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/*
 * ProGuardCORE -- library to process Java bytecode.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2002-2023 Guardsquare NV
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package proguard.evaluation;

import static proguard.classfile.AccessConstants.FINAL;
import static proguard.classfile.AccessConstants.STATIC;
import static proguard.classfile.TypeConstants.BOOLEAN;
import static proguard.classfile.TypeConstants.BYTE;
import static proguard.classfile.TypeConstants.CHAR;
import static proguard.classfile.TypeConstants.DOUBLE;
import static proguard.classfile.TypeConstants.FLOAT;
import static proguard.classfile.TypeConstants.INT;
import static proguard.classfile.TypeConstants.LONG;
import static proguard.classfile.TypeConstants.SHORT;
import static proguard.classfile.TypeConstants.VOID;
import static proguard.classfile.util.ClassUtil.isExtendable;
import static proguard.classfile.util.ClassUtil.isInternalPrimitiveType;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Optional;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
import proguard.analysis.datastructure.CodeLocation;
import proguard.analysis.datastructure.callgraph.ConcreteCall;
import proguard.classfile.Clazz;
import proguard.classfile.Field;
import proguard.classfile.Member;
import proguard.classfile.MethodSignature;
import proguard.classfile.ProgramClass;
import proguard.classfile.ProgramField;
import proguard.classfile.attribute.Attribute;
import proguard.classfile.attribute.ConstantValueAttribute;
import proguard.classfile.attribute.visitor.AttributeVisitor;
import proguard.classfile.constant.AnyMethodrefConstant;
import proguard.classfile.constant.Constant;
import proguard.classfile.constant.DoubleConstant;
import proguard.classfile.constant.FieldrefConstant;
import proguard.classfile.constant.FloatConstant;
import proguard.classfile.constant.IntegerConstant;
import proguard.classfile.constant.LongConstant;
import proguard.classfile.constant.StringConstant;
import proguard.classfile.constant.visitor.ConstantVisitor;
import proguard.classfile.util.ClassUtil;
import proguard.classfile.visitor.MemberAccessFilter;
import proguard.classfile.visitor.MemberVisitor;
import proguard.evaluation.executor.Executor;
import proguard.evaluation.executor.MethodExecutionInfo;
import proguard.evaluation.executor.StringReflectionExecutor;
import proguard.evaluation.value.IdentifiedReferenceValue;
import proguard.evaluation.value.ReferenceValue;
import proguard.evaluation.value.Value;
import proguard.evaluation.value.ValueFactory;
import proguard.evaluation.value.object.AnalyzedObject;
import proguard.evaluation.value.object.AnalyzedObjectFactory;
import proguard.evaluation.value.object.Model;
import proguard.util.PartialEvaluatorUtils;

/**
 * This {@link InvocationUnit} is capable of executing the invoked methods with particular values as
 * parameters.
 *
 * 

If a method has a return value, this value is determined and supplied as a particular {@link * Value}. Methods that operate on an instance are able to modify the calling instance. For such * methods, references in the stack and variables to that instance are replaced with the modified * one. This also applies to constructors. * *

This class is responsible for creating the final particular {@link Value}s for methods that * were handled without errors and creating fallback values in case the method could not be handled. * It also performs the action of replacing references of instances that changed in the stack and * variables if needed. This is however limited as we only update the instance if it was modified * and ignores all other parameters which might have changed too. * *

