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SRI International's AIC PRAiSE (Probabilistic Reasoning As Symbolic Evaluation) Library (for Java 1.8+)
/*
* Copyright (c) 2015, SRI International
* All rights reserved.
* Licensed under the The BSD 3-Clause License;
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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*
* http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
*
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*
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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* Neither the name of the aic-praise nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
* this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
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package com.sri.ai.praise.lang.translate.impl;
import static com.sri.ai.expresso.helper.Expressions.FALSE;
import static com.sri.ai.expresso.helper.Expressions.TRUE;
import static com.sri.ai.expresso.helper.Expressions.apply;
import static com.sri.ai.expresso.helper.Expressions.makeSymbol;
import static com.sri.ai.grinder.library.FunctorConstants.EQUALITY;
import static com.sri.ai.grinder.library.FunctorConstants.GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO;
import static com.sri.ai.grinder.library.FunctorConstants.LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO;
import static com.sri.ai.util.Util.arrayListFilledWith;
import static com.sri.ai.util.Util.forAll;
import static com.sri.ai.util.Util.getFirstOrNull;
import static com.sri.ai.util.Util.map;
import static com.sri.ai.util.Util.mapIntoList;
import static com.sri.ai.util.Util.putInListValue;
import static java.math.BigInteger.ONE;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.function.Function;
import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
import com.sri.ai.expresso.api.Expression;
import com.sri.ai.grinder.library.boole.And;
import com.sri.ai.grinder.library.boole.Or;
import com.sri.ai.grinder.library.controlflow.IfThenElse;
import com.sri.ai.grinder.sgdpll.api.OldStyleQuantifierEliminator;
import com.sri.ai.praise.lang.grounded.common.FunctionTable;
import com.sri.ai.praise.model.v1.imports.uai.UAIUtil;
import com.sri.ai.util.base.Pair;
import com.sri.ai.util.collect.CartesianProductEnumeration;
import com.sri.ai.util.collect.IntegerIterator;
import com.sri.ai.util.math.MixedRadixNumber;
/**
* Translation of a function table to a HOGM expression using inequalities.
*
* @author oreilly
*/
@Beta
public class TranslationOfTableToInequalities {
/**
* A class representing a contiguous sub-set of indices of a function table.
* It keeps a variable's index (the current variable)
* which restricts the sub-set to that variable and the subsequent ones only.
* It keeps initial and final indices for the sub-set.
* The variables ahead of the current variables are called remaining variables.
* @author braz
*
*/
private static class FunctionTableIndicesSubSet {
private FunctionTable functionTable;
private int currentVariableIndex;
// Indices vectors denoting the start and end of the sub-set.
// IMPORTANT: these are always on *all* variables of the function table,
// even the ones coming *before* the current variable, which are irrelevant
// from this object's point of view.
// However, keeping the entire vector is more efficient as vectors can often be re-used
// among subsets on different sets of variables.
private List indicesStart; // if null, it means all indices equal to 0
private List indicesEnd; // if null, it means all indices equal to last value's index
private Double value;
private BigInteger size;
/**
* Constructs a {@link FunctionTableIndicesSubSet} from currentVariableIndex on,
* from indicesStart up to indicesEnd.
* @param functionTable
* @param currentVariableIndex
* @param indicesStart
* @param indicesEnd
* @param value
*/
public FunctionTableIndicesSubSet(
FunctionTable functionTable,
int currentVariableIndex,
List indicesStart,
List indicesEnd,
Double value) {
super();
this.functionTable = functionTable;
this.currentVariableIndex = currentVariableIndex;
this.indicesStart = indicesStart;
this.indicesEnd = indicesEnd;
this.value = value;
}
public FunctionTableIndicesSubSet onRemainingVariables() {
FunctionTableIndicesSubSet result
= new FunctionTableIndicesSubSet(functionTable, currentVariableIndex + 1, indicesStart, indicesEnd, value);
return result;
}
/**
* Creates a copy of this indices sub-set, but set for the remaining variables only,
* and only for indices representing the assignment to the first value of the current variable.
