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    /*
 * Copyright (C) 2013 Information Management Services, Inc.
 */
package com.imsweb.algorithms.nhia;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import com.opencsv.CSVReader;

/**
 * This class is used to calculate the NHIA variable. More information can be found here:
 * http://www.naaccr.org/Research/DataAnalysisTools.aspx
 * 

    
 * This Java implementation is based ONLY on the SAS implementation of the algorithm; the PDF documentation was not accurate when
 * this algorithm was implemented and therefore was not taken into account.
 */
public final class NhiaUtils {

    public static final String ALG_NAME = "NAACCR Hispanic Identification Algorithm";
    public static final String ALG_VERSION = "17";
    public static final String ALG_INFO = "NHAPIIA v17 released in April 2017";

    public static final String PROP_SPANISH_HISPANIC_ORIGIN = "spanishHispanicOrigin";
    public static final String PROP_NAME_LAST = "nameLast";
    public static final String PROP_NAME_MAIDEN = "nameMaiden";
    public static final String PROP_BIRTH_PLACE_COUNTRY = "birthplaceCountry";
    public static final String PROP_RACE1 = "race1";
    public static final String PROP_SEX = "sex";
    public static final String PROP_IHS = "ihs";
    public static final String PROP_COUNTY_DX = "addressAtDxCounty";
    public static final String PROP_STATE_DX = "addressAtDxState";

    public static final String NHIA_NON_HISPANIC = "0";
    public static final String NHIA_MEXICAN = "1";
    public static final String NHIA_PUERTO_RICAN = "2";
    public static final String NHIA_CUBAN = "3";
    public static final String NHIA_SOUTH_CENTRAL_AMER = "4";
    public static final String NHIA_OTHER_SPANISH = "5";
    public static final String NHIA_SPANISH_NOS = "6";
    public static final String NHIA_SURNAME_ONLY = "7";
    public static final String NHIA_DOMINICAN = "8";

    public static final String NHIA_OPTION_ALL_CASES = "0";
    public static final String NHIA_OPTION_SEVEN_AND_NINE = "1";
    public static final String NHIA_OPTION_SEVEN_ONLY = "2";

    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_NON_HISPANIC = "0";
    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_MEXICAN = "1";
    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_PUERTO_RICAN = "2";
    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_CUBAN = "3";
    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_SOUTH_CENTRAL_AMER = "4";
    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_OTHER_SPANISH = "5";
    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_SPANISH_NOS = "6";
    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_SURNAME_ONLY = "7";
    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_DOMINICAN = "8";
    private static final String _SPAN_HISP_ORIG_UNKNOWN = "9";

    private static final String _GENDER_MALE = "1";
    private static final String _GENDER_FEMALE = "2";

    // spanish/Hispanic origins for direct identification
    private static final List _DIRECT_IDENTIFICATION_ORIGINS = Arrays.asList("1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "8");

    // spanish/Hispanic origins for indirect identification
    private static final List _INDIRECT_IDENTIFICATION_ORIGINS = Arrays.asList("0", "6", "7", "9");

    // birthplace countries corresponding to NHIA of NON-HISPANIC (called Low Probability of Hispanic Ethnicity in documentation)
    private static final List _BPC_NON_HISP = Arrays.asList("VIR", "ASM", "KIR", "FSM", "COK", "TUV", "GUM", "MNP", "MHL", "TKL", "UMI", "BRA", "GUY", "SUR", "GUF", "GBR", "XEN", "ENG", "GGY",
            "JEY", "IMN", "WLS", "SCT", "NIR", "IRL", "XSC", "ISL", "NOR", "SJM", "DNK", "FRO", "SWE", "FIN", "ALA", "XGR", "DEU", "NLD", "BEL", "LUX", "CHE", "AUT", "LIE", "FRA", "MCO", "PRT", "CPV",
            "ITA", "SMR", "VAT", "ROU", "XSL", "POL", "CSK", "CZE", "SWK", "YUG", "BIH", "HRV", "MKD", "MNE", "SRB", "SVN", "BGR", "RUS", "XUM", "UKR", "MDA", "BLR", "EST", "LVA", "LTU", "GRC", "HUN",
            "ALB", "GIB", "MLT", "CYP", "ZZE", "PHL");