An {@link ExecutingInvocationUnit} delegates the acquisition of method results and certain * other decisions (e.g. whether replacing references in the stack and variables is needed) to its * {@link Executor}s. Per default, an instance of this class will have access to a {@link * StringReflectionExecutor} that handles methods of {@link String}, {@link StringBuilder} and * {@link StringBuffer}. The {@link Builder}, allows for disabling the default {@link * StringReflectionExecutor} and adding other {@link Executor}s. */ public class ExecutingInvocationUnit extends BasicInvocationUnit { private static final Logger log = LogManager.getLogger(ExecutingInvocationUnit.class); @Nullable private Value[] parameters; private final boolean enableSameInstanceIdApproximation; /** Data structure for mapping method signatures onto responsible executors. */ private final ExecutorLookup executorLookup; /** Creates an {@link ExecutingInvocationUnit}. */ protected ExecutingInvocationUnit( ValueFactory valueFactory, boolean enableSameInstanceIdApproximation, List registeredExecutors) { super(valueFactory); this.enableSameInstanceIdApproximation = enableSameInstanceIdApproximation; this.executorLookup = new ExecutorLookup(registeredExecutors); } /** Deprecated constructor, use {@link ExecutingInvocationUnit.Builder}. */ @Deprecated public ExecutingInvocationUnit(ValueFactory valueFactory) { this( valueFactory, false, new ArrayList<>(Collections.singletonList(new StringReflectionExecutor()))); } /** Builds an {@link ExecutingInvocationUnit}. */ public static class Builder { protected boolean enableSameInstanceIdApproximation = false; protected boolean useDefaultStringReflectionExecutor = true; protected List> registeredExecutorBuilders = new ArrayList<>(); /** * For methods that are not supported by any executor, decide, whether a method with matching * return and instance types should be treated as a method which returns its instance. In such a * case, setting this flag to true will result in no new ID being created for the return value. * * @param enableSameInstanceIdApproximation whether the approximation should be enabled. */ public Builder setEnableSameInstanceIdApproximation(boolean enableSameInstanceIdApproximation) { this.enableSameInstanceIdApproximation = enableSameInstanceIdApproximation; return this; } /** * Add an {@link Executor} to be considered by the {@link ExecutingInvocationUnit} when trying * to analyze a method call. * *

N.B.: If a method is supported by different executors the first one added gets priority. * If {@link * proguard.evaluation.ExecutingInvocationUnit.Builder#useDefaultStringReflectionExecutor(boolean)} * is not set to false the default {@link StringReflectionExecutor} has the highest * priority. * * @param executor A {@link Executor.Builder} of the {@link Executor} to be added. */ public Builder addExecutor(Executor.Builder executor) { registeredExecutorBuilders.add(executor); return this; } /** * Add multiple {@link Executor}s to be considered by the {@link ExecutingInvocationUnit} when * trying to analyze a method call. * *

