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The Apache Commons Codec package contains simple encoder and decoders for
various formats such as Base64 and Hexadecimal. In addition to these
widely used encoders and decoders, the codec package also maintains a
collection of phonetic encoding utilities.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.commons.codec.language;
import java.util.Locale;
import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
import org.apache.commons.codec.StringEncoder;
/**
* Match Rating Approach Phonetic Algorithm Developed by Western Airlines in 1977.
*
* This class is immutable and thread-safe.
*
* @see Wikipedia - Match Rating Approach
* @since 1.8
*/
public class MatchRatingApproachEncoder implements StringEncoder {
private static final String SPACE = " ";
private static final String EMPTY = "";
/**
* Constants used mainly for the min rating value.
*/
private static final int ONE = 1, TWO = 2, THREE = 3, FOUR = 4, FIVE = 5, SIX = 6, SEVEN = 7,
ELEVEN = 11, TWELVE = 12;
/**
* The plain letter equivalent of the accented letters.
*/
private static final String PLAIN_ASCII = "AaEeIiOoUu" + // grave
"AaEeIiOoUuYy" + // acute
"AaEeIiOoUuYy" + // circumflex
"AaOoNn" + // tilde
"AaEeIiOoUuYy" + // umlaut
"Aa" + // ring
"Cc" + // cedilla
"OoUu"; // double acute
/**
* Unicode characters corresponding to various accented letters. For example: \u00DA is U acute etc...
*/
private static final String UNICODE = "\u00C0\u00E0\u00C8\u00E8\u00CC\u00EC\u00D2\u00F2\u00D9\u00F9" +
"\u00C1\u00E1\u00C9\u00E9\u00CD\u00ED\u00D3\u00F3\u00DA\u00FA\u00DD\u00FD" +
"\u00C2\u00E2\u00CA\u00EA\u00CE\u00EE\u00D4\u00F4\u00DB\u00FB\u0176\u0177" +
"\u00C3\u00E3\u00D5\u00F5\u00D1\u00F1" +
"\u00C4\u00E4\u00CB\u00EB\u00CF\u00EF\u00D6\u00F6\u00DC\u00FC\u0178\u00FF" +
"\u00C5\u00E5" + "\u00C7\u00E7" + "\u0150\u0151\u0170\u0171";
private static final String[] DOUBLE_CONSONANT =
new String[] { "BB", "CC", "DD", "FF", "GG", "HH", "JJ", "KK", "LL", "MM", "NN", "PP", "QQ", "RR", "SS",
"TT", "VV", "WW", "XX", "YY", "ZZ" };
/**
* Cleans up a name: 1. Upper-cases everything 2. Removes some common punctuation 3. Removes accents 4. Removes any
* spaces.
*
* API Usage
*
* Consider this method private, it is package protected for unit testing only.
*
*
* @param name
* The name to be cleaned
* @return The cleaned name
*/
String cleanName(final String name) {
String upperName = name.toUpperCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
final String[] charsToTrim = { "\\-", "[&]", "\\'", "\\.", "[\\,]" };
for (final String str : charsToTrim) {
upperName = upperName.replaceAll(str, EMPTY);
}
upperName = removeAccents(upperName);
upperName = upperName.replaceAll("\\s+", EMPTY);
return upperName;
}
/**
* Encodes an Object using the Match Rating Approach algorithm. Method is here to satisfy the requirements of the
* Encoder interface Throws an EncoderException if input object is not of type java.lang.String.
*
* @param pObject
* Object to encode
* @return An object (or type java.lang.String) containing the Match Rating Approach code which corresponds to the
* String supplied.
* @throws EncoderException
* if the parameter supplied is not of type java.lang.String
*/
@Override
public final Object encode(final Object pObject) throws EncoderException {
if (!(pObject instanceof String)) {
throw new EncoderException(
"Parameter supplied to Match Rating Approach encoder is not of type java.lang.String");
}
return encode((String) pObject);
}
/**
* Encodes a String using the Match Rating Approach (MRA) algorithm.
