryIndex + 1;
int hash = smearedHash(object);
int mask = hashTableMask();
int tableIndex = hash & mask;
int next = CompactHashing.tableGet(table, tableIndex);
if (next == UNSET) { // uninitialized bucket
if (newSize > mask) {
// Resize and add new entry
mask = resizeTable(mask, CompactHashing.newCapacity(mask), hash, newEntryIndex);
} else {
CompactHashing.tableSet(table, tableIndex, newEntryIndex + 1);
}
} else {
int entryIndex;
int entry;
int hashPrefix = CompactHashing.getHashPrefix(hash, mask);
int bucketLength = 0;
do {
entryIndex = next - 1;
entry = entries[entryIndex];
if (CompactHashing.getHashPrefix(entry, mask) == hashPrefix
&& Objects.equal(object, elements[entryIndex])) {
return false;
}
next = CompactHashing.getNext(entry, mask);
bucketLength++;
} while (next != UNSET);
if (bucketLength >= MAX_HASH_BUCKET_LENGTH) {
return convertToHashFloodingResistantImplementation().add(object);
}
if (newSize > mask) {
// Resize and add new entry
mask = resizeTable(mask, CompactHashing.newCapacity(mask), hash, newEntryIndex);
} else {
entries[entryIndex] = CompactHashing.maskCombine(entry, newEntryIndex + 1, mask);
}
}
resizeMeMaybe(newSize);
insertEntry(newEntryIndex, object, hash, mask);
this.size = newSize;
incrementModCount();
return true;
}
/**
* Creates a fresh entry with the specified object at the specified position in the entry arrays.
*/
void insertEntry(int entryIndex, @NullableDecl E object, int hash, int mask) {
this.entries[entryIndex] = CompactHashing.maskCombine(hash, UNSET, mask);
this.elements[entryIndex] = object;
}
/** Resizes the entries storage if necessary. */
private void resizeMeMaybe(int newSize) {
int entriesSize = entries.length;
if (newSize > entriesSize) {
// 1.5x but round up to nearest odd (this is optimal for memory consumption on Android)
int newCapacity =
Math.min(CompactHashing.MAX_SIZE, (entriesSize + Math.max(1, entriesSize >>> 1)) | 1);
if (newCapacity != entriesSize) {
resizeEntries(newCapacity);
}
}
}
/**
* Resizes the internal entries array to the specified capacity, which may be greater or less than
* the current capacity.
*/
void resizeEntries(int newCapacity) {
this.entries = Arrays.copyOf(entries, newCapacity);
this.elements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, newCapacity);
}
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
private int resizeTable(int mask, int newCapacity, int targetHash, int targetEntryIndex) {
Object newTable = CompactHashing.createTable(newCapacity);
int newMask = newCapacity - 1;
if (targetEntryIndex != UNSET) {
// Add target first; it must be last in the chain because its entry hasn't yet been created
CompactHashing.tableSet(newTable, targetHash & newMask, targetEntryIndex + 1);
}
Object table = this.table;
int[] entries = this.entries;
// Loop over current hashtable
for (int tableIndex = 0; tableIndex <= mask; tableIndex++) {
int next = CompactHashing.tableGet(table, tableIndex);
while (next != UNSET) {
int entryIndex = next - 1;
int entry = entries[entryIndex];
// Rebuild hash using entry hashPrefix and tableIndex ("hashSuffix")
int hash = CompactHashing.getHashPrefix(entry, mask) | tableIndex;
int newTableIndex = hash & newMask;
int newNext = CompactHashing.tableGet(newTable, newTableIndex);
CompactHashing.tableSet(newTable, newTableIndex, next);
entries[entryIndex] = CompactHashing.maskCombine(hash, newNext, newMask);
next = CompactHashing.getNext(entry, mask);
}
}
this.table = newTable;
setHashTableMask(newMask);
return newMask;
}
@Override
public boolean contains(@NullableDecl Object object) {
if (needsAllocArrays()) {
return false;
}
@NullableDecl Set delegate = delegateOrNull();
if (delegate != null) {
return delegate.contains(object);
}
int hash = smearedHash(object);
int mask = hashTableMask();
int next = CompactHashing.tableGet(table, hash & mask);
if (next == UNSET) {
return false;
}
int hashPrefix = CompactHashing.getHashPrefix(hash, mask);
do {
int entryIndex = next - 1;
int entry = entries[entryIndex];
if (CompactHashing.getHashPrefix(entry, mask) == hashPrefix
&& Objects.equal(object, elements[entryIndex])) {
return true;
}
next = CompactHashing.getNext(entry, mask);
} while (next != UNSET);
return false;
}
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
@Override
public boolean remove(@NullableDecl Object object) {
if (needsAllocArrays()) {
return false;
}
@NullableDecl Set delegate = delegateOrNull();
if (delegate != null) {
return delegate.remove(object);
}
int mask = hashTableMask();
int index =
CompactHashing.remove(
object, /* value= */ null, mask, table, entries, elements, /* values= */ null);
if (index == -1) {
return false;
}
moveLastEntry(index, mask);
size--;
incrementModCount();
return true;
}
/**
* Moves the last entry in the entry array into {@code dstIndex}, and nulls out its old position.