N.B.: If a method is supported by different executors the first one added gets priority. * If {@link * proguard.evaluation.ExecutingInvocationUnit.Builder#useDefaultStringReflectionExecutor(boolean)} * is not set to false the default {@link StringReflectionExecutor} has the highest * priority. * * @param executors {@link Executor.Builder}s of the {@link Executor}s to be added. */ public Builder addExecutors(Executor.Builder... executors) { registeredExecutorBuilders.addAll(Arrays.asList(executors)); return this; } /** * Set this flag to false if the {@link ExecutingInvocationUnit} should not use {@link * StringReflectionExecutor} by default. * * @param useDefaultStringReflectionExecutor whether a default {@link StringReflectionExecutor} * should be used. */ public Builder useDefaultStringReflectionExecutor(boolean useDefaultStringReflectionExecutor) { this.useDefaultStringReflectionExecutor = useDefaultStringReflectionExecutor; return this; } /** * Build the {@link ExecutingInvocationUnit} defined by this builder instance. * * @param valueFactory The {@link ValueFactory} responsible for creating result values. * @return The built {@link ExecutingInvocationUnit} */ public ExecutingInvocationUnit build(ValueFactory valueFactory) { List registeredExecutors = new ArrayList<>(); if (useDefaultStringReflectionExecutor) { registeredExecutors.add(new StringReflectionExecutor.Builder().build()); } registeredExecutorBuilders.stream() .map(Executor.Builder::build) .forEach(registeredExecutors::add); return new ExecutingInvocationUnit( valueFactory, enableSameInstanceIdApproximation, registeredExecutors); } } @Override public void visitAnyMethodrefConstant(Clazz clazz, AnyMethodrefConstant anyMethodrefConstant) { try { super.visitAnyMethodrefConstant(clazz, anyMethodrefConstant); } finally { this.parameters = null; } } // Overrides for BasicInvocationUnit @Override public void setMethodParameterValue( Clazz clazz, AnyMethodrefConstant anyMethodrefConstant, int parameterIndex, Value value) { if (parameters == null) { // This is the first invocation of setMethodParameterValue for this method. String type = anyMethodrefConstant.getType(clazz); int parameterCount = ClassUtil.internalMethodParameterCount(type, isStatic); parameters = new Value[parameterCount]; } parameters[parameterIndex] = value; } @Override public boolean methodMayHaveSideEffects( Clazz clazz, AnyMethodrefConstant anyMethodrefConstant, String returnType) { // Only execute methods which have at least one parameter. // If the method is a static method, this means that at least one parameter is set, // if the method is an instance call, at least the instance needs to be set. // Static calls without parameters will not be called, as the side effects of those cannot // currently be tracked. return parameters != null && parameters.length > 0; } @Override public Value getMethodReturnValue( Clazz clazz, AnyMethodrefConstant anyMethodrefConstant, String returnType) { if (anyMethodrefConstant.referencedMethod == null || parameters == null) { return super.getMethodReturnValue(clazz, anyMethodrefConstant, returnType); } MethodExecutionInfo methodInfo = new MethodExecutionInfo(anyMethodrefConstant, null, parameters); Executor executor = getResponsibleExecutor(methodInfo); MethodResult result = executeMethod(executor, methodInfo); // If side effects happened on any identified value, update stack and variables with them applySideEffects(result); if (methodInfo.returnsVoid()) { return null; } if (!result.isReturnValuePresent()) { throw new IllegalStateException( "The return value is not present for a method not returning void"); } return result.getReturnValue(); } private void applySideEffects(MethodResult result) { List valuesWithSideEffects = new ArrayList<>(); if (result.isInstanceUpdated()) { getUpdatedInstance(result).ifPresent(valuesWithSideEffects::add); } if (result.isAnyParameterUpdated()) { valuesWithSideEffects.addAll(getUpdatedParameters(result)); } for (Value replacingValue : valuesWithSideEffects) { replaceReferenceInVariables(replacingValue, variables); replaceReferenceOnStack(replacingValue, stack); } } private Optional getUpdatedInstance(MethodResult result) { IdentifiedReferenceValue updatedInstance = (IdentifiedReferenceValue) result.getUpdatedInstance(); if (!updatedInstance.isSpecific() || !parameters[0].isSpecific()) { throw new IllegalStateException( "An updated instance was provided but either it or the original instance are not specific"); } if (!updatedInstance.id.equals(((IdentifiedReferenceValue) parameters[0]).id)) { log.error( "The updated instance has unexpectedly a different identifier from the calling instance"); return Optional.empty(); } else { return Optional.of(result.getUpdatedInstance()); } } private Collection getUpdatedParameters(MethodResult result) { Collection toReturn = new ArrayList<>(); List updatedParameters = result.getUpdatedParameters(); int firstParameterIndex = isStatic ? 