*
* @param name
* String object to encode
* @return The MRA code corresponding to the String supplied
*/
@Override
public final String encode(String name) {
// Bulletproof for trivial input - NINO
if (name == null || EMPTY.equalsIgnoreCase(name) || SPACE.equalsIgnoreCase(name) || name.length() == 1) {
return EMPTY;
}
// Preprocessing
name = cleanName(name);
// BEGIN: Actual encoding part of the algorithm...
// 1. Delete all vowels unless the vowel begins the word
name = removeVowels(name);
// 2. Remove second consonant from any double consonant
name = removeDoubleConsonants(name);
// 3. Reduce codex to 6 letters by joining the first 3 and last 3 letters
name = getFirst3Last3(name);
return name;
}
/**
* Gets the first and last 3 letters of a name (if > 6 characters) Else just returns the name.
*
* API Usage
*
* Consider this method private, it is package protected for unit testing only.
*
*
* @param name
* The string to get the substrings from
* @return Annexed first and last 3 letters of input word.
*/
String getFirst3Last3(final String name) {
final int nameLength = name.length();
if (nameLength > SIX) {
final String firstThree = name.substring(0, THREE);
final String lastThree = name.substring(nameLength - THREE, nameLength);
return firstThree + lastThree;
}
return name;
}
/**
* Obtains the min rating of the length sum of the 2 names. In essence the larger the sum length the smaller the
* min rating. Values strictly from documentation.
*
* API Usage
*
* Consider this method private, it is package protected for unit testing only.
*
*
* @param sumLength
* The length of 2 strings sent down
* @return The min rating value
*/
int getMinRating(final int sumLength) {
int minRating = 0;
if (sumLength <= FOUR) {
minRating = FIVE;
} else if (sumLength <= SEVEN) { // aready know it is at least 5
minRating = FOUR;
} else if (sumLength <= ELEVEN) { // aready know it is at least 8
minRating = THREE;
} else if (sumLength == TWELVE) {
minRating = TWO;
} else {
minRating = ONE; // docs said little here.
}
return minRating;
}
/**
* Determines if two names are homophonous via Match Rating Approach (MRA) algorithm. It should be noted that the
* strings are cleaned in the same way as {@link #encode(String)}.
*
* @param name1
* First of the 2 strings (names) to compare
* @param name2
* Second of the 2 names to compare
* @return {@code true} if the encodings are identical {@code false} otherwise.
*/
public boolean isEncodeEquals(String name1, String name2) {
// Bulletproof for trivial input - NINO
if (name1 == null || EMPTY.equalsIgnoreCase(name1) || SPACE.equalsIgnoreCase(name1)) {
return false;
} else if (name2 == null || EMPTY.equalsIgnoreCase(name2) || SPACE.equalsIgnoreCase(name2)) {
return false;
} else if (name1.length() == 1 || name2.length() == 1) {
return false;
} else if (name1.equalsIgnoreCase(name2)) {
return true;
}
// Preprocessing
name1 = cleanName(name1);
name2 = cleanName(name2);
// Actual MRA Algorithm
// 1. Remove vowels
name1 = removeVowels(name1);
name2 = removeVowels(name2);
// 2. Remove double consonants
name1 = removeDoubleConsonants(name1);
name2 = removeDoubleConsonants(name2);
// 3. Reduce down to 3 letters
name1 = getFirst3Last3(name1);
name2 = getFirst3Last3(name2);
// 4. Check for length difference - if 3 or greater then no similarity
// comparison is done
if (Math.abs(name1.length() - name2.length()) >= THREE) {
return false;
}
// 5. Obtain the minimum rating value by calculating the length sum of the
// encoded Strings and sending it down.
final int sumLength = Math.abs(name1.length() + name2.length());
int minRating = 0;
minRating = getMinRating(sumLength);
// 6. Process the encoded Strings from left to right and remove any
// identical characters found from both Strings respectively.
final int count = leftToRightThenRightToLeftProcessing(name1, name2);
// 7. Each PNI item that has a similarity rating equal to or greater than
// the min is considered to be a good candidate match
return count >= minRating;
}
/**
* Determines if a letter is a vowel.
*
* API Usage
*
* Consider this method private, it is package protected for unit testing only.