* @return
*/
public FunctionTableIndicesSubSet onRemainingVariablesUnderFirstValueOfCurrentVariableOnly() {
List newIndicesEnd;
if (subSetIncludesASingleValueForCurrentVariable()) {
// if single value, last indices on remaining variables remain the same
newIndicesEnd = indicesEnd;
}
else {
// if multiple values for current variable, first value of current variable hits last indices of remaining variables
newIndicesEnd = null;
}
FunctionTableIndicesSubSet result
= new FunctionTableIndicesSubSet(functionTable, currentVariableIndex + 1, indicesStart, newIndicesEnd, value);
return result;
}
/**
* The flip side of {@link #onRemainingVariablesUnderFirstValueOfCurrentVariableOnly()}.
* Creates subset of this sub-set, set for the remaining variables only, and
* only for indices representing the first assignment to the last value of the current variable.
* @return
*/
public FunctionTableIndicesSubSet onRemainingVariablesUnderLastValueOfCurrentVariableOnly() {
List newIndicesStart;
if (subSetIncludesASingleValueForCurrentVariable()) {
// if single value, initial indices on remaining variables remain the same
newIndicesStart = indicesStart;
}
else {
// if multiple values for current variable, last value for current variable hits first indices of remaining variables
newIndicesStart = null;
}
FunctionTableIndicesSubSet result
= new FunctionTableIndicesSubSet(functionTable, currentVariableIndex + 1, newIndicesStart, indicesEnd, value);
return result;
}
private boolean subSetIncludesASingleValueForCurrentVariable() {
boolean result =
getIndexOfFirstValueOf(currentVariableIndex) == getIndexOfLastValueOf(currentVariableIndex);
return result;
}
public FunctionTable getFunctionTable() {
return functionTable;
}
public int getCurrentVariableIndex() {
return currentVariableIndex;
}
public int getIndexOfFirstValueOf(int variableIndex) {
int result;
if (indicesStart == null) {
result = 0;
}
else {
result = indicesStart.get(variableIndex);
}
return result;
}
public int getIndexOfLastValueOf(int variableIndex) {
int result;
if (indicesEnd == null) {
result = functionTable.cardinality(variableIndex) - 1;
}
else {
result = indicesEnd.get(variableIndex);
}
return result;
}
/**
* Let v1 be the first value of the current variable occurring in this sub-set;
* this method indicates whether the sub-set's first indices are also the first indices of v1
* in the general table.
* This is equivalent to the sub-set's first indices being 0 for the remaining variables
* (or the first indices of the sub-set being represented by null, which stands for all-zeros).
*
* @return
*/
public boolean subSetFirstIndicesAreAlsoFirstIndicesOfCurrentVariableFirstValueInTheSubSet() {
boolean result =
indicesStart == null ||
forAll(
new IntegerIterator(currentVariableIndex + 1, functionTable.numberVariables()),
i -> indicesStart.get(i) == 0);
return result;
}
/**
* Let vn be the last value of the current variable occurring in this sub-set;
* this method indicates whether the sub-set's last indices are also the last indices of vn
* in the general table.
* This is equivalent to the sub-set's last indices being the index of the last value of each remaining variable
* (or the last indices of the portion being represented by null, which stands for all-last-values).
*
* @return
*/
public boolean subSetLastIndicesAreAlsoLastIndicesOfCurrentVariableLastValueInTheSubSet() {
boolean result =
indicesEnd == null ||
forAll(
new IntegerIterator(currentVariableIndex + 1, functionTable.numberVariables()),
i -> indicesEnd.get(i) == functionTable.cardinality(i) - 1);
return result;
}
public Double getFunctionValue() {
return value;
}
/**
* Returns the number of indices in this sub-set.