0 : 1; for (int i = 0; i < updatedParameters.size(); i++) { Value updatedParameter = updatedParameters.get(i); if (updatedParameter != null) { Value oldParameter = parameters[i + firstParameterIndex]; if (!updatedParameter.isSpecific() || !oldParameter.isSpecific()) { throw new IllegalStateException( "An updated parameter was provided but either it or the original parameter are not specific"); } Object updatedId = PartialEvaluatorUtils.getIdFromSpecificReferenceValue( updatedParameter.referenceValue()); Object oldId = PartialEvaluatorUtils.getIdFromSpecificReferenceValue(oldParameter.referenceValue()); if (!oldId.equals(updatedId)) { log.error( "The updated parameter has unexpectedly a different identifier from its original value"); } else { toReturn.add(updatedParameter); } } } return toReturn; } /** * Get the responsible {@link Executor} for a given method execution info. * * @param info Information about the method execution. * @return The responsible executor. */ private Executor getResponsibleExecutor(@NotNull MethodExecutionInfo info) { return executorLookup.lookupExecutor(info); } /** * Execute the method given by a {@link ConcreteCall}. See {@link * ExecutingInvocationUnit#executeMethod(Executor, MethodExecutionInfo)} * * @param call The concrete call. * @param parameters The calling parameters. * @return The method result value. */ public MethodResult executeMethod(ConcreteCall call, Value... parameters) { MethodExecutionInfo methodInfo = new MethodExecutionInfo(call, parameters); Executor executor = getResponsibleExecutor(methodInfo); return executeMethod(executor, methodInfo); } /** * Executes a method using a given {@link Executor}. Replace references of the instance in * variables and stack if necessary. The return value represents the result of the executed * method. * * @param executor The {@link Executor} which handles this method call. * @param methodInfo Information about the method to execute. * @return The method result value. */ public MethodResult executeMethod(Executor executor, MethodExecutionInfo methodInfo) { if (executor == null) { return createFallbackResult(methodInfo); } MethodResult result = executor.getMethodResult( methodInfo, (type, referencedClazz, isParticular, concreteValue, valueMayBeExtension, valueId) -> createValue( type, referencedClazz, isParticular, concreteValue, valueMayBeExtension, valueId, methodInfo.getCaller())); if (result.isResultValid()) { return result; } return createFallbackResult(methodInfo); } /** * Provides a result with as much information as possible if an executor is not able to provide * it. */ private MethodResult createFallbackResult(MethodExecutionInfo methodInfo) { ReferenceValue instanceValue = methodInfo.getInstanceOrNullIfStatic(); Object instanceId = null; if (instanceValue != null && instanceValue.isSpecific()) { instanceId = PartialEvaluatorUtils.getIdFromSpecificReferenceValue(instanceValue); } boolean returnsSameTypeAsInstance = methodInfo.returnsSameTypeAsInstance(); MethodResult.Builder resultBuilder = new MethodResult.Builder(); if (methodInfo.returnsVoid()) { return resultBuilder.build(); } // The invocation unit is not able to execute the method. Calculate a fallback value. boolean returnsOwnInstance = // Keep the id if return and instance types match and the approximation is enabled. methodInfo.isConstructor() || enableSameInstanceIdApproximation && returnsSameTypeAsInstance; Object newInstanceId = returnsOwnInstance ? instanceId : null; resultBuilder.setReturnValue( createNonParticularValue( methodInfo.getReturnType(), methodInfo.getReturnClass(), isExtendable(methodInfo.getReturnClass()), newInstanceId)); return resultBuilder.build(); } /** * Create a {@link Value} given all available known information about it (included the actual * tracked value or a {@link Model} of it, if available, and its reference identifier if the value * has the same reference as an existing one). * *