*
*
* @param letter
* The letter under investiagtion
* @return True if a vowel, else false
*/
boolean isVowel(final String letter) {
return letter.equalsIgnoreCase("E") || letter.equalsIgnoreCase("A") || letter.equalsIgnoreCase("O") ||
letter.equalsIgnoreCase("I") || letter.equalsIgnoreCase("U");
}
/**
* Processes the names from left to right (first) then right to left removing identical letters in same positions.
* Then subtracts the longer string that remains from 6 and returns this.
*
* API Usage
*
* Consider this method private, it is package protected for unit testing only.
*
*
* @param name1
* name2
* @return the length as above
*/
int leftToRightThenRightToLeftProcessing(final String name1, final String name2) {
final char[] name1Char = name1.toCharArray();
final char[] name2Char = name2.toCharArray();
final int name1Size = name1.length() - 1;
final int name2Size = name2.length() - 1;
String name1LtRStart = EMPTY;
String name1LtREnd = EMPTY;
String name2RtLStart = EMPTY;
String name2RtLEnd = EMPTY;
for (int i = 0; i < name1Char.length; i++) {
if (i > name2Size) {
break;
}
name1LtRStart = name1.substring(i, i + 1);
name1LtREnd = name1.substring(name1Size - i, name1Size - i + 1);
name2RtLStart = name2.substring(i, i + 1);
name2RtLEnd = name2.substring(name2Size - i, name2Size - i + 1);
// Left to right...
if (name1LtRStart.equals(name2RtLStart)) {
name1Char[i] = ' ';
name2Char[i] = ' ';
}
// Right to left...
if (name1LtREnd.equals(name2RtLEnd)) {
name1Char[name1Size - i] = ' ';
name2Char[name2Size - i] = ' ';
}
}
// Char arrays -> string & remove extraneous space
final String strA = new String(name1Char).replaceAll("\\s+", EMPTY);
final String strB = new String(name2Char).replaceAll("\\s+", EMPTY);
// Final bit - subtract longest string from 6 and return this int value
if (strA.length() > strB.length()) {
return Math.abs(SIX - strA.length());
}
return Math.abs(SIX - strB.length());
}
/**
* Removes accented letters and replaces with non-accented ascii equivalent Case is preserved.
* http://www.codecodex.com/wiki/Remove_accent_from_letters_%28ex_.%C3%A9_to_e%29
*
* @param accentedWord
* The word that may have accents in it.
* @return De-accented word
*/
String removeAccents(final String accentedWord) {
if (accentedWord == null) {
return null;
}
final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
final int n = accentedWord.length();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
final char c = accentedWord.charAt(i);
final int pos = UNICODE.indexOf(c);
if (pos > -1) {
sb.append(PLAIN_ASCII.charAt(pos));
} else {
sb.append(c);
}
}
return sb.toString();
}
/**
* Replaces any double consonant pair with the single letter equivalent.
*
* API Usage
*
* Consider this method private, it is package protected for unit testing only.
*
*
* @param name
* String to have double consonants removed
* @return Single consonant word
*/
String removeDoubleConsonants(final String name) {
String replacedName = name.toUpperCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
for (final String dc : DOUBLE_CONSONANT) {
if (replacedName.contains(dc)) {
final String singleLetter = dc.substring(0, 1);
replacedName = replacedName.replace(dc, singleLetter);
}
}
return replacedName;
}
/**
* Deletes all vowels unless the vowel begins the word.
*
* API Usage
*
* Consider this method private, it is package protected for unit testing only.
*
*
* @param name
* The name to have vowels removed
* @return De-voweled word
*/
String removeVowels(String name) {
// Extract first letter
final String firstLetter = name.substring(0, 1);
name = name.replaceAll("A", EMPTY);
name = name.replaceAll("E", EMPTY);
name = name.replaceAll("I", EMPTY);
name = name.replaceAll("O", EMPTY);
name = name.replaceAll("U", EMPTY);
name = name.replaceAll("\\s{2,}\\b", SPACE);
// return isVowel(firstLetter) ? (firstLetter + name) : name;
if (isVowel(firstLetter)) {
return firstLetter + name;
}
return name;
}
}
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