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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */
package com.landawn.abacus.util;

import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Map;

import com.landawn.abacus.util.stream.Stream;

/**
 * 
 * @author haiyangl
 *
 */
public class Joiner implements AutoCloseable {
    public static final String DEFAULT_DELIMITER = N.ELEMENT_SEPARATOR;
    public static final String DEFAULT_KEY_VALUE_DELIMITER = "=";

    private final String prefix;
    private final String delimiter;
    private final String keyValueDelimiter;
    private final String suffix;
    private final boolean isEmptyDelimiter;
    private final boolean isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter;
    private boolean trim = false;
    private boolean skipNull = false;
    private boolean useCachedBuffer = false;
    private String nullText = N.NULL_STRING;

    /*
     * StringBuilder value -- at any time, the characters constructed from the
     * prefix, the added element separated by the delimiter, but without the
     * suffix, so that we can more easily add elements without having to jigger
     * the suffix each time.
     */
    private StringBuilder buffer;

    /*
     * By default, the string consisting of prefix+suffix, returned by
     * toString(), or properties of value, when no elements have yet been added,
     * i.e. when it is empty.  This may be overridden by the user to be some
     * other value including the empty String.
     */
    private String emptyValue;

    /**
     * Constructs a {@code StringJoiner} with no characters in it, with no
     * {@code prefix} or {@code suffix}, and a copy of the supplied
     * {@code delimiter}.
     * If no characters are added to the {@code StringJoiner} and methods
     * accessing the value of it are invoked, it will not return a
     * {@code prefix} or {@code suffix} (or properties thereof) in the result,
     * unless {@code setEmptyValue} has first been called.
     *
     * @param  delimiter the sequence of characters to be used between each
     *         element added to the {@code StringJoiner} value
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code delimiter} is {@code null}
     */
    Joiner(CharSequence delimiter) {
        this(delimiter, DEFAULT_KEY_VALUE_DELIMITER);
    }

    Joiner(final CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence keyValueDelimiter) {
        this(delimiter, keyValueDelimiter, "", "");
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a {@code StringJoiner} with no characters in it using copies
     * of the supplied {@code prefix}, {@code delimiter} and {@code suffix}.
     * If no characters are added to the {@code StringJoiner} and methods
     * accessing the string value of it are invoked, it will return the
     * {@code prefix + suffix} (or properties thereof) in the result, unless
     * {@code setEmptyValue} has first been called.
     *
     * @param  delimiter the sequence of characters to be used between each
     *         element added to the {@code StringJoiner}
     * @param  prefix the sequence of characters to be used at the beginning
     * @param  suffix the sequence of characters to be used at the end
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code prefix}, {@code delimiter}, or
     *         {@code suffix} is {@code null}
     */
    Joiner(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence prefix, CharSequence suffix) {
        this(delimiter, DEFAULT_KEY_VALUE_DELIMITER, prefix, suffix);
    }

    Joiner(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence keyValueDelimiter, CharSequence prefix, CharSequence suffix) {
        N.checkArgNotNull(prefix, "The prefix must not be null");
        N.checkArgNotNull(delimiter, "The delimiter must not be null");
        N.checkArgNotNull(keyValueDelimiter, "The keyValueDelimiter must not be null");
        N.checkArgNotNull(suffix, "The suffix must not be null");
        // make defensive copies of arguments
        this.prefix = prefix.toString();
        this.delimiter = delimiter.toString();
        this.keyValueDelimiter = keyValueDelimiter.toString();
        this.suffix = suffix.toString();
        this.emptyValue = this.prefix + this.suffix;
        this.isEmptyDelimiter = N.isNullOrEmpty(delimiter);
        this.isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter = N.isNullOrEmpty(keyValueDelimiter);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Map Splitter with the default element and key/value delimiter: ", " and "="
     * 
     * @return
     */
    public static Joiner defauLt() {
        return with(DEFAULT_DELIMITER, DEFAULT_KEY_VALUE_DELIMITER);
    }

    public static Joiner with(final CharSequence delimiter) {
        return new Joiner(delimiter);
    }

    public static Joiner with(final CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence keyValueDelimiter) {
        return new Joiner(delimiter, keyValueDelimiter);
    }

    public static Joiner with(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence prefix, CharSequence suffix) {
        return new Joiner(delimiter, prefix, suffix);
    }

