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* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.commons.lang3.concurrent;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
*
* A specialized semaphore implementation that provides a number of
* permits in a given time frame.
*
*
* This class is similar to the {@code java.util.concurrent.Semaphore} class
* provided by the JDK in that it manages a configurable number of permits.
* Using the {@link #acquire()} method a permit can be requested by a thread.
* However, there is an additional timing dimension: there is no {@code
* release()} method for freeing a permit, but all permits are automatically
* released at the end of a configurable time frame. If a thread calls
* {@link #acquire()} and the available permits are already exhausted for this
* time frame, the thread is blocked. When the time frame ends all permits
* requested so far are restored, and blocking threads are waked up again, so
* that they can try to acquire a new permit. This basically means that in the
* specified time frame only the given number of operations is possible.
*
*
* A use case for this class is to artificially limit the load produced by a
* process. As an example consider an application that issues database queries
* on a production system in a background process to gather statistical
* information. This background processing should not produce so much database
* load that the functionality and the performance of the production system are
* impacted. Here a {@code TimedSemaphore} could be installed to guarantee that
* only a given number of database queries are issued per second.
*
*
* A thread class for performing database queries could look as follows:
*
*
*
* public class StatisticsThread extends Thread {
* // The semaphore for limiting database load.
* private final TimedSemaphore semaphore;
* // Create an instance and set the semaphore
* public StatisticsThread(TimedSemaphore timedSemaphore) {
* semaphore = timedSemaphore;
* }
* // Gather statistics
* public void run() {
* try {
* while(true) {
* semaphore.acquire(); // limit database load
* performQuery(); // issue a query
* }
* } catch(InterruptedException) {
* // fall through
* }
* }
* ...
* }
*
*
*
* The following code fragment shows how a {@code TimedSemaphore} is created
* that allows only 10 operations per second and passed to the statistics
* thread:
*
*
*
* TimedSemaphore sem = new TimedSemaphore(1, TimeUnit.SECOND, 10);
* StatisticsThread thread = new StatisticsThread(sem);
* thread.start();
*
*
*
* When creating an instance the time period for the semaphore must be
* specified. {@code TimedSemaphore} uses an executor service with a
* corresponding period to monitor this interval. The {@code
* ScheduledExecutorService} to be used for this purpose can be provided at
* construction time. Alternatively the class creates an internal executor
* service.
*
*
* Client code that uses {@code TimedSemaphore} has to call the
* {@link #acquire()} method in each processing step. {@code TimedSemaphore}
* keeps track of the number of invocations of the {@link #acquire()} method and
* blocks the calling thread if the counter exceeds the limit specified. When
* the timer signals the end of the time period the counter is reset and all
* waiting threads are released. Then another cycle can start.
*
*
* An alternative to {@code acquire()} is the {@link #tryAcquire()} method. This
* method checks whether the semaphore is under the specified limit and
* increases the internal counter if this is the case. The return value is then
* true, and the calling thread can continue with its action.
* If the semaphore is already at its limit, {@code tryAcquire()} immediately
* returns false without blocking; the calling thread must
* then abort its action. This usage scenario prevents blocking of threads.
*
*
* It is possible to modify the limit at any time using the
* {@link #setLimit(int)} method. This is useful if the load produced by an
* operation has to be adapted dynamically. In the example scenario with the
* thread collecting statistics it may make sense to specify a low limit during
* day time while allowing a higher load in the night time. Reducing the limit
* takes effect immediately by blocking incoming callers. If the limit is
* increased, waiting threads are not released immediately, but wake up when the
* timer runs out. Then, in the next period more processing steps can be
* performed without blocking. By setting the limit to 0 the semaphore can be
* switched off: in this mode the {@link #acquire()} method never blocks, but
* lets all callers pass directly.
*
*
* When the {@code TimedSemaphore} is no more needed its {@link #shutdown()}
* method should be called. This causes the periodic task that monitors the time
* interval to be canceled. If the {@code ScheduledExecutorService} has been
* created by the semaphore at construction time, it is also shut down.
* resources. After that {@link #acquire()} must not be called any more.
*
*
* @since 3.0
*/
public class TimedSemaphore {
/**
* Constant for a value representing no limit. If the limit is set to a
* value less or equal this constant, the {@code TimedSemaphore} will be
* effectively switched off.
*/
public static final int NO_LIMIT = 0;
/** Constant for the thread pool size for the executor. */
private static final int THREAD_POOL_SIZE = 1;
/** The executor service for managing the timer thread. */
private final ScheduledExecutorService executorService;
/** Stores the period for this timed semaphore. */
private final long period;
/** The time unit for the period. */
private final TimeUnit unit;
/** A flag whether the executor service was created by this object. */
private final boolean ownExecutor;
/** A future object representing the timer task. */
private ScheduledFuture task; // @GuardedBy("this")
/** Stores the total number of invocations of the acquire() method. */
private long totalAcquireCount; // @GuardedBy("this")
/**
* The counter for the periods. This counter is increased every time a
* period ends.
*/
private long periodCount; // @GuardedBy("this")
/** The limit. */
private int limit; // @GuardedBy("this")
/** The current counter. */
private int acquireCount; // @GuardedBy("this")
/** The number of invocations of acquire() in the last period. */
private int lastCallsPerPeriod; // @GuardedBy("this")
/** A flag whether shutdown() was called. */
private boolean shutdown; // @GuardedBy("this")
/**
* Creates a new instance of {@link TimedSemaphore} and initializes it with
* the given time period and the limit.
*
* @param timePeriod the time period
* @param timeUnit the unit for the period
* @param limit the limit for the semaphore
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the period is less or equals 0
*/
public TimedSemaphore(final long timePeriod, final TimeUnit timeUnit, final int limit) {
this(null, timePeriod, timeUnit, limit);
}
/**
* Creates a new instance of {@link TimedSemaphore} and initializes it with