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JAva SImulatior for MAnufacturing and logistics - A framework for discrete event simulation and computer experiments with a main focus on modelling and analyzing logistic/manufacturing systems.
/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright (c) 2010-2013 Torsten Hildebrandt and jasima contributors
*
* This file is part of jasima, v1.0.
*
* jasima is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* jasima is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with jasima. If not, see
*
* To use this class at least the name of the objective value (
* {@link #setObjective(String)}) and whether this objective is to be maximized
* or minimized (setMaximize()) have to be set.
*
* Each iteration of the allocation algorithm allocates more than a single run
* in order to benefit from parallelization.
*
* A usage example is given below. It selects the best of two dispatching rules
* of a dynamic job shop scenario.
*
*
*
*
* // create and configure base experiment
* HolthausExperiment he = new HolthausExperiment();
* he.setUtilLevel(0.9);
* he.addShopListener(new BasicJobStatCollector());
*
* // create OCBA experiment
* OCBAExperiment ocbaExperiment = new OCBAExperiment();
* ocbaExperiment.setInitialSeed(23);
*
* // set base experiment to use
* ocbaExperiment.setBaseExperiment(he);
*
* // define configurations to test
* ocbaExperiment.addFactor("sequencingRule",
* new SPT().setFinalTieBreaker(new TieBreakerFASFS()));
* ocbaExperiment.addFactor("sequencingRule",
* new PTPlusWINQPlusNPT().setFinalTieBreaker(new TieBreakerFASFS()));
*
* // define objective function
* ocbaExperiment.setObjective("flowMean");
* ocbaExperiment.setProblemType(ProblemType.MINIMIZE);
*
* // no fixed budget, run until we are pretty sure to have the best
* // configuration
* ocbaExperiment.setNumReplications(0);
* ocbaExperiment.setPcsLevel(0.95);
*
* // optionally produce an Excel file with results and details
* ocbaExperiment.addNotifierListener(new ExcelSaver());
*
* // run
* ocbaExperiment.runExperiment();
* ocbaExperiment.printResults();
*
*
*
*
* This class implements a basic ranking and selection method. In future
* versions it would be very helpful to improve its algorithm to better deal
* with very similar performances of good configurations (such as indifference
* zone approaches, or using Expected Opportunity Costs). I'm also unsure about
* the effects if base experiments use common random numbers (which is the
* default behavior of this class, see {@link #setCommonRandomNumbers(boolean)}.
* In summary, this class is not a fool-proof intelligent allocator of
* replications, but should provide reasonably good results to be useful.
* Probably it's also a good starting point for experts in the field to
* implement (and contribute?) improved algorithms.
*
* @author Torsten Hildebrandt
* @version
* "$Id: OCBAExperiment.java 74 2013-01-08 17:31:49Z [email protected] $"
*
* @see MultipleReplicationExperiment
* @see FullFactorialExperiment
*/
public class OCBAExperiment extends FullFactorialExperiment {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 621315272493464195L;
public enum ProblemType {
MINIMIZE, MAXIMIZE
};
//
// experiment parameters
//
private String objective;
private ProblemType problemType = ProblemType.MINIMIZE;
private int minReplicationsPerConfiguration = 5;
private int numReplications = 10;
private double pcsLevel = 0.0;
private boolean detailedResults = true;
//
// fields used during experiment run
//
private int totalBudget, iterationBudget, budgetUsed;
private ArrayList configurations;
private SummaryStat[] stats;
private double finalPCS;
private int currBest;
public OCBAExperiment() {
super();
setProduceAveragedResults(false);
}
@Override
public void init() {
super.init();
}
@Override
protected void createExperiments() {
// only perform once, not each iteration
if (getNumTasksExecuted() == 0) {
super.createExperiments();
stats = Util
.initializedArray(experiments.size(), SummaryStat.class);
configurations = new ArrayList();
for (Experiment e : experiments) {
MultipleReplicationExperiment mre = (MultipleReplicationExperiment) e;
mre.setMaxReplications(getMinReplicationsPerConfiguration());
configurations.add(mre);
}
totalBudget = configurations.size() * getNumReplications();
// set iteration budget based on total number of configurations
iterationBudget = Math.round(0.1f * configurations.size());
// min. replications for a configuration
if (iterationBudget < getMinReplicationsPerConfiguration())
iterationBudget = getMinReplicationsPerConfiguration();
// always enough to utilize all local processors
int numProc = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
if (iterationBudget < numProc)
iterationBudget = numProc;
budgetUsed = 0;