    // Birthplace countries corresponding to NHIA of MEXICAN (under the High Probability of Hispanic Ethnicity in documentation)
    private static final List _BPC_MEXICAN = Collections.singletonList("MEX");

    // birthplace countries corresponding to NHIA of PERTO-RICAN (under the High Probability of Hispanic Ethnicity in documentation)
    private static final List _BPC_PUERTO_RICAN = Collections.singletonList("PRI");

    // birthplace countries corresponding to NHIA of CUBAN (under the High Probability of Hispanic Ethnicity in documentation)
    private static final List _BPC_CUBAN = Collections.singletonList("CUB");

    // birthplace countries corresponding to NHIA of SOUTH-CENTRAL-AMERICAN (under the High Probability of Hispanic Ethnicity in documentation)
    private static final List _BPC_SOUTH_CENTRAL_AMER = Arrays.asList("ZZC", "GTM", "HND", "SLV", "NIC", "CRI", "PAN", "ZZS", "COL", "VEN", "ECU", "PER", "BOL", "CHL", "ARG", "PRY", "URY");

    // birthplace countries corresponding to NHIA of OTHER-SPANISH (under the High Probability of Hispanic Ethnicity in documentation)
    private static final List _BPC_OTHER_SPANISH = Arrays.asList("ESP", "AND");

    // birthplace countries corresponding to NHIA of DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC (under the High Probability of Hispanic Ethnicity in documentation)
    private static final List _BPC_DOMINICAN_REP = Collections.singletonList("DOM");

    // race being excluded from Indirect Identification
    private static final List _RACE_EXCLUDED = Arrays.asList("03", "06", "07");

    // special Asian and Pacific Islander
    private static final List _RACE_PACIFIC = Arrays.asList("96", "97");

    // cached lookups
    private static Set _LOW_HISP_ETHN_COUNTIES;
    private static Set _HEAVILY_HISPANIC_NAMES;
    private static Set _RARELY_HISPANIC_NAMES;

    /**
     * Calculates the NHIA value for the provided record and option.
     * 

    
     * The provided record doesn't need to contain all the input variables, but the algorithm wil use the following ones:
     * 
      
     * 
    • spanishHispanicOrigin (#190)
      • 
     * 
    • birthplaceCountry (#254)
      • 
     * 
    • race1 (#160)
      • 
     * 
    • ihs (#192)
      • 
     * 
    • addressAtDxState (#80)
      • 
     * 
    • addressAtDxCounty (#90)
      • 
     * 
    • sex (#220)
      • 
     * 
    • nameLast (#2230)
      • 
     * 
    • nameMaiden (#2390)
      • 
     * 
    
     * All those properties are defined as constants in this class.
     * 

    
     * Note that some of those properties are part of the full NAACCR Abstract; providing only Indicence information is not enough
     * for this algorithm.
     * 

    
     * The optiosn are also defined as constants in this class:
     * 
      
     * 
    • O: always apply the surname portion of the algorithm (corresponds to the 'All Records' option in the SAS algorithm
      • 
     * 
    • 1: run the surname portion only if Spanish/Hispanic Origin is 7 or 9 (corresponds to the 'OPTION1' option in the SAS algorithm)
      • 
     * 
    • 2: run the surname portion only if Spanish/Hispanic Origin is 7 and convert cases with a Spanish/Hispanic Origin of 9 to 0
     * (corresponds to the 'OPTION2' option in the SAS algorithm)
      • 
     * 
    
