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The Apache Commons Codec package contains simple encoder and decoders for various formats such as Base64 and Hexadecimal. In addition to these widely used encoders and decoders, the codec package also maintains a collection of phonetic encoding utilities.
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/* ====================================================================
   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
   this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
   The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   limitations under the License.
==================================================================== */

package org.apache.poi.poifs.storage;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.poi.poifs.common.POIFSBigBlockSize;
import org.apache.poi.poifs.common.POIFSConstants;
import org.apache.poi.util.LittleEndian;
import org.apache.poi.util.LittleEndianConsts;

/**
 * A block of block allocation table entries. BATBlocks are created
 * only through a static factory method: createBATBlocks.
 */
public final class BATBlock implements BlockWritable {
    /**
     * Either 512 bytes ({@link POIFSConstants#SMALLER_BIG_BLOCK_SIZE})
     *  or 4096 bytes ({@link POIFSConstants#LARGER_BIG_BLOCK_SIZE})
     */
    private POIFSBigBlockSize bigBlockSize;

    /**
     * For a regular fat block, these are 128 / 1024
     *  next sector values.
     * For a XFat (DIFat) block, these are 127 / 1023
     *  next sector values, then a chaining value.
     */
    private int[] _values;

    /**
     * Does this BATBlock have any free sectors in it?
     */
    private boolean _has_free_sectors;

    /**
     * Where in the file are we?
     */
    private int ourBlockIndex;

    /**
     * Create a single instance initialized with default values
     */
    private BATBlock(POIFSBigBlockSize bigBlockSize)
    {
        this.bigBlockSize = bigBlockSize;

        int _entries_per_block = bigBlockSize.getBATEntriesPerBlock();
        _values = new int[_entries_per_block];
        _has_free_sectors = true;

        Arrays.fill(_values, POIFSConstants.UNUSED_BLOCK);
    }

    private void recomputeFree() {
       boolean hasFree = false;
        for (int _value : _values) {
            if (_value == POIFSConstants.UNUSED_BLOCK) {
                hasFree = true;
                break;
            }
        }
       _has_free_sectors = hasFree;
    }

    /**
     * Create a single BATBlock from the byte buffer, which must hold at least
     *  one big block of data to be read.
     */
    public static BATBlock createBATBlock(final POIFSBigBlockSize bigBlockSize, ByteBuffer data)
    {
       // Create an empty block
       BATBlock block = new BATBlock(bigBlockSize);

       // Fill it
       byte[] buffer = new byte[LittleEndianConsts.INT_SIZE];
       for(int i=0; i bats) {
       POIFSBigBlockSize bigBlockSize = header.getBigBlockSize();
       int entriesPerBlock = bigBlockSize.getBATEntriesPerBlock();

       int whichBAT = offset / entriesPerBlock;
       int index = offset % entriesPerBlock;
       return new BATBlockAndIndex( index, bats.get(whichBAT) );
    }

    /**
     * Returns the BATBlock that handles the specified offset,
     *  and the relative index within it, for the mini stream.
     * The List of BATBlocks must be in sequential order
     */
    public static BATBlockAndIndex getSBATBlockAndIndex(final int offset,
          final HeaderBlock header, final List sbats) {
        return getBATBlockAndIndex(offset, header, sbats);
    }

    /**
     * Does this BATBlock have any free sectors in it, or
     *  is it full?
     */
    public boolean hasFreeSectors() {
       return _has_free_sectors;
    }
    /**
     * How many sectors in this block are taken?
     * Note that calling {@link #hasFreeSectors()} is much quicker
     */
    public int getUsedSectors(boolean isAnXBAT) {
        int usedSectors = 0;
        int toCheck = _values.length;
        if (isAnXBAT) toCheck--; // Last is a chain location
        for(int k=0; k= 0; k--) {
            if(_values[k] == POIFSConstants.UNUSED_BLOCK) {
                usedSectors--;
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        return usedSectors;
    }

    public int getValueAt(int relativeOffset) {
       if(relativeOffset >= _values.length) {
          throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(
                "Unable to fetch offset " + relativeOffset + " as the " +
                "BAT only contains " + _values.length + " entries"
          );
       }
       return _values[relativeOffset];
    }

    public void setValueAt(int relativeOffset, int value) {
       int oldValue = _values[relativeOffset];
       _values[relativeOffset] = value;

       // Do we need to re-compute the free?
       if(value == POIFSConstants.UNUSED_BLOCK) {
          _has_free_sectors = true;
          return;
       }
       if(oldValue == POIFSConstants.UNUSED_BLOCK) {
          recomputeFree();
       }
    }

    /**
     * Record where in the file we live
     */
    public void setOurBlockIndex(int index) {
       this.ourBlockIndex = index;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve where in the file we live
     */
    public int getOurBlockIndex() {
       return ourBlockIndex;
    }

    /**
     * Write the block's data to an OutputStream
     *
     * @param stream the OutputStream to which the stored data should
     *               be written
     *
     * @exception IOException on problems writing to the specified
     *            stream
     */
    public void writeBlocks(final OutputStream stream) throws IOException {
        // Save it out
        stream.write( serialize() );
    }

    public void writeData(final ByteBuffer block) {
       // Save it out
       block.put( serialize() );
    }

    private byte[] serialize() {
       // Create the empty array
       byte[] data = new byte[ bigBlockSize.getBigBlockSize() ];

        // Fill in the values
        int offset = 0;
        for (int _value : _values) {
            LittleEndian.putInt(data, offset, _value);
            offset += LittleEndianConsts.INT_SIZE;
        }

       // Done
       return data;
    }

    public static final class BATBlockAndIndex {
       private final int index;
       private final BATBlock block;
       private BATBlockAndIndex(int index, BATBlock block) {
          this.index = index;
          this.block = block;
       }
       public int getIndex() {
          return index;
       }
       public BATBlock getBlock() {
          return block;
       }
    }
}