}
}
@Override
protected Experiment createExperimentForConf(Map conf) {
Experiment e = super.createExperimentForConf(conf);
// reset name
e.setName(getBaseExperiment().getName());
MultipleReplicationExperiment mre = new MultipleReplicationExperiment();
mre.setBaseExperiment(e);
configureRunExperiment(mre);
return mre;
}
@Override
protected void done() {
super.done();
finalPCS = calcPCS();
}
@Override
public void produceResults() {
super.produceResults();
resultMap.put("bestConfiguration", configurations.get(currBest)
.getBaseExperiment());
resultMap.put("bestIndex", currBest);
resultMap.put("bestPerformance", stats[currBest].mean());
resultMap.put("numEvaluations", budgetUsed);
resultMap.put("pcs", finalPCS);
if (isDetailedResults()) {
// allocation of evaluations to configurations
int[] numRuns = new int[configurations.size()];
double[] means = new double[stats.length];
Experiment[] exps = new Experiment[configurations.size()];
for (int i = 0; i < configurations.size(); i++) {
exps[i] = configurations.get(i).getBaseExperiment();
SummaryStat vs = stats[i];
numRuns[i] = vs.numObs();
means[i] = vs.mean();
}
resultMap.put("allocationVector", numRuns);
resultMap.put("meansVector", means);
resultMap.put("configurations", exps);
// probability of configuration assumed being best to be better than
// another configuration
resultMap.put("probBestBetter", calcPCSPriosPerConfiguration());
resultMap.put("rank", findRank(means));
}
}
private int[] findRank(final double[] means) {
Integer[] idx = new Integer[means.length];
for (int i = 0; i < idx.length; i++) {
idx[i] = i;
}
Arrays.sort(idx, new Comparator() {
@Override
public int compare(Integer i1, Integer i2) {
return (getProblemType() == ProblemType.MAXIMIZE ? -1 : +1)
* Double.compare(means[i1.intValue()],
means[i2.intValue()]);
}
});
int[] ranks = new int[idx.length];
for (int i = 0; i < ranks.length; i++) {
ranks[idx[i].intValue()] = i + 1;
}
return ranks;
}
@Override
protected boolean hasMoreTasks() {
// identify currently best system
currBest = 0;
double bestMean = getProblemType() == ProblemType.MAXIMIZE ? stats[0]
.mean() : -stats[0].mean();
for (int i = 1; i < stats.length; i++) {
double v = getProblemType() == ProblemType.MAXIMIZE ? stats[i]
.mean() : -stats[i].mean();
if (v > bestMean) {
bestMean = v;
currBest = i;
}
}
experiments.clear();
// check stopping conditions
if ((totalBudget > 0 && budgetUsed >= totalBudget)
|| (getPcsLevel() > 0.0 && calcPCS() > getPcsLevel()))
return false;
// allocate new iterations
int iter = iterationBudget;
if (totalBudget > 0)
iter = Math.min(iter, totalBudget - budgetUsed);
int[] newRuns = ocba(iter);
// System.out.println(Arrays.toString(newRuns));
// configure new experiments to be performed
for (int i = 0; i < newRuns.length; i++) {
if (newRuns[i] > 0) {
MultipleReplicationExperiment mre = configurations.get(i);
mre.setMaxReplications(newRuns[i]);
experiments.add(mre);
}
}
return true;
}
@Override
protected void storeRunResults(Experiment e, Map r) {
super.storeRunResults(e, r);
// update statistics for this configuration
int i = configurations.indexOf(e);
assert i >= 0;
Object o = r.get(getObjective());
if (o == null)
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't find result value for objective '" + getObjective()
+ "'.");
budgetUsed += configurations.get(i).getMaxReplications();
SummaryStat vs = stats[i];
if (o instanceof Number) {
vs.value(((Number) o).doubleValue());
} else if (o instanceof SummaryStat) {
vs.combine((SummaryStat) o);
} else
throw new RuntimeException("Don't know how to handle result '"
+ String.valueOf(o) + "'.");
}
protected double calcPCS() {
double[] prodTerms = calcPCSPriosPerConfiguration();
double res = 1.0d;
for (int i = 0; i < prodTerms.length; i++) {
if (i == currBest)
continue;
res *= prodTerms[i];
}
return res;
}
protected double[] calcPCSPriosPerConfiguration() {
final SummaryStat best = stats[currBest];
final double bestMean = best.mean();
double bestNormVariance = best.variance() / best.numObs();
double[] prodTerms = new double[stats.length];
for (int i = 0; i < stats.length; i++) {
if (i == currBest)
continue;
SummaryStat vs = stats[i];
prodTerms[i] = (bestMean - vs.mean())
/ Math.sqrt(bestNormVariance + vs.variance() / vs.numObs());
}
NormalDistribution normalDist = new NormalDistribution();
for (int i = 0; i < stats.length; i++) {
if (i == currBest)
continue;
prodTerms[i] = normalDist.cumulativeProbability(prodTerms[i]);
if (getProblemType() == ProblemType.MINIMIZE)
prodTerms[i] = 1.0 - prodTerms[i];
}
return prodTerms;
}
/**
* This subroutine implements the optimal computation budget allocation
* (OCBA) algorithm presented in Chen et al. (2000) in the J of DEDS. It
* determines how many additional runs each design should have for the next
* iteration of simulation.