     * If you are not sure which option to provide, use NHIA_OPTION_SEVEN_AND_NINE since this is the default that the SAS algorithm uses.
     * @param record a map of properties representing a NAACCR line
     * @param option option indicating when to apply the Indirect Identification based on names for spanish/hispanic original values of 0, 7 and 9
     * @return the computed NHIA value
     */
    public static NhiaResultsDto computeNhia(Map record, String option) {
        NhiaInputRecordDto input = new NhiaInputRecordDto();
        input.setSpanishHispanicOrigin(record.get(PROP_SPANISH_HISPANIC_ORIGIN));
        input.setBirthplaceCountry(record.get(PROP_BIRTH_PLACE_COUNTRY));
        input.setSex(record.get(PROP_SEX));
        input.setRace1(record.get(PROP_RACE1));
        input.setIhs(record.get(PROP_IHS));
        input.setNameLast(record.get(PROP_NAME_LAST));
        input.setNameMaiden(record.get(PROP_NAME_MAIDEN));
        input.setCountyAtDx(record.get(PROP_COUNTY_DX));
        input.setStateAtDx(record.get(PROP_STATE_DX));
        return computeNhia(input, option);
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the NHIA value for the provided patient and option.
     * 

    
     * The provided patient doesn't need to contain all the input variables, but the algorithm wil use the following ones:
     * 
      
     * 
    • spanishHispanicOrigin (#190)
      • 
     * 
    • birthplaceCountry (#254)
      • 
     * 
    • race1 (#160)
      • 
     * 
    • ihs (#192)
      • 
     * 
    • addressAtDxState (#80)
      • 
     * 
    • addressAtDxCounty (#90)
      • 
     * 
    • sex (#220)
      • 
     * 
    • nameLast (#2230)
      • 
     * 
    • nameMaiden (#2390)
      • 
     * 
    
     * All those properties are defined as constants in this class.
     * 

    
     * Note that some of those properties are part of the full NAACCR Abstract; providing only Indicence information is not enough
     * for this algorithm.
     * 

    
     * The optiosn are also defined as constants in this class:
     * 
      
     * 
    • O: always apply the surname portion of the algorithm (corresponds to the 'All Records' option in the SAS algorithm
      • 
     * 
    • 1: run the surname portion only if Spanish/Hispanic Origin is 7 or 9 (corresponds to the 'OPTION1' option in the SAS algorithm)
      • 
     * 
    • 2: run the surname portion only if Spanish/Hispanic Origin is 7 and convert cases with a Spanish/Hispanic Origin of 9 to 0
     * (corresponds to the 'OPTION2' option in the SAS algorithm)
      • 
     * 
    
     * If you are not sure which option to provide, use NHIA_OPTION_SEVEN_AND_NINE since this is the default that the SAS algorithm uses.
     * @param patient a List of map of properties representing a NAACCR line
     * @param option option indicating when to apply the Indirect Identification based on names for spanish/hispanic original values of 0, 7 and 9
     * @return the computed NHIA value
     */
    public static NhiaResultsDto computeNhia(List> patient, String option) {
        NhiaInputRecordDto input = new NhiaInputRecordDto();
        //since the following properties are the same for all records, lets get the first one
        if (patient != null && !patient.isEmpty()) {
            input.setSpanishHispanicOrigin(patient.get(0).get(PROP_SPANISH_HISPANIC_ORIGIN));
            input.setBirthplaceCountry(patient.get(0).get(PROP_BIRTH_PLACE_COUNTRY));
            input.setSex(patient.get(0).get(PROP_SEX));
            input.setRace1(patient.get(0).get(PROP_RACE1));
            input.setIhs(patient.get(0).get(PROP_IHS));
            input.setNameLast(patient.get(0).get(PROP_NAME_LAST));
            input.setNameMaiden(patient.get(0).get(PROP_NAME_MAIDEN));
            //The following 2 properties are specific to each record, lets get the first one for now.
            input.setCountyAtDx(patient.get(0).get(PROP_COUNTY_DX));
            input.setStateAtDx(patient.get(0).get(PROP_STATE_DX));
            //The option (to run the surname portion) is applied for a patient if hispanic percentage is < 5 % for all of the counties of DX.
            //Lets first assume all counties are less than 5% hispanic.
            boolean lowHispanicCounty = true;
            //Then lets go through all records and see if there are counties with hispanic percentage greater than 5%, if we get one consider the countyDx of the patient as high hispanic
            for (Map record : patient)
                if (!isLowHispanicEthnicityCounty(record.get(PROP_COUNTY_DX), record.get(PROP_STATE_DX))) {
                    lowHispanicCounty = false;
                    //Lets use that county which is more than 5%
                    input.setStateAtDx(record.get(PROP_STATE_DX));
                    input.setCountyAtDx(record.get(PROP_COUNTY_DX));
                    break;
                }
            //if lowHispanicCounty is still true, that means all counties of Dx are low hispanic, So we should consider the patient is in low hispanic county.
            //lets use unknown county which is always considered as low hispanic
            if (lowHispanicCounty)
                input.setCountyAtDx("999");
        }