*/
void moveLastEntry(int dstIndex, int mask) {
int srcIndex = size() - 1;
if (dstIndex < srcIndex) {
// move last entry to deleted spot
@NullableDecl Object object = elements[srcIndex];
elements[dstIndex] = object;
elements[srcIndex] = null;
// move the last entry to the removed spot, just like we moved the element
entries[dstIndex] = entries[srcIndex];
entries[srcIndex] = 0;
// also need to update whoever's "next" pointer was pointing to the last entry place
int tableIndex = smearedHash(object) & mask;
int next = CompactHashing.tableGet(table, tableIndex);
int srcNext = srcIndex + 1;
if (next == srcNext) {
// we need to update the root pointer
CompactHashing.tableSet(table, tableIndex, dstIndex + 1);
} else {
// we need to update a pointer in an entry
int entryIndex;
int entry;
do {
entryIndex = next - 1;
entry = entries[entryIndex];
next = CompactHashing.getNext(entry, mask);
} while (next != srcNext);
// here, entries[entryIndex] points to the old entry location; update it
entries[entryIndex] = CompactHashing.maskCombine(entry, dstIndex + 1, mask);
}
} else {
elements[dstIndex] = null;
entries[dstIndex] = 0;
}
}
int firstEntryIndex() {
return isEmpty() ? -1 : 0;
}
int getSuccessor(int entryIndex) {
return (entryIndex + 1 < size) ? entryIndex + 1 : -1;
}
/**
* Updates the index an iterator is pointing to after a call to remove: returns the index of the
* entry that should be looked at after a removal on indexRemoved, with indexBeforeRemove as the
* index that *was* the next entry that would be looked at.
*/
int adjustAfterRemove(int indexBeforeRemove, @SuppressWarnings("unused") int indexRemoved) {
return indexBeforeRemove - 1;
}
@Override
public Iterator iterator() {
@NullableDecl Set delegate = delegateOrNull();
if (delegate != null) {
return delegate.iterator();
}
return new Iterator() {
int expectedMetadata = metadata;
int currentIndex = firstEntryIndex();
int indexToRemove = -1;
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
return currentIndex >= 0;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // known to be Es
@Override
public E next() {
checkForConcurrentModification();
if (!hasNext()) {
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
indexToRemove = currentIndex;
E result = (E) elements[currentIndex];
currentIndex = getSuccessor(currentIndex);
return result;
}
@Override
public void remove() {
checkForConcurrentModification();
checkRemove(indexToRemove >= 0);
incrementExpectedModCount();
CompactHashSet.this.remove(elements[indexToRemove]);
currentIndex = adjustAfterRemove(currentIndex, indexToRemove);
indexToRemove = -1;
}
void incrementExpectedModCount() {
expectedMetadata += CompactHashing.MODIFICATION_COUNT_INCREMENT;
}
private void checkForConcurrentModification() {
if (metadata != expectedMetadata) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
};
}
@Override
public int size() {
@NullableDecl Set delegate = delegateOrNull();
return (delegate != null) ? delegate.size() : size;
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size() == 0;
}
@Override
public Object[] toArray() {
if (needsAllocArrays()) {
return new Object[0];
}
@NullableDecl Set delegate = delegateOrNull();
return (delegate != null) ? delegate.toArray() : Arrays.copyOf(elements, size);
}
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
@Override
public T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (needsAllocArrays()) {
if (a.length > 0) {
a[0] = null;
}
return a;
}
@NullableDecl Set delegate = delegateOrNull();
return (delegate != null)
? delegate.toArray(a)
: ObjectArrays.toArrayImpl(elements, 0, size, a);
}
/**
* Ensures that this {@code CompactHashSet} has the smallest representation in memory, given its
* current size.
*/
public void trimToSize() {
if (needsAllocArrays()) {
return;
}
@NullableDecl Set delegate = delegateOrNull();
if (delegate != null) {
Set newDelegate = createHashFloodingResistantDelegate(size());
newDelegate.addAll(delegate);
this.table = newDelegate;
return;
}
int size = this.size;
if (size < entries.length) {
resizeEntries(size);
}
int minimumTableSize = CompactHashing.tableSize(size);
int mask = hashTableMask();
if (minimumTableSize < mask) { // smaller table size will always be less than current mask
resizeTable(mask, minimumTableSize, UNSET, UNSET);
}
}
@Override
public void clear() {
if (needsAllocArrays()) {
return;
}
incrementModCount();
@NullableDecl Set delegate = delegateOrNull();
if (delegate != null) {
metadata =
Ints.constrainToRange(size(), CompactHashing.DEFAULT_SIZE, CompactHashing.MAX_SIZE);
delegate.clear(); // invalidate any iterators left over!
table = null;
size = 0;
} else {
Arrays.fill(elements, 0, size, null);
CompactHashing.tableClear(table);
Arrays.fill(entries, 0, size, 0);
this.size = 0;
}
}
private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream stream) throws IOException {
stream.defaultWriteObject();
stream.writeInt(size());
for (E e : this) {
stream.writeObject(e);
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private void readObject(ObjectInputStream stream) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
stream.defaultReadObject();
int elementCount = stream.readInt();
if (elementCount < 0) {
throw new InvalidObjectException("Invalid size: " + elementCount);
}
init(elementCount);
for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
E element = (E) stream.readObject();
add(element);
}
}
}