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/*
 * Copyright (C) 2009 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */

package com.google.common.net;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.escape.Escaper;

/**
 * {@code Escaper} instances suitable for strings to be included in particular sections of URLs.
 *
 * 

If the resulting URLs are inserted into an HTML or XML document, they will require additional * escaping with {@link com.google.common.html.HtmlEscapers} or {@link * com.google.common.xml.XmlEscapers}. * * @author David Beaumont * @author Chris Povirk * @since 15.0 */ @GwtCompatible @ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault public final class UrlEscapers { private UrlEscapers() {} // For each xxxEscaper() method, please add links to external reference pages // that are considered authoritative for the behavior of that escaper. static final String URL_FORM_PARAMETER_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS = "-_.*"; static final String URL_PATH_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS_LACKING_PLUS = "-._~" // Unreserved characters. + "!$'()*,;&=" // The subdelim characters (excluding '+'). + "@:"; // The gendelim characters permitted in paths. /** * Returns an {@link Escaper} instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in URL form parameter names and values. Escaping is performed * with the UTF-8 character encoding. The caller is responsible for replacing any unpaired carriage return or line feed characters * with a CR+LF pair on any non-file inputs before escaping them with this escaper. * *

When escaping a String, the following rules apply: * *

    *
  • The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain * the same. *
  • The special characters ".", "-", "*", and "_" remain the same. *
  • The space character " " is converted into a plus sign "+". *
  • All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding and each * byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, * uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value. *
* *

This escaper is suitable for escaping parameter names and values even when using the non-standard semicolon, rather than the ampersand, as * a parameter delimiter. Nevertheless, we recommend using the ampersand unless you must * interoperate with systems that require semicolons. * *

Note: Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce uppercase hexadecimal sequences. * */ public static Escaper urlFormParameterEscaper() { return URL_FORM_PARAMETER_ESCAPER; } private static final Escaper URL_FORM_PARAMETER_ESCAPER = new PercentEscaper(URL_FORM_PARAMETER_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS, true); /** * Returns an {@link Escaper} instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in URL path segments. The returned escaper escapes all non-ASCII * characters, even though many of these are accepted in modern * URLs. (If the escaper were to leave these characters * unescaped, they would be escaped by the consumer at parse time, anyway.) Additionally, the * escaper escapes the slash character ("/"). While slashes are acceptable in URL paths, they are * considered by the specification to be separators between "path segments." This implies that, if * you wish for your path to contain slashes, you must escape each segment separately and then * join them. * *

When escaping a String, the following rules apply: * *

    *
  • The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain * the same. *
  • The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same. *
  • The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same. *
  • The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";", and "=" remain * the same. *
  • The space character " " is converted into %20. *
  • All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding and each * byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, * uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value. *
* *

Note: Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce uppercase hexadecimal sequences. */ public static Escaper urlPathSegmentEscaper() { return URL_PATH_SEGMENT_ESCAPER; } private static final Escaper URL_PATH_SEGMENT_ESCAPER = new PercentEscaper(URL_PATH_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS_LACKING_PLUS + "+", false); /** * Returns an {@link Escaper} instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in a URL fragment. The returned escaper escapes all non-ASCII * characters, even though many of these are accepted in modern * URLs. * *

When escaping a String, the following rules apply: * *

    *
  • The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain * the same. *
  • The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same. *
  • The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same. *
  • The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";", and "=" remain * the same. *
  • The space character " " is converted into %20. *
  • Fragments allow unescaped "/" and "?", so they remain the same. *
  • All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding and each * byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, * uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value. *
* *

Note: Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce uppercase hexadecimal sequences. */ public static Escaper urlFragmentEscaper() { return URL_FRAGMENT_ESCAPER; } private static final Escaper URL_FRAGMENT_ESCAPER = new PercentEscaper(URL_PATH_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS_LACKING_PLUS + "+/?", false); }





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