This method is not limited to particular value and can be used to create any value given the * available amount of information. * * @param type the static type of the created value (runtime type might implement/extend it). * @param referencedClass the {@link Clazz} of the value (if it's a reference value). * @param isParticular whether the value to create is particular. If not the `concreteValue` * parameter will be ignored. * @param concreteValue the value of the tracked object. Can be the actual value or a {@link * Model}. * @param valueMayBeExtension whether the created value might actually be an extension of the * type. This should always be false for the instance created by constructors since they * always create an object of the exact type. This should usually be {@link * ClassUtil#isExtendable(Clazz)} for non constructor calls or more precise information if the * caller is able to provide it. * @param valueId the already known reference identifier of the created value. Null if the * identifier was not previously known. This is particularly important for constructors, since * they always return void and the only way to associate the constructed object to its * existing references is via the id. * @param callerLocation the code location of the caller. This is a completely optional parameter * and the value can be created without it. * @return The {@link Value} corresponding to the given parameters. */ private @NotNull Value createValue( String type, Clazz referencedClass, boolean isParticular, @Nullable Object concreteValue, boolean valueMayBeExtension, @Nullable Object valueId, @Nullable CodeLocation callerLocation) { if (type.charAt(0) == VOID) { throw new IllegalStateException("A value should not be created for void type"); } if (!isParticular) { return createNonParticularValue(type, referencedClass, valueMayBeExtension, valueId); } if (ClassUtil.isInternalPrimitiveType(type)) { Objects.requireNonNull(concreteValue, "Values of primitive types can't be null"); switch (type.charAt(0)) { case BOOLEAN: return valueFactory.createIntegerValue(((Boolean) concreteValue) ? 1 : 0); case CHAR: return valueFactory.createIntegerValue((Character) concreteValue); case BYTE: return valueFactory.createIntegerValue((Byte) concreteValue); case SHORT: return valueFactory.createIntegerValue((Short) concreteValue); case INT: return valueFactory.createIntegerValue((Integer) concreteValue); case FLOAT: return valueFactory.createFloatValue((Float) concreteValue); case DOUBLE: return valueFactory.createDoubleValue((Double) concreteValue); case LONG: return valueFactory.createLongValue((Long) concreteValue); default: throw new IllegalStateException("Trying to create a value of an unknown primitive type"); } } // TODO: update to handle array of references the same way as primitive arrays if (ClassUtil.internalArrayTypeDimensionCount(type) == 1 && isInternalPrimitiveType(ClassUtil.internalTypeFromArrayType(type)) && concreteValue != null) { if (concreteValue instanceof Model) { throw new IllegalStateException( "Modeled arrays are not supported by ExecutingInvocationUnit"); } return valueFactory.createArrayReferenceValue( type, null, // NB the class is null just because we are filtering for primitive arrays valueFactory.createIntegerValue(Array.getLength(concreteValue)), concreteValue); } boolean valueMayBeNull = concreteValue == null; AnalyzedObject resultObject = AnalyzedObjectFactory.create(concreteValue, type, referencedClass); if (valueId != null) { return valueFactory.createReferenceValueForId( referencedClass, valueMayBeExtension, valueMayBeNull, valueId, resultObject); } if (callerLocation != null) { return valueFactory.createReferenceValue( referencedClass, valueMayBeExtension, valueMayBeNull, callerLocation, resultObject); } return valueFactory.createReferenceValue( referencedClass, valueMayBeExtension, valueMayBeNull, resultObject); } /** * Create a {@link Value} possibly with a known reference identifier. * * @param type the static type of the created value (runtime type might implement/extend it). * @param referencedClass the {@link Clazz} of the value (if it's a reference value). * @param valueId the already known reference identifier of the created value. Null if the * identifier was not previously known. * @return The non-particular {@link Value} corresponding to the given parameters. */ private @NotNull Value createNonParticularValue( String type, Clazz referencedClass, boolean valueMayBeExtension, @Nullable Object valueId) { if (type.charAt(0) == VOID) { throw new IllegalStateException("A value should not be created for void type"); } if (isInternalPrimitiveType(type)) { return valueFactory.createValue(type, null, false, false); } if (valueId != null) { return valueFactory.createReferenceValueForId( type, referencedClass, valueMayBeExtension, true, valueId); } return valueFactory.createValue(type, referencedClass, valueMayBeExtension, true); } /** * Returns whether the execution invocation unit is able to handle the given method. Prefer {@link * #canExecute(MethodExecutionInfo)} as it can handle dynamic dispatch resolution. * * @param signature The method signature of the method being tested * @return true if the method can be executed. */ public boolean canExecute(@NotNull MethodSignature signature) { return this.executorLookup.hasExecutorFor(signature); } /** * Returns whether the execution invocation unit is able to handle the given method described by * its method execution info. Handles dynamic dispatch resolution. * * @param info The method execution info to be tested * @return true if the method can be executed. */ public boolean canExecute(@NotNull MethodExecutionInfo info) { return this.executorLookup.hasExecutorFor(info); } /** * Checks whether any methods of the given class are supported by the executors. * * @param clazz The class to check * @return true if any method of the given class is supported by the executor */ public boolean supportsInstancesOf(@NotNull Clazz clazz) { return executorLookup.shouldTrackInstancesOfType(clazz); } /** * Checks whether any methods of the given class are supported by the executors. Prefer to use * {@link #supportsInstancesOf(Clazz)} whenever possible. * * @param className The class name to check * @return true if any method of the given class is supported by the executor */ public boolean supportsInstancesOf(@NotNull String className) { return executorLookup.shouldTrackInstancesOfType(className); } /** * Iterate the variables and replace all occurrences with the same reference id of the specified * value with its updated value. * *