        return computeNhia(input, option);
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the NHIA value for the provided patient DTO and option.
     * 

    
     * The provided patient dto should have a list of record input dto which has the following parameters:
     * 
      
     * 
    • _spanishHispanicOrigin
      • 
     * 
    • _birthplaceCountry
      • 
     * 
    • _race1
      • 
     * 
    • _ihs
      • 
     * 
    • _addressAtDxState
      • 
     * 
    • _addressAtDxCounty
      • 
     * 
    • _sex
      • 
     * 
    • _nameLast
      • 
     * 
    • _nameMaiden
      • 
     * 
    
     * 

    
     * The optiosn are also defined as constants in this class:
     * 
      
     * 
    • O: always apply the surname portion of the algorithm (corresponds to the 'All Records' option in the SAS algorithm
      • 
     * 
    • 1: run the surname portion only if Spanish/Hispanic Origin is 7 or 9 (corresponds to the 'OPTION1' option in the SAS algorithm)
      • 
     * 
    • 2: run the surname portion only if Spanish/Hispanic Origin is 7 and convert cases with a Spanish/Hispanic Origin of 9 to 0
     * (corresponds to the 'OPTION2' option in the SAS algorithm)
      • 
     * 
    
     * If you are not sure which option to provide, use NHIA_OPTION_SEVEN_AND_NINE since this is the default that the SAS algorithm uses.
     * @param patient an Input Dto which has a list of Record dtos
     * @param option option indicating when to apply the Indirect Identification based on names for spanish/hispanic original values of 0, 7 and 9
     * @return the computed NHIA value
     */
    public static NhiaResultsDto computeNhia(NhiaInputPatientDto patient, String option) {
        NhiaInputRecordDto input = new NhiaInputRecordDto();
        if (patient != null && patient.getNhiaInputPatientDtoList() != null && !patient.getNhiaInputPatientDtoList().isEmpty()) {
            //since most of the properties (Except county and state at DX) are the same for all record dtos, lets get the first one
            NhiaInputRecordDto firstRecord = patient.getNhiaInputPatientDtoList().get(0);
            input.setSpanishHispanicOrigin(firstRecord.getSpanishHispanicOrigin());
            input.setBirthplaceCountry(firstRecord.getBirthplaceCountry());
            input.setSex(firstRecord.getSex());
            input.setRace1(firstRecord.getRace1());
            input.setIhs(firstRecord.getIhs());
            input.setNameLast(firstRecord.getNameLast());
            input.setNameMaiden(firstRecord.getNameMaiden());
            //The following 2 properties are specific to each record, lets get the first one for now.
            input.setCountyAtDx(firstRecord.getCountyAtDx());
            input.setStateAtDx(firstRecord.getStateAtDx());
            //The option (to run the surname portion) is applied for a patient if hispanic percentage is < 5 % for all of the counties of DX.
            //Lets first assume all counties are less than 5% hispanic.
            boolean lowHispanicCounty = true;
            //Then lets go through all records and see if there are counties with hispanic percentage greater than 5%, if we get one consider the countyDx of the patient as high hispanic
            for (NhiaInputRecordDto record : patient.getNhiaInputPatientDtoList())
                if (!isLowHispanicEthnicityCounty(record.getCountyAtDx(), record.getStateAtDx())) {
                    lowHispanicCounty = false;
                    //Lets use that county which is more than 5%
                    input.setStateAtDx(record.getStateAtDx());
                    input.setCountyAtDx(record.getCountyAtDx());
                    break;
                }
            //if lowHispanicCounty is still true, that means all counties of Dx are low hispanic, So we should consider the patient is in low hispanic county.
            //lets use unknown county which is always considered as low hispanic
            if (lowHispanicCounty)
                input.setCountyAtDx("999");
        }
        return computeNhia(input, option);
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the NHIA value for the provided Record DTO and option.
     * 

