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The Apache Commons Codec package contains simple encoder and decoders for various formats such as Base64 and Hexadecimal. In addition to these widely used encoders and decoders, the codec package also maintains a collection of phonetic encoding utilities.
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/*   Copyright 2004 The Apache Software Foundation
 *
 *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.xmlbeans.impl.common;

import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.ProcessingInstruction;
import org.w3c.dom.Comment;
import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
import org.xml.sax.Locator;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import org.xml.sax.ContentHandler;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;
import org.xml.sax.ext.LexicalHandler;

import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.Vector;

public class Sax2Dom
        extends DefaultHandler
        implements ContentHandler, LexicalHandler
{
    public static final String EMPTYSTRING = "";
    public static final String XML_PREFIX = "xml";
    public static final String XMLNS_PREFIX = "xmlns";
    public static final String XMLNS_STRING = "xmlns:";
    public static final String XMLNS_URI = "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/";

    private Node _root = null;
    private Document _document = null;
    private Stack _nodeStk = new Stack();
    private Vector _namespaceDecls = null;

    public Sax2Dom() throws ParserConfigurationException
    {
        _document = DocumentHelper.createDocument();
        _root = _document;
    }

    public Sax2Dom(Node root) throws ParserConfigurationException
    {
        _root = root;
        if (root instanceof Document)
        {
            _document = (Document) root;
        }
        else if (root != null)
        {
            _document = root.getOwnerDocument();
        }
        else
        {
            _document = DocumentHelper.createDocument();
            _root = _document;
        }
    }

    public Node getDOM()
    {
        return _root;
    }

    public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length)
    {
        final Node last = (Node) _nodeStk.peek();

        // No text nodes can be children of root (DOM006 exception)
        if (last != _document)
        {
            final String text = new String(ch, start, length);
            last.appendChild(_document.createTextNode(text));
        }
    }

    public void startDocument()
    {
        _nodeStk.push(_root);
    }

    public void endDocument()
    {
        _nodeStk.pop();
    }

    public void startElement(String namespace, String localName, String qName,
                             Attributes attrs)
    {
        final Element tmp = (Element) _document.createElementNS(namespace, qName);

        // Add namespace declarations first
        if (_namespaceDecls != null)
        {
            final int nDecls = _namespaceDecls.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < nDecls; i++)
            {
                final String prefix = (String) _namespaceDecls.elementAt(i++);

                if (prefix == null || prefix.equals(EMPTYSTRING))
                {
                    tmp.setAttributeNS(XMLNS_URI, XMLNS_PREFIX,
                            (String) _namespaceDecls.elementAt(i));
                }
                else
                {
                    tmp.setAttributeNS(XMLNS_URI, XMLNS_STRING + prefix,
                            (String) _namespaceDecls.elementAt(i));
                }
            }
            _namespaceDecls.clear();
        }

        // Add attributes to element
        final int nattrs = attrs.getLength();
        for (int i = 0; i < nattrs; i++)
        {
            if (attrs.getLocalName(i) == null)
            {
                tmp.setAttribute(attrs.getQName(i), attrs.getValue(i));
            }
            else
            {
                tmp.setAttributeNS(attrs.getURI(i), attrs.getQName(i),
                        attrs.getValue(i));
            }
        }

        // Append this new node onto current stack node
        Node last = (Node) _nodeStk.peek();
        last.appendChild(tmp);

        // Push this node onto stack
        _nodeStk.push(tmp);
    }

    public void endElement(String namespace, String localName, String qName)
    {
        _nodeStk.pop();
    }

    public void startPrefixMapping(String prefix, String uri)
    {
        if (_namespaceDecls == null)
        {
            _namespaceDecls = new Vector(2);
        }
        _namespaceDecls.addElement(prefix);
        _namespaceDecls.addElement(uri);
    }

    public void endPrefixMapping(String prefix)
    {
        // do nothing
    }

    /**
     * This class is only used internally so this method should never
     * be called.
     */
    public void ignorableWhitespace(char[] ch, int start, int length)
    {
    }

    /**
     * adds processing instruction node to DOM.
     */
    public void processingInstruction(String target, String data)
    {
        final Node last = (Node) _nodeStk.peek();
        ProcessingInstruction pi = _document.createProcessingInstruction(
                target, data);
        if (pi != null) last.appendChild(pi);
    }

    /**
     * This class is only used internally so this method should never
     * be called.
     */
    public void setDocumentLocator(Locator locator)
    {
    }

    /**
     * This class is only used internally so this method should never
     * be called.
     */
    public void skippedEntity(String name)
    {
    }


    /**
     * Lexical Handler method to create comment node in DOM tree.
     */
    public void comment(char[] ch, int start, int length)
    {
        final Node last = (Node) _nodeStk.peek();
        Comment comment = _document.createComment(new String(ch, start, length));
        if (comment != null) last.appendChild(comment);
    }

    // Lexical Handler methods- not implemented
    public void startCDATA()
    {
    }

    public void endCDATA()
    {
    }

    public void startEntity(java.lang.String name)
    {
    }

    public void endEntity(String name)
    {
    }

    public void startDTD(String name, String publicId, String systemId)
            throws SAXException
    {
    }

    public void endDTD()
    {
    }
}