* @return
*/
public BigInteger size() {
if (size == null) {
List relevantIndicesStart = getRelevantIndicesStart();
List relevantIndicesEnd = getRelevantIndicesEnd();
List relevantCardinalities =
functionTable.getVariableCardinalities().subList(currentVariableIndex, functionTable.numberVariables());
MixedRadixNumber start = new MixedRadixNumber(relevantIndicesStart, relevantCardinalities);
MixedRadixNumber end = new MixedRadixNumber(relevantIndicesEnd, relevantCardinalities);
size = end.getValue().subtract(start.getValue()).add(ONE);
}
return size;
}
private List getRelevantIndicesStart() {
List result;
if (indicesStart == null) {
result = arrayListFilledWith(0, functionTable.numberVariables() - currentVariableIndex);
}
else {
result = indicesStart.subList(currentVariableIndex, functionTable.numberVariables());
}
return result;
}
private List getRelevantIndicesEnd() {
List result;
if (indicesEnd == null) {
int size = functionTable.numberVariables() - currentVariableIndex;
result = new ArrayList<>(size);
for (int i = 0; i != size; i++) {
result.add(functionTable.cardinality(currentVariableIndex + i) - 1);
}
}
else {
result = indicesEnd.subList(currentVariableIndex, functionTable.numberVariables());
}
return result;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Subset from " + getRelevantIndicesStart() + " to " + getRelevantIndicesEnd() + " with value " + getFunctionValue();
}
}
/**
* Returns an {@link Expression} equivalent to a given {@link FunctionTable} but in the form of a decision tree
* (so hopefully more compact) using inequalities.
* @param functionTable
* @param solverListener if not null, invoked on solver used for compilation, before and after compilation is performed; returned solver from "before" invocation is used (it may be the same one used as argument, of course).
* @return
*/
public static Expression constructGenericTableExpressionUsingInequalities(FunctionTable functionTable) {
return constructGenericTableExpressionUsingInequalities(functionTable, null);
}
/**
* Returns an {@link Expression} equivalent to a given {@link FunctionTable} but in the form of a decision tree
* (so hopefully more compact) using inequalities.
* @param functionTable
* @param solverListener if not null, invoked on solver used for compilation,
* before and after compilation is performed; returned solver from "before" invocation is used (it may be the same one used as argument, of course).
* @return
*/
public static Expression constructGenericTableExpressionUsingInequalities(
FunctionTable functionTable, Function solverListener) {
// the strategy in this method is the following:
// we collect all the contiguous indices sub-sets of the function table sharing their function value.
// They are kept in a map from each value to a list of indices sub-sets with that value.
//
// Then, we sort these groups of indices sub-sets by the sum of their sizes (number of entries), from smallest to largest.
// This will help us later to create an expression that tests for the largest groups first.
//
// Finally, we create an if-then-else expression, starting from the leaf (least common value).
// For each group of indices sub-sets with the same value, we obtain an inequalities expression describing
// the conditions for a variable assignment to be in that indices sub-set of the function table.
// Each portion generates a conjunction, and the group of portions generates a disjunction.
//
// The resulting if-then-else expression is linearly organized (only else clauses have nested if-then-else expressions).
// A more balanced (and thus efficient) representation is obtained by compiling it using SGDPLL(T).
Map> functionValuesAndCorrespondingIndicesSubSet = map();
Double currentSubSetFunctionValueIfAny = null;
List firstIndicesOfCurrentSubSetIfAny = null;
List previousIndices = null;
List indices = null;
CartesianProductEnumeration cartesianProduct = new CartesianProductEnumeration<>(UAIUtil.cardinalityValues(functionTable));
while (cartesianProduct.hasMoreElements()) {
previousIndices = indices;
indices = new ArrayList<>(cartesianProduct.nextElement());
Double functionValue = Math.round(functionTable.entryFor(indices)*100)/100.0;
boolean hitNewFunctionValue = currentSubSetFunctionValueIfAny == null || ! functionValue.equals(currentSubSetFunctionValueIfAny);
if (hitNewFunctionValue) {
storeIndicesSubSetOnAllVariables(functionTable, firstIndicesOfCurrentSubSetIfAny, previousIndices, currentSubSetFunctionValueIfAny, functionValuesAndCorrespondingIndicesSubSet);
// get information for next indices sub-set
currentSubSetFunctionValueIfAny = functionValue;
firstIndicesOfCurrentSubSetIfAny = indices;
}
}
previousIndices = indices;
storeIndicesSubSetOnAllVariables(functionTable, firstIndicesOfCurrentSubSetIfAny, previousIndices, currentSubSetFunctionValueIfAny, functionValuesAndCorrespondingIndicesSubSet);
// we sort (by using TreeMap) lists of indices sub-set with the same function value from those with smaller to greater sizes,
// and form the final expression backwards, thus prioritizing larger sub-sets
// whose conditions will be more often satisfied and leading to greater simplifications during inference.