This is expected to be used just for values that have a reference identifier available * (i.e., they are specific). * * @param newValue the value which should be put in. * @param variables the variables to look through. */ private void replaceReferenceInVariables(Value newValue, Variables variables) { if (!newValue.isSpecific()) { throw new IllegalStateException("Can't identify a non specific value"); } for (int i = 0; i < variables.size(); i++) { Value oldValue = variables.getValue(i); if (oldValue == null) { continue; } if (oldValue.isCategory2()) { i++; } if (!oldValue.isSpecific() || !(oldValue instanceof ReferenceValue)) { continue; } if (Objects.equals( PartialEvaluatorUtils.getIdFromSpecificReferenceValue(oldValue.referenceValue()), PartialEvaluatorUtils.getIdFromSpecificReferenceValue(newValue.referenceValue()))) { variables.store(i, newValue); } } } /** * Iterate the stack and replace all occurrences with the same reference id of the specified value * with its updated value. * *

This is expected to be used just for values that have a reference identifier available * (i.e., they are specific). * * @param newValue the value which should be put in. * @param stack the variables to look through. */ private void replaceReferenceOnStack(Value newValue, Stack stack) { if (!newValue.isSpecific()) { throw new IllegalStateException("Can't identify a non specific value"); } for (int i = 0; i < stack.size(); i++) { Value oldValue = stack.getTop(i); if (oldValue == null || !oldValue.isSpecific() || !(oldValue instanceof ReferenceValue)) { continue; } if (Objects.equals( PartialEvaluatorUtils.getIdFromSpecificReferenceValue(oldValue.referenceValue()), PartialEvaluatorUtils.getIdFromSpecificReferenceValue(newValue.referenceValue()))) { stack.setTop(i, newValue); } } } @Override public Value getFieldValue(Clazz clazz, FieldrefConstant fieldrefConstant, String type) { // get values from static final fields FieldValueGetterVisitor constantVisitor = new FieldValueGetterVisitor(); fieldrefConstant.referencedFieldAccept( new MemberAccessFilter(STATIC | FINAL, 0, constantVisitor)); return constantVisitor.value == null ? super.getFieldValue(clazz, fieldrefConstant, type) : constantVisitor.value; } private class FieldValueGetterVisitor implements MemberVisitor, AttributeVisitor, ConstantVisitor { Value value = null; private ProgramField currentField; // Implementations for MemberVisitor @Override public void visitAnyMember(Clazz clazz, Member member) { // We are not interested in generic members. } @Override public void visitProgramField(ProgramClass programClass, ProgramField programField) { this.currentField = programField; programField.attributesAccept(programClass, this); } // Implementations for AttributeVisitor @Override public void visitAnyAttribute(Clazz clazz, Attribute attribute) { // We are not interested in generic attributes. } @Override public void visitConstantValueAttribute( Clazz clazz, Field field, ConstantValueAttribute constantValueAttribute) { clazz.constantPoolEntryAccept(constantValueAttribute.u2constantValueIndex, this); } // Implementations for ConstantVisitor @Override public void visitAnyConstant(Clazz clazz, Constant constant) { // We are not interested in generic constants. } @Override public void visitIntegerConstant(Clazz clazz, IntegerConstant integerConstant) { value = valueFactory.createIntegerValue(integerConstant.getValue()); } @Override public void visitFloatConstant(Clazz clazz, FloatConstant floatConstant) { value = valueFactory.createFloatValue(floatConstant.getValue()); } @Override public void visitDoubleConstant(Clazz clazz, DoubleConstant doubleConstant) { value = valueFactory.createDoubleValue(doubleConstant.getValue()); } @Override public void visitLongConstant(Clazz clazz, LongConstant longConstant) { value = valueFactory.createLongValue(longConstant.getValue()); } @Override public void visitStringConstant(Clazz clazz, StringConstant stringConstant) { value = valueFactory.createReferenceValue( currentField.referencedClass, isExtendable(currentField.referencedClass), false, AnalyzedObjectFactory.createPrecise(stringConstant.getString(clazz))); } } }





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