    public static Joiner with(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence keyValueDelimiter, CharSequence prefix, CharSequence suffix) {
        return new Joiner(delimiter, keyValueDelimiter, prefix, suffix);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the sequence of characters to be used when determining the string
     * representation of this {@code StringJoiner} and no elements have been
     * added yet, that is, when it is empty.  A copy of the {@code emptyValue}
     * parameter is made for this purpose. Note that once an add method has been
     * called, the {@code StringJoiner} is no longer considered empty, even if
     * the element(s) added correspond to the empty {@code String}.
     *
     * @param  emptyValue the characters to return as the value of an empty
     *         {@code StringJoiner}
     * @return this {@code StringJoiner} itself so the calls may be chained
     * @throws NullPointerException when the {@code emptyValue} parameter is
     *         {@code null}
     */
    public Joiner setEmptyValue(CharSequence emptyValue) {
        this.emptyValue = N.checkArgNotNull(emptyValue, "The empty value must not be null").toString();

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner trim(boolean trim) {
        this.trim = trim;

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Ignore the {@code null} element/value for {@code key/value, Map, Entity} when the specified {@code element} or {@code value} is {@code null} if it's set to {@code true}.
     * 
     * @param skipNull
     * @return
     */
    public Joiner skipNull(boolean skipNull) {
        this.skipNull = skipNull;

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner useForNull(String nullText) {
        this.nullText = nullText == null ? N.NULL_STRING : nullText;

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the {@code StringBuilder} from object factory to improve performance if it's set to true, and must remember to call {@code toString()/map()/mapIfNotEmpty()/stream()/streamIfNotEmpty()} or {@code close()} to recycle the {@code StringBuilder}.
     * 
     * @param reuseStringBuilder
     * @return
     * @deprecated replaced by {@code #reuseCachedBuffer(boolean)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public Joiner reuseStringBuilder(boolean reuseStringBuilder) {
        if (buffer != null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Can't reset because the StringBuilder has been created");
        }

        this.useCachedBuffer = reuseStringBuilder;

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Improving performance by set {@code useCachedBuffer=true}, and must remember to call {@code toString()/map()/mapIfNotEmpty()/stream()/streamIfNotEmpty()} or {@code close()} to recycle the cached buffer.
     * 
     * @param useCachedBuffer
     * @return
     */
    public Joiner reuseCachedBuffer(boolean useCachedBuffer) {
        if (buffer != null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Can't reset because the buffer has been created");
        }

        this.useCachedBuffer = useCachedBuffer;

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(boolean element) {
        prepareBuilder().append(element);
        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(char element) {
        prepareBuilder().append(element);
        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(int element) {
        prepareBuilder().append(element);
        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(long element) {
        prepareBuilder().append(element);
        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(float element) {
        prepareBuilder().append(element);
        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(double element) {
        prepareBuilder().append(element);
        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String element) {
        if (element != null || skipNull == false) {
            prepareBuilder().append(element == null ? nullText : (trim ? element.trim() : element));
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(CharSequence element) {
        if (element != null || skipNull == false) {
            prepareBuilder().append(element == null ? nullText : (trim ? element.toString().trim() : element));
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(CharSequence element, final int start, final int end) {
        if (element != null || skipNull == false) {
            if (element == null) {
                prepareBuilder().append(nullText);
            } else if (trim) {
                prepareBuilder().append(element.subSequence(start, end).toString().trim());
            } else {
                prepareBuilder().append(element, start, end);
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(StringBuffer element) {
        if (element != null || skipNull == false) {
            if (element == null) {
                prepareBuilder().append(nullText);
            } else {
                prepareBuilder().append(element);
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(char[] element) {
        if (element != null || skipNull == false) {
            if (element == null) {
                prepareBuilder().append(nullText);
            } else {
                prepareBuilder().append(element);
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(char[] element, final int offset, final int len) {
        if (element != null || skipNull == false) {
            if (element == null) {
                prepareBuilder().append(nullText);
            } else {
                prepareBuilder().append(element, offset, len);
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(Object element) {
        if (element != null || skipNull == false) {
            prepareBuilder().append(toString(element));
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, boolean value) {
        if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value);
        } else {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, char value) {
        if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value);
        } else {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, int value) {
        if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value);
        } else {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, long value) {
        if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value);
        } else {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, float value) {
        if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value);
        } else {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, double value) {
        if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value);
        } else {
            prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, String value) {
        if (value != null || skipNull == false) {
            if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
                prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value == null ? nullText : (trim ? value.trim() : value));
            } else {
                prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value == null ? nullText : (trim ? value.trim() : value));
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, CharSequence value) {
        if (value != null || skipNull == false) {
            if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
                prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value == null ? nullText : (trim ? value.toString().trim() : value));
            } else {
                prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value == null ? nullText : (trim ? value.toString().trim() : value));
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, StringBuffer value) {
        if (value != null || skipNull == false) {
            if (value == null) {
                if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
                    prepareBuilder().append(key).append(nullText);
                } else {
                    prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(nullText);
                }
            } else {
                if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
                    prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value);
                } else {
                    prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, char[] value) {
        if (value != null || skipNull == false) {
            if (value == null) {
                if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
                    prepareBuilder().append(key).append(nullText);
                } else {
                    prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(nullText);
                }
            } else {
                if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
                    prepareBuilder().append(key).append(value);
                } else {
                    prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(value);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner append(String key, Object value) {
        if (value != null || skipNull == false) {
            if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
                prepareBuilder().append(key).append(toString(value));
            } else {
                prepareBuilder().append(key).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(toString(value));
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendEntry(Map.Entry entry) {
        if (skipNull == false || (entry != null && entry.getValue() != null)) {
            if (entry == null) {
                append(nullText);
            } else {
                append(toString(entry.getKey()), toString(entry.getValue()));
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendIf(boolean b, Object element) {
        if (b) {
            append(element);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendIf(boolean b, String key, Object value) {
        if (b) {
            append(key, value);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendEntryIf(boolean b, Map.Entry entry) {
        if (b) {
            appendEntry(entry);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final boolean[] a) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(a)) {
            return appendAll(a, 0, a.length);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final boolean[] a, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a == null ? 0 : a.length);

