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/**
*******************************************************************************
* Copyright (C) 1996-2014, International Business Machines Corporation and
* others. All Rights Reserved.
*******************************************************************************
*/
package com.ibm.icu.impl.coll;

import com.ibm.icu.util.ByteArrayWrapper;

/**
 * 

Binary Ordered Compression Scheme for Unicode

* *

Users are strongly encouraged to read the ICU paper on * * BOCU before attempting to use this class.

* *

BOCU is used to compress unicode text into a stream of unsigned * bytes. For many kinds of text the compression compares favorably * to UTF-8, and for some kinds of text (such as CJK) it does better. * The resulting bytes will compare in the same order as the original * code points. The byte stream does not contain the values 0, 1, or * 2.

* *

One example of a use of BOCU is in * com.ibm.icu.text.Collator#getCollationKey(String) for a RuleBasedCollator object with * collation strength IDENTICAL. The result CollationKey will consist of the * collation order of the source string followed by the BOCU result of the * source string. *

* *

Unlike a UTF encoding, BOCU-compressed text is not suitable for * random access.

* *

Method: Slope Detection
Remember the previous code point * (initial 0). For each code point in the string, encode the * difference with the previous one. Similar to a UTF, the length of * the byte sequence is encoded in the lead bytes. Unlike a UTF, the * trail byte values may overlap with lead/single byte values. The * signedness of the difference must be encoded as the most * significant part.

* *

We encode differences with few bytes if their absolute values * are small. For correct ordering, we must treat the entire value * range -10ffff..+10ffff in ascending order, which forbids encoding * the sign and the absolute value separately. Instead, we split the * lead byte range in the middle and encode non-negative values going * up and negative values going down.

* *

For very small absolute values, the difference is added to a * middle byte value for single-byte encoded differences. For * somewhat larger absolute values, the difference is divided by the * number of byte values available, the modulo is used for one trail * byte, and the remainder is added to a lead byte avoiding the * single-byte range. For large absolute values, the difference is * similarly encoded in three bytes. (Syn Wee, I need examples * here.)

* *

BOCU does not use byte values 0, 1, or 2, but uses all other * byte values for lead and single bytes, so that the middle range of * single bytes is as large as possible.

* *

Note that the lead byte ranges overlap some, but that the * sequences as a whole are well ordered. I.e., even if the lead byte * is the same for sequences of different lengths, the trail bytes * establish correct order. It would be possible to encode slightly * larger ranges for each length (>1) by subtracting the lower bound * of the range. However, that would also slow down the calculation. * (Syn Wee, need an example).

* *

For the actual string encoding, an optimization moves the * previous code point value to the middle of its Unicode script block * to minimize the differences in same-script text runs. (Syn Wee, * need an example.)

* * @author Syn Wee Quek * @since release 2.2, May 3rd 2002 */ public class BOCSU { // public methods ------------------------------------------------------- /** * Encode the code points of a string as * a sequence of byte-encoded differences (slope detection), * preserving lexical order. * *

Optimize the difference-taking for runs of Unicode text within * small scripts: * *

Most small scripts are allocated within aligned 128-blocks of Unicode * code points. Lexical order is preserved if "prev" is always moved * into the middle of such a block. * *