    
     * The provided record dto has the following parameters:
     * 
      
     * 
    • _spanishHispanicOrigin
      • 
     * 
    • _birthplaceCountry
      • 
     * 
    • _race1
      • 
     * 
    • _ihs
      • 
     * 
    • _addressAtDxState
      • 
     * 
    • _addressAtDxCounty
      • 
     * 
    • _sex
      • 
     * 
    • _nameLast
      • 
     * 
    • _nameMaiden
      • 
     * 
    
     * 

    
     * The optiosn are also defined as constants in this class:
     * 
      
     * 
    • O: always apply the surname portion of the algorithm (corresponds to the 'All Records' option in the SAS algorithm
      • 
     * 
    • 1: run the surname portion only if Spanish/Hispanic Origin is 7 or 9 (corresponds to the 'OPTION1' option in the SAS algorithm)
      • 
     * 
    • 2: run the surname portion only if Spanish/Hispanic Origin is 7 and convert cases with a Spanish/Hispanic Origin of 9 to 0
     * (corresponds to the 'OPTION2' option in the SAS algorithm)
      • 
     * 
    
     * If you are not sure which option to provide, use NHIA_OPTION_SEVEN_AND_NINE since this is the default that the SAS algorithm uses.
     * @param input an Record Input Dto which has a list of parameters used in the calculation
     * @param option option indicating when to apply the Indirect Identification based on names for spanish/hispanic original values of 0, 7 and 9
     * @return the computed NHIA value
     */
    public static NhiaResultsDto computeNhia(NhiaInputRecordDto input, String option) {
        NhiaResultsDto nhia = new NhiaResultsDto(NHIA_NON_HISPANIC);

        // avoid the NPE
        if (input == null)
            return nhia;

        // option is required
        if (option == null)
            throw new RuntimeException("Option value required!");

        // invalid options
        if (!option.equals(NHIA_OPTION_ALL_CASES) && !option.equals(NHIA_OPTION_SEVEN_AND_NINE) && !option.equals(NHIA_OPTION_SEVEN_ONLY))
            throw new RuntimeException("Invalid option! Valid options are '0','1' and '2'");

        // get spanish/hispanic origin and race
        String spanishOrigin = input.getSpanishHispanicOrigin();
        String race1 = input.getRace1();