List>>
listOfPairsOfSizeAndListsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue =
new ArrayList<>(functionValuesAndCorrespondingIndicesSubSet.size());
for (
Map.Entry> functionValueAndIndicesSubSet
: functionValuesAndCorrespondingIndicesSubSet.entrySet()) {
List indicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue = functionValueAndIndicesSubSet.getValue();
BigInteger sumOfSizes = BigInteger.ZERO;
for (FunctionTableIndicesSubSet indicesSubSet : indicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue) {
sumOfSizes = sumOfSizes.add(indicesSubSet.size());
}
listOfPairsOfSizeAndListsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue.add(Pair.make(sumOfSizes, indicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue));
}
Collections.sort(listOfPairsOfSizeAndListsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue, (Comparator>>) (p1,p2) -> p1.first.compareTo(p2.first));
List> listsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue
= mapIntoList(listOfPairsOfSizeAndListsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue, p -> p.second);
Iterator> listsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValueIterator =
listsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue.iterator();
List firstListOfIndicesSubSets =
listsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValueIterator.next();
Double valueOfFirstListOfIndicesSubSets = getFirstOrNull(firstListOfIndicesSubSets).getFunctionValue();
Expression currentExpression = makeSymbol(valueOfFirstListOfIndicesSubSets);
while (listsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValueIterator.hasNext()) {
List indicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue =
listsOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValueIterator.next();
Expression functionValueOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue =
makeSymbol(getFirstOrNull(indicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue).getFunctionValue());
Expression conditionForThisFunctionValue =
Or.make(
mapIntoList(
indicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue,
TranslationOfTableToInequalities::getInequalitiesExpressionForFunctionTableIndicesSubSet));
currentExpression =
IfThenElse.make(
conditionForThisFunctionValue,
functionValueOfIndicesSubSetsWithSameFunctionValue,
currentExpression);
}
return currentExpression;
}
private static void storeIndicesSubSetOnAllVariables(FunctionTable functionTable, List firstIndicesIfAny, List lastIndices, Double currentPortionValueIfAny, Map> valuesAndCorrespondingPortions) {
if (currentPortionValueIfAny != null) {
FunctionTableIndicesSubSet portion =
new FunctionTableIndicesSubSet(
functionTable,
0,
firstIndicesIfAny,
lastIndices,
currentPortionValueIfAny);
putInListValue(valuesAndCorrespondingPortions, currentPortionValueIfAny, portion);
}
}
/**
* Returns an expression using inequalities to represent the same function as given portion.
* @return
*/
private static Expression getInequalitiesExpressionForFunctionTableIndicesSubSet(FunctionTableIndicesSubSet indicesSubSet) {
Expression result;
int variableIndex = indicesSubSet.getCurrentVariableIndex();
Expression variable = makeSymbol(UAIUtil.genericVariableName(variableIndex));
int numberOfVariables = indicesSubSet.getFunctionTable().numberVariables();
int firstValueIndex = indicesSubSet.getIndexOfFirstValueOf(variableIndex);
Expression variableIsGreaterThanOrEqualToFirstValue = greaterThanOrEqualTo(variable, firstValueIndex);
int lastValueIndex = indicesSubSet.getIndexOfLastValueOf(variableIndex);
Expression variableIsLessThanOrEqualToLastValue = lessThanOrEqualTo(variable, variableIndex, lastValueIndex, indicesSubSet.getFunctionTable());
if (indicesSubSet.getCurrentVariableIndex() == numberOfVariables - 1) {
if (firstValueIndex != lastValueIndex) {
result = And.make(variableIsGreaterThanOrEqualToFirstValue, variableIsLessThanOrEqualToLastValue);
}
else {
result = equalTo(variable, variableIndex, firstValueIndex, indicesSubSet.getFunctionTable());
}
}
else {
Expression variableIsEqualToValue = equalTo(variable, variableIndex, firstValueIndex, indicesSubSet.getFunctionTable());
boolean indicesStartIsAlsoStartOfFirstVariableFirstValue
= indicesSubSet.subSetFirstIndicesAreAlsoFirstIndicesOfCurrentVariableFirstValueInTheSubSet();
boolean indicesEndIsAlsoEndOfFirstVariableLastValue
= indicesSubSet.subSetLastIndicesAreAlsoLastIndicesOfCurrentVariableLastValueInTheSubSet();
if (firstValueIndex == lastValueIndex) { // variable has a single value in this portion
boolean allIndicesWithVariableEqualToThisValueAreInIndicesSubSet =
indicesStartIsAlsoStartOfFirstVariableFirstValue && indicesEndIsAlsoEndOfFirstVariableLastValue;
if (allIndicesWithVariableEqualToThisValueAreInIndicesSubSet) {
result = variableIsEqualToValue;
}
else {
// not all, only some, indices with variable equal to this value are in the indices sub-set
// so we need to use the condition on the remaining variables
Expression conditionOnRemainingVariables =
getInequalitiesExpressionForFunctionTableIndicesSubSet(
indicesSubSet.onRemainingVariables());
result = And.make(variableIsEqualToValue, conditionOnRemainingVariables);
}
}
else { // first and last value are different
// this means the first value may or may not be completely in the indices sub-set,
// the last value may or may not be completely in the portion,
// and all intermediary values are completely in the portion.