*
* @param s_mean
* [i]: sample mean of design i, i=0,1,..,ND-1
*
* @param s_var
* [i]: sample variance of design i, i=0,1,..,ND-1
*
* @param n
* [i]: number of simulation replication of design i,
* i=0,1,..,ND-1
*
* @param add_budget
* : the additional simulation budget
*
* @param type
* : type of optimization problem. type=1, MIN problem; type=2,
* MAX problem
*
* @return additional number of simulation replication assigned to design i,
* i=0,1,..,ND-1
*/
protected int[] ocba(int add_budget) {
final int nd = stats.length;
double t_s_mean[] = new double[nd];
if (getProblemType() == ProblemType.MAXIMIZE) { /* MAX problem */
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
t_s_mean[i] = -stats[i].mean();
} else { /* MIN problem */
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
t_s_mean[i] = stats[i].mean();
}
int t_budget = add_budget;
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
t_budget += stats[i].numObs();
int b = currBest;
int s = second_best(t_s_mean, b);
double ratio[] = new double[nd];
ratio[s] = 1.0d;
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
if (i != s && i != b) {
double temp = (t_s_mean[b] - t_s_mean[s])
/ (t_s_mean[b] - t_s_mean[i]);
ratio[i] = temp * temp * stats[i].variance()
/ stats[s].variance();
} /* calculate ratio of Ni/Ns */
double temp = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
if (i != b)
temp += (ratio[i] * ratio[i] / stats[i].variance());
ratio[b] = Math.sqrt(stats[b].variance() * temp); /* calculate Nb */
int morerun[] = new int[nd];
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
morerun[i] = 1;
int t1_budget = t_budget;
int[] an = new int[nd];
boolean more_alloc;
do {
more_alloc = false;
double ratio_s = 0.0f;
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
if (morerun[i] == 1)
ratio_s += ratio[i];
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
if (morerun[i] == 1) {
an[i] = (int) (t1_budget / ratio_s * ratio[i]);
/* disable thoese design which have benn run too much */
if (an[i] < stats[i].numObs()) {
an[i] = stats[i].numObs();
morerun[i] = 0;
more_alloc = true;
}
}
if (more_alloc) {
t1_budget = t_budget;
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
if (morerun[i] != 1)
t1_budget -= an[i];
}
} while (more_alloc); /* end of WHILE */
/* calculate the difference */
t1_budget = an[0];
for (int i = 1; i < nd; i++)
t1_budget += an[i];
an[b] += (t_budget - t1_budget); /* give the difference to design b */
for (int i = 0; i < nd; i++)
an[i] -= stats[i].numObs();
return an;
}
/**
* This function determines the second best design based on current
* simulation results.
*
* @param t_s_mean
* [i]: temporary array for sample mean of design i,
* i=0,1,..,ND-1
* @param b
* : current best design design determined by function best()
*/
private static int second_best(final double t_s_mean[], int b) {
int second_index = (b == 0) ? 1 : 0;
for (int i = 0; i < t_s_mean.length; i++) {
if (t_s_mean[i] < t_s_mean[second_index] && i != b) {
second_index = i;
}
}
return second_index;
}
//
//
// getters and setters of parameters below
//
//
/**
* Sets the minimum number of replications performed for each configuration.
* This has to be >=3.
*/
public void setMinReplicationsPerConfiguration(int v) {
if (v < 3)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"Minimum number of replications has to be >=3.");
this.minReplicationsPerConfiguration = v;
}
public int getMinReplicationsPerConfiguration() {
return minReplicationsPerConfiguration;
}
/**
* Sets the name of the objective which defines "best". This has to be the
* name of a result produced by the base experiment (
* {@link #getBaseExperiment()}).
*/
public void setObjective(String objective) {
this.objective = objective;
}
public String getObjective() {
return objective;
}
/**
* Stop using more replications if this level of the probablity of correct
* selection is reached. This defines a dynamic stopping criterion.
*
* @param pcsLevel
* The desired confidence in the results (between 0 and 1).
*/
public void setPcsLevel(double pcsLevel) {
if (pcsLevel < 0 || pcsLevel > 1)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid probability: "
+ pcsLevel);
this.pcsLevel = pcsLevel;
}
public double getPcsLevel() {
return pcsLevel;
}
/**
* Whether to produce detailed results or just basic information of the best
* configuration.
*
* @param detailedResults
* Produce detailed results or not.
*/
public void setDetailedResults(boolean detailedResults) {
this.detailedResults = detailedResults;
}
public boolean isDetailedResults() {
return detailedResults;
}
/**
* Sets the total budget for each configuration.
*
* @param numReplications
* The number of replications to use.
*/
public void setNumReplications(int numReplications) {
this.numReplications = numReplications;
}
public int getNumReplications() {
return numReplications;
}
public ProblemType getProblemType() {
return problemType;
}
/**
* Sets whether a minimization or maximization experiment should be solved.
*
* @param problemType
*/
public void setProblemType(ProblemType problemType) {
this.problemType = problemType;
}
}
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