        if (_DIRECT_IDENTIFICATION_ORIGINS.contains(spanishOrigin))
            nhia.setNhia(applyDirectIdentification(spanishOrigin));
        if (_INDIRECT_IDENTIFICATION_ORIGINS.contains(spanishOrigin) || _RACE_PACIFIC.contains(race1)) {
            // try to use birthplace
            String birthplaceCountry = input.getBirthplaceCountry();
            if (_BPC_NON_HISP.contains(birthplaceCountry))
                nhia.setNhia(_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_SPANISH_NOS.equals(spanishOrigin) ? NHIA_SPANISH_NOS : NHIA_NON_HISPANIC);
            else if (_BPC_MEXICAN.contains(birthplaceCountry))
                nhia.setNhia(NHIA_MEXICAN);
            else if (_BPC_PUERTO_RICAN.contains(birthplaceCountry))
                nhia.setNhia(NHIA_PUERTO_RICAN);
            else if (_BPC_CUBAN.contains(birthplaceCountry))
                nhia.setNhia(NHIA_CUBAN);
            else if (_BPC_SOUTH_CENTRAL_AMER.contains(birthplaceCountry))
                nhia.setNhia(NHIA_SOUTH_CENTRAL_AMER);
            else if (_BPC_OTHER_SPANISH.contains(birthplaceCountry))
                nhia.setNhia(NHIA_OTHER_SPANISH);
            else if (_BPC_DOMINICAN_REP.contains(birthplaceCountry))
                nhia.setNhia(NHIA_DOMINICAN);
                //else try step 3-5 for cases 0, 7, 9 not 6
            else if (!_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_SPANISH_NOS.equals(spanishOrigin) && !_RACE_PACIFIC.contains(race1)) {
                // try to use indirect identification using surnames
                boolean runSurname = true;
                String county = input.getCountyAtDx();
                String state = input.getStateAtDx();
                if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_NON_HISPANIC.equals(spanishOrigin)) {
                    if (isLowHispanicEthnicityCounty(county, state))
                        runSurname = NHIA_OPTION_ALL_CASES.equals(option);
                    nhia.setNhia(applyIndirectIdentification(input, runSurname));
                }
                else if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_UNKNOWN.equals(spanishOrigin)) {
                    if (isLowHispanicEthnicityCounty(county, state))
                        runSurname = NHIA_OPTION_ALL_CASES.equals(option) || NHIA_OPTION_SEVEN_AND_NINE.equals(option);
                    nhia.setNhia(applyIndirectIdentification(input, runSurname));
                }
                else if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_SURNAME_ONLY.equals(spanishOrigin))
                    nhia.setNhia(applyIndirectIdentification(input, true));
            }
        }
        // if didn't work, default to non-hispanic
        if (nhia.getNhia() == null)
            nhia.setNhia(NHIA_NON_HISPANIC);

        return nhia;
    }

    private static String applyDirectIdentification(String spanishOrigin) {
        String result;
        if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_MEXICAN.equals(spanishOrigin))
            result = NHIA_MEXICAN;
        else if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_PUERTO_RICAN.equals(spanishOrigin))
            result = NHIA_PUERTO_RICAN;
        else if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_CUBAN.equals(spanishOrigin))
            result = NHIA_CUBAN;
        else if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_SOUTH_CENTRAL_AMER.equals(spanishOrigin))
            result = NHIA_SOUTH_CENTRAL_AMER;
        else if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_OTHER_SPANISH.equals(spanishOrigin))
            result = NHIA_OTHER_SPANISH;
        else if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_DOMINICAN.equals(spanishOrigin))
            result = NHIA_DOMINICAN;
        else if (_SPAN_HISP_ORIG_SPANISH_NOS.equals(spanishOrigin))
            result = NHIA_SPANISH_NOS;
        else
            result = NHIA_NON_HISPANIC;
        return result;

    }

    private static String applyIndirectIdentification(NhiaInputRecordDto input, boolean applySurnames) {
        String result = null;

        // get the variables
        String race1 = input.getRace1();
        String sex = input.getSex();
        String ihs = input.getIhs();
        String nameLast = input.getNameLast();
        String nameMaiden = input.getNameMaiden();

        // try to use race (if it is in excluded race, no need to apply surname)
        if (_RACE_EXCLUDED.contains(race1) || "1".equals(ihs))
            result = NHIA_NON_HISPANIC;