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(a) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
            if (sb == null) {
                sb = prepareBuilder().append(a[i]);
            } else {
                if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                    sb.append(a[i]);
                } else {
                    sb.append(delimiter).append(a[i]);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final char[] a) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(a)) {
            return appendAll(a, 0, a.length);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final char[] a, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a == null ? 0 : a.length);

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(a) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
            if (sb == null) {
                sb = prepareBuilder().append(a[i]);
            } else {
                if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                    sb.append(a[i]);
                } else {
                    sb.append(delimiter).append(a[i]);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final byte[] a) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(a)) {
            return appendAll(a, 0, a.length);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final byte[] a, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a == null ? 0 : a.length);

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(a) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
            if (sb == null) {
                sb = prepareBuilder().append(a[i]);
            } else {
                if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                    sb.append(a[i]);
                } else {
                    sb.append(delimiter).append(a[i]);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final short[] a) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(a)) {
            return appendAll(a, 0, a.length);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final short[] a, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a == null ? 0 : a.length);

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(a) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
            if (sb == null) {
                sb = prepareBuilder().append(a[i]);
            } else {
                if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                    sb.append(a[i]);
                } else {
                    sb.append(delimiter).append(a[i]);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final int[] a) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(a)) {
            return appendAll(a, 0, a.length);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final int[] a, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a == null ? 0 : a.length);

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(a) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
            if (sb == null) {
                sb = prepareBuilder().append(a[i]);
            } else {
                if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                    sb.append(a[i]);
                } else {
                    sb.append(delimiter).append(a[i]);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final long[] a) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(a)) {
            return appendAll(a, 0, a.length);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final long[] a, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a == null ? 0 : a.length);

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(a) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
            if (sb == null) {
                sb = prepareBuilder().append(a[i]);
            } else {
                if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                    sb.append(a[i]);
                } else {
                    sb.append(delimiter).append(a[i]);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final float[] a) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(a)) {
            return appendAll(a, 0, a.length);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final float[] a, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a == null ? 0 : a.length);

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(a) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
            if (sb == null) {
                sb = prepareBuilder().append(a[i]);
            } else {
                if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                    sb.append(a[i]);
                } else {
                    sb.append(delimiter).append(a[i]);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final double[] a) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(a)) {
            return appendAll(a, 0, a.length);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final double[] a, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a == null ? 0 : a.length);

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(a) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
            if (sb == null) {
                sb = prepareBuilder().append(a[i]);
            } else {
                if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                    sb.append(a[i]);
                } else {
                    sb.append(delimiter).append(a[i]);
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final Object[] a) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(a)) {
            return appendAll(a, 0, a.length);
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final Object[] a, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a == null ? 0 : a.length);

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(a) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
            if (a[i] != null || skipNull == false) {
                if (sb == null) {
                    sb = prepareBuilder().append(toString(a[i]));
                } else {
                    if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                        sb.append(toString(a[i]));
                    } else {
                        sb.append(delimiter).append(toString(a[i]));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final BooleanList c) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(c)) {
            return appendAll(c.array(), 0, c.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final BooleanList c, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, c == null ? 0 : c.size());

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(c) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        return appendAll(c.array(), fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final CharList c) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(c)) {
            return appendAll(c.array(), 0, c.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final CharList c, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, c == null ? 0 : c.size());

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(c) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        return appendAll(c.array(), fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final ByteList c) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(c)) {
            return appendAll(c.array(), 0, c.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final ByteList c, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, c == null ? 0 : c.size());

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(c) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        return appendAll(c.array(), fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final ShortList c) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(c)) {
            return appendAll(c.array(), 0, c.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final ShortList c, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, c == null ? 0 : c.size());

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(c) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        return appendAll(c.array(), fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final IntList c) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(c)) {
            return appendAll(c.array(), 0, c.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final IntList c, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, c == null ? 0 : c.size());

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(c) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        return appendAll(c.array(), fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final LongList c) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(c)) {
            return appendAll(c.array(), 0, c.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final LongList c, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, c == null ? 0 : c.size());

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(c) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        return appendAll(c.array(), fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final FloatList c) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(c)) {
            return appendAll(c.array(), 0, c.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final FloatList c, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, c == null ? 0 : c.size());

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(c) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        return appendAll(c.array(), fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final DoubleList c) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(c)) {
            return appendAll(c.array(), 0, c.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final DoubleList c, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, c == null ? 0 : c.size());

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(c) || fromIndex == toIndex) {
            return this;
        }

        return appendAll(c.array(), fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final Collection c) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(c)) {
            return appendAll(c, 0, c.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendAll(final Collection c, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, c == null ? 0 : c.size());

        if (N.isNullOrEmpty(c) || (fromIndex == toIndex && fromIndex < c.size())) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        int i = 0;
        for (Object e : c) {
            if (i++ < fromIndex) {
                continue;
            }

            if (e != null || skipNull == false) {
                if (sb == null) {
                    sb = prepareBuilder().append(toString(e));
                } else {
                    if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                        sb.append(toString(e));
                    } else {
                        sb.append(delimiter).append(toString(e));
                    }
                }
            }

            if (i >= toIndex) {
                break;
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendEntries(final Map m) {
        if (N.notNullOrEmpty(m)) {
            return appendEntries(m, 0, m.size());
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner appendEntries(final Map m, final int fromIndex, final int toIndex) {
        N.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, m == null ? 0 : m.size());

        if ((N.isNullOrEmpty(m) && fromIndex == 0 && toIndex == 0) || (fromIndex == toIndex && fromIndex < m.size())) {
            return this;
        }

        StringBuilder sb = null;

        int i = 0;
        for (Map.Entry entry : m.entrySet()) {
            if (i++ < fromIndex) {
                continue;
            }

            if (entry.getValue() != null || skipNull == false) {
                if (sb == null) {
                    sb = prepareBuilder().append(toString(entry.getKey())).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(toString(entry.getValue()));
                } else {
                    if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                        sb.append(toString(entry.getKey()));
                    } else {
                        sb.append(delimiter).append(toString(entry.getKey()));
                    }

                    if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
                        sb.append(toString(entry.getValue()));
                    } else {
                        sb.append(keyValueDelimiter).append(toString(entry.getValue()));
                    }
                }
            }

            if (i >= toIndex) {
                break;
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * 
     * @param entity entity class with getter/setter methods.
     * @return
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    public Joiner appendEntries(final Object entity) {
        if (entity == null) {
            return this;
        } else if (entity instanceof Map) {
            return appendEntries((Map) entity);
        }

        N.checkArgument(N.isEntity(entity.getClass()), "'entity' must be entity class with getter/setter methods");

        StringBuilder sb = null;
        Object propValue = null;

        for (String propName : ClassUtil.getPropGetMethodList(entity.getClass()).keySet()) {
            propValue = ClassUtil.getPropValue(entity, propName);

            if (propValue != null || skipNull == false) {
                if (sb == null) {
                    sb = prepareBuilder().append(propName).append(keyValueDelimiter).append(toString(propValue));
                } else {
                    if (isEmptyDelimiter) {
                        sb.append(propName);
                    } else {
                        sb.append(delimiter).append(propName);
                    }

                    if (isEmptyKeyValueDelimiter) {
                        sb.append(toString(propValue));
                    } else {
                        sb.append(keyValueDelimiter).append(toString(propValue));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner repeat(final String str, final int n) {
        N.checkArgNotNegative(n, "n");

        final String newString = toString(str);

        if (n < 10) {
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                append(newString);
            }
        } else {
            append(StringUtil.repeat(newString, n, delimiter));
        }

        return this;
    }

    public Joiner repeat(final Object obj, final int n) {
        return repeat(toString(obj), n);
    }

    /**
     * Adds the contents of the given {@code StringJoiner} without prefix and
     * suffix as the next element if it is non-empty. If the given {@code
     * StringJoiner} is empty, the call has no effect.
     *
     * 

A {@code StringJoiner} is empty if {@link #addAll(CharSequence) add()} * has never been called, and if {@code merge()} has never been called * with a non-empty {@code StringJoiner} argument. * *

If the other {@code StringJoiner} is using a different delimiter, * then elements from the other {@code StringJoiner} are concatenated with * that delimiter and the result is appended to this {@code StringJoiner} * as a single element. * * @param other The {@code StringJoiner} whose contents should be merged * into this one * @throws NullPointerException if the other {@code StringJoiner} is null * @return This {@code StringJoiner} */ public Joiner merge(Joiner other) { N.checkArgNotNull(other); if (other.buffer != null) { final int length = other.buffer.length(); // lock the length so that we can seize the data to be appended // before initiate copying to avoid interference, especially when // merge 'this' StringBuilder builder = prepareBuilder(); builder.append(other.buffer, other.prefix.length(), length); } return this; } private StringBuilder prepareBuilder() { if (buffer != null) { if (isEmptyDelimiter == false) { buffer.append(delimiter); } } else { buffer = (useCachedBuffer ? Objectory.createStringBuilder() : new StringBuilder()).append(prefix); } return buffer; } private String toString(Object obj) { return obj == null ? nullText : (trim ? N.toString(obj).trim() : N.toString(obj)); } /** * Returns the length of the {@code String} representation * of this {@code StringJoiner}. Note that if * no add methods have been called, then the length of the {@code String} * representation (either {@code prefix + suffix} or {@code emptyValue}) * will be returned. The value should be equivalent to * {@code toString().length()}. * * @return the length of the current value of {@code StringJoiner} */ public int length() { // Remember that we never actually append the suffix unless we return // the full (present) value or some sub-string or length of it, so that // we can add on more if we need to. return (buffer != null ? buffer.length() + suffix.length() : emptyValue.length()); } /** * Returns the current value, consisting of the {@code prefix}, the values * added so far separated by the {@code delimiter}, and the {@code suffix}, * unless no elements have been added in which case, the * {@code prefix + suffix} or the {@code emptyValue} characters are returned * *

     * The underline {@code StringBuilder} will be recycled after this method is called if {@code resueStringBuilder} is set to {@code true},
     * and should not continue to this instance.
     * 
* * @return the string representation of this {@code StringJoiner} */ @Override public String toString() { if (buffer == null) { return emptyValue; } else { try { if (suffix.equals("")) { return buffer.toString(); } else { int initialLength = buffer.length(); String result = buffer.append(suffix).toString(); // reset value to pre-append initialLength buffer.setLength(initialLength); return result; } } finally { if (useCachedBuffer) { Objectory.recycle(buffer); buffer = null; } } } } /** *
     * The underline {@code StringBuilder} will be recycled after this method is called if {@code resueStringBuilder} is set to {@code true},
     * and should not continue to this instance.
     * 
* * @param mapper * @return */ public T map(Try.Function mapper) throws E { return mapper.apply(toString()); } /** *
     * The underline {@code StringBuilder} will be recycled after this method is called if {@code resueStringBuilder} is set to {@code true},
     * and should not continue to this instance.
     * 
* * @param mapper * @return */ public Nullable mapIfNotEmpty(Try.Function mapper) throws E { N.checkArgNotNull(mapper); return buffer == null ? Nullable. empty() : Nullable.of(mapper.apply(toString())); } /** *
     * The underline {@code StringBuilder} will be recycled after this method is called if {@code resueStringBuilder} is set to {@code true},
     * and should not continue to this instance.
     * 
* * @return */ public Stream stream() { return Stream.of(toString()); } /** *
     * The underline {@code StringBuilder} will be recycled after this method is called if {@code resueStringBuilder} is set to {@code true},
     * and should not continue to this instance.
     * 
* * @return */ public Stream streamIfNotEmpty() { return buffer == null ? Stream. empty() : Stream.of(toString()); } @Override public void close() { if (buffer != null && useCachedBuffer) { Objectory.recycle(buffer); buffer = null; } } }




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