Additionally, "prev" is moved from anywhere in the Unihan * area into the middle of that area. * Note that the identical-level run in a sort key is generated from * NFD text - there are never Hangul characters included. */ public static int writeIdenticalLevelRun(int prev, CharSequence s, int i, int length, ByteArrayWrapper sink) { while (i < length) { // We must have capacity>=SLOPE_MAX_BYTES in case writeDiff() writes that much, // but we do not want to force the sink to allocate // for a large min_capacity because we might actually only write one byte. ensureAppendCapacity(sink, 16, s.length() * 2); byte[] buffer = sink.bytes; int capacity = buffer.length; int p = sink.size; int lastSafe = capacity - SLOPE_MAX_BYTES_; while (i < length && p <= lastSafe) { if (prev < 0x4e00 || prev >= 0xa000) { prev = (prev & ~0x7f) - SLOPE_REACH_NEG_1_; } else { // Unihan U+4e00..U+9fa5: // double-bytes down from the upper end prev = 0x9fff - SLOPE_REACH_POS_2_; } int c = Character.codePointAt(s, i); i += Character.charCount(c); if (c == 0xfffe) { buffer[p++] = 2; // merge separator prev = 0; } else { p = writeDiff(c - prev, buffer, p); prev = c; } } sink.size = p; } return prev; } private static void ensureAppendCapacity(ByteArrayWrapper sink, int minCapacity, int desiredCapacity) { int remainingCapacity = sink.bytes.length - sink.size; if (remainingCapacity >= minCapacity) { return; } if (desiredCapacity < minCapacity) { desiredCapacity = minCapacity; } sink.ensureCapacity(sink.size + desiredCapacity); } // private data members -------------------------------------------------- /** * Do not use byte values 0, 1, 2 because they are separators in sort keys. */ private static final int SLOPE_MIN_ = 3; private static final int SLOPE_MAX_ = 0xff; private static final int SLOPE_MIDDLE_ = 0x81; private static final int SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_ = SLOPE_MAX_ - SLOPE_MIN_ + 1; private static final int SLOPE_MAX_BYTES_ = 4; /** * Number of lead bytes: * 1 middle byte for 0 * 2*80=160 single bytes for !=0 * 2*42=84 for double-byte values * 2*3=6 for 3-byte values * 2*1=2 for 4-byte values * * The sum must be <=SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT. * * Why these numbers? * - There should be >=128 single-byte values to cover 128-blocks * with small scripts. * - There should be >=20902 single/double-byte values to cover Unihan. * - It helps CJK Extension B some if there are 3-byte values that cover * the distance between them and Unihan. * This also helps to jump among distant places in the BMP. * - Four-byte values are necessary to cover the rest of Unicode. * * Symmetrical lead byte counts are for convenience. * With an equal distribution of even and odd differences there is also * no advantage to asymmetrical lead byte counts. */ private static final int SLOPE_SINGLE_ = 80; private static final int SLOPE_LEAD_2_ = 42; private static final int SLOPE_LEAD_3_ = 3; //private static final int SLOPE_LEAD_4_ = 1; /** * The difference value range for single-byters. */ private static final int SLOPE_REACH_POS_1_ = SLOPE_SINGLE_; private static final int SLOPE_REACH_NEG_1_ = (-SLOPE_SINGLE_); /** * The difference value range for double-byters. */ private static final int SLOPE_REACH_POS_2_ = SLOPE_LEAD_2_ * SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_ + SLOPE_LEAD_2_ - 1; private static final int SLOPE_REACH_NEG_2_ = (-SLOPE_REACH_POS_2_ - 1); /** * The difference value range for 3-byters. */ private static final int SLOPE_REACH_POS_3_ = SLOPE_LEAD_3_ * SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_ * SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_ + (SLOPE_LEAD_3_ - 1) * SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_ + (SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_ - 1); private static final int SLOPE_REACH_NEG_3_ = (-SLOPE_REACH_POS_3_ - 1); /** * The lead byte start values. */ private static final int SLOPE_START_POS_2_ = SLOPE_MIDDLE_ + SLOPE_SINGLE_ + 1; private static final int SLOPE_START_POS_3_ = SLOPE_START_POS_2_ + SLOPE_LEAD_2_; private static final int SLOPE_START_NEG_2_ = SLOPE_MIDDLE_ + SLOPE_REACH_NEG_1_; private static final int SLOPE_START_NEG_3_ = SLOPE_START_NEG_2_ - SLOPE_LEAD_2_; // private constructor --------------------------------------------------- /** * Constructor private to prevent initialization */ ///CLOVER:OFF private BOCSU() { } ///CLOVER:ON // private methods ------------------------------------------------------- /** * Integer division and modulo with negative numerators * yields negative modulo results and quotients that are one more than * what we need here. * @param number which operations are to be performed on * @param factor the factor to use for division * @return (result of division) << 32 | modulo */ private static final long getNegDivMod(int number, int factor) { int modulo = number % factor; long result = number / factor; if (modulo < 0) { -- result; modulo += factor; } return (result << 32) | modulo; } /** * Encode one difference value -0x10ffff..+0x10ffff in 1..4 bytes, * preserving lexical order * @param diff * @param buffer byte buffer to append to * @param offset to the byte buffer to start appending * @return end offset where the appending stops */ private static final int writeDiff(int diff, byte buffer[], int offset) { if (diff >= SLOPE_REACH_NEG_1_) { if (diff <= SLOPE_REACH_POS_1_) { buffer[offset ++] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIDDLE_ + diff); } else if (diff <= SLOPE_REACH_POS_2_) { buffer[offset ++] = (byte)(SLOPE_START_POS_2_ + (diff / SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_)); buffer[offset ++] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + (diff % SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_)); } else if (diff <= SLOPE_REACH_POS_3_) { buffer[offset + 2] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + (diff % SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_)); diff /= SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_; buffer[offset + 1] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + (diff % SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_)); buffer[offset] = (byte)(SLOPE_START_POS_3_ + (diff / SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_)); offset += 3; } else { buffer[offset + 3] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + diff % SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_); diff /= SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_; buffer[offset + 2] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + diff % SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_); diff /= SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_; buffer[offset + 1] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + diff % SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_); buffer[offset] = (byte)SLOPE_MAX_; offset += 4; } } else { long division = getNegDivMod(diff, SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_); int modulo = (int)division; if (diff >= SLOPE_REACH_NEG_2_) { diff = (int)(division >> 32); buffer[offset ++] = (byte)(SLOPE_START_NEG_2_ + diff); buffer[offset ++] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + modulo); } else if (diff >= SLOPE_REACH_NEG_3_) { buffer[offset + 2] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + modulo); diff = (int)(division >> 32); division = getNegDivMod(diff, SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_); modulo = (int)division; diff = (int)(division >> 32); buffer[offset + 1] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + modulo); buffer[offset] = (byte)(SLOPE_START_NEG_3_ + diff); offset += 3; } else { buffer[offset + 3] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + modulo); diff = (int)(division >> 32); division = getNegDivMod(diff, SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_); modulo = (int)division; diff = (int)(division >> 32); buffer[offset + 2] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + modulo); division = getNegDivMod(diff, SLOPE_TAIL_COUNT_); modulo = (int)division; buffer[offset + 1] = (byte)(SLOPE_MIN_ + modulo); buffer[offset] = SLOPE_MIN_; offset += 4; } } return offset; } }





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