Expression conditionForFirstValue;
int firstValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion;
if (indicesStartIsAlsoStartOfFirstVariableFirstValue) {
conditionForFirstValue = FALSE; // will be taken care of in the intermediary region
firstValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion = firstValueIndex;
}
else {
// first value requires a specific condition
FunctionTableIndicesSubSet onRemainingVariables =
indicesSubSet.onRemainingVariablesUnderFirstValueOfCurrentVariableOnly();
Expression conditionOnRemainingVariablesForFirstValue =
getInequalitiesExpressionForFunctionTableIndicesSubSet(onRemainingVariables);
conditionForFirstValue =
And.make(
equalTo(variable, variableIndex, firstValueIndex, indicesSubSet.getFunctionTable()),
conditionOnRemainingVariablesForFirstValue);
firstValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion = firstValueIndex + 1;
}
Expression conditionForLastValue;
int lastValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion;
if (indicesEndIsAlsoEndOfFirstVariableLastValue) {
conditionForLastValue = FALSE; // will be taken care of in the intermediary region
lastValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion = lastValueIndex;
}
else {
// last value requires a specific condition
FunctionTableIndicesSubSet onRemainingVariables =
indicesSubSet.onRemainingVariablesUnderLastValueOfCurrentVariableOnly();
Expression conditionOnRemainingVariablesForLastValue =
getInequalitiesExpressionForFunctionTableIndicesSubSet(onRemainingVariables);
conditionForLastValue =
And.make(
equalTo(variable, variableIndex, lastValueIndex, indicesSubSet.getFunctionTable()),
conditionOnRemainingVariablesForLastValue);
lastValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion = lastValueIndex - 1;
}
Expression conditionOnIntermediaryRegion;
int sizeOfIntermediaryRegion = lastValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion - firstValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion + 1;
if (sizeOfIntermediaryRegion == 0) {
conditionOnIntermediaryRegion = FALSE;
}
else if (sizeOfIntermediaryRegion == 1) {
conditionOnIntermediaryRegion = equalTo(variable, variableIndex, firstValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion, indicesSubSet.getFunctionTable());
}
else {
conditionOnIntermediaryRegion =
And.make(
greaterThanOrEqualTo(variable, firstValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion),
lessThanOrEqualTo(variable, variableIndex, lastValueIndexOfIntermediaryRegion, indicesSubSet.getFunctionTable()));
}
result = Or.make(conditionForFirstValue, conditionOnIntermediaryRegion, conditionForLastValue);
}
}
return result;
}
public static Expression greaterThanOrEqualTo(Expression variable, int value) {
Expression result = value == 0? TRUE : apply(GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO, variable, value);
return result;
}
public static Expression lessThanOrEqualTo(Expression variable, int variableIndex, int value, FunctionTable functionTable) {
Expression result = value == functionTable.cardinality(variableIndex) - 1? TRUE : apply(LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO, variable, value);
return result;
}
public static Expression equalTo(Expression variable, int variableIndex, int value, FunctionTable functionTable) {
Expression result = functionTable.cardinality(variableIndex) == 1 && value == 0? TRUE : apply(EQUALITY, variable, value);
return result;
}
}