        // if didn't work, try to use surname
        if (result == null && applySurnames) {
            if (_GENDER_MALE.equals(sex)) {
                if (isHeavilyHispanic(nameLast))
                    result = NHIA_SURNAME_ONLY;
                else
                    result = NHIA_NON_HISPANIC;
            }
            else if (_GENDER_FEMALE.equals(sex)) {
                if (isHeavilyHispanic(nameMaiden))
                    result = NHIA_SURNAME_ONLY;
                else if (isRarelyHispanic(nameMaiden))
                    result = NHIA_NON_HISPANIC;
                else {
                    if (isHeavilyHispanic(nameLast))
                        result = NHIA_SURNAME_ONLY;
                    else
                        result = NHIA_NON_HISPANIC;
                }
            }
        }

        // if didn't work, default to non-hispanic
        if (result == null)
            result = NHIA_NON_HISPANIC;

        return result;
    }

    private static synchronized boolean isLowHispanicEthnicityCounty(String county, String state) {
        if (county == null || "999".equals(county) || "998".equals(county))
            return true;

        // lazy initialization...
        if (_LOW_HISP_ETHN_COUNTIES == null) {
            _LOW_HISP_ETHN_COUNTIES = new HashSet<>();
            try {
                Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("nhia/nhia-low-hisp-ethn-counties.csv"), "US-ASCII");
                List rows = new CSVReader(reader).readAll();
                _LOW_HISP_ETHN_COUNTIES.addAll(rows.stream().map(row -> row[0]).collect(Collectors.toList()));
            }
            catch (IOException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
        }
        return _LOW_HISP_ETHN_COUNTIES.contains(state + county);
    }

    public static boolean isHeavilyHispanic(String name) {
        if (name == null || name.isEmpty())
            return false;
        if (_HEAVILY_HISPANIC_NAMES == null)
            initializeHeavyHispanicLookup();
        return _HEAVILY_HISPANIC_NAMES.contains(name.toUpperCase());
    }

    private static synchronized void initializeHeavyHispanicLookup() {
        if (_HEAVILY_HISPANIC_NAMES != null)
            return;
        _HEAVILY_HISPANIC_NAMES = new HashSet<>();
        try {
            Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("nhia/nhia-heavily-hisp-names.csv"), "US-ASCII");
            List rows = new CSVReader(reader).readAll();
            _HEAVILY_HISPANIC_NAMES.addAll(rows.stream().map(row -> row[0].toUpperCase()).collect(Collectors.toList()));
        }
        catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    public static boolean isRarelyHispanic(String name) {
        if (name == null || name.isEmpty())
            return false;
        if (_RARELY_HISPANIC_NAMES == null)
            initializeRarelyHispanicLookup();
        return _RARELY_HISPANIC_NAMES.contains(name.toUpperCase());
    }

    private static synchronized void initializeRarelyHispanicLookup() {
        if (_RARELY_HISPANIC_NAMES != null)
            return;
        _RARELY_HISPANIC_NAMES = new HashSet<>();
        try {
            Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("nhia/nhia-rarely-hisp-names.csv"), "US-ASCII");
            List rows = new CSVReader(reader).readAll();
            _RARELY_HISPANIC_NAMES.addAll(rows.stream().map(row -> row[0].toUpperCase()).collect(Collectors.toList()));
        }
        catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the list of counties with low Hispanic ethnicity (< 5%).
     * @return map where the keys are the state abbreviation and the values are the list of counties
     */
    public static Map> getLowHispanicCountiesPerState() {
        Map> result = new TreeMap<>();

        // force initialization
        isLowHispanicEthnicityCounty("?", "?");

        for (String s : _LOW_HISP_ETHN_COUNTIES)
            result.computeIfAbsent(s.substring(0, 2), k -> new ArrayList<>()).add(s.substring(2));

        result.values().forEach(Collections::sort);

        return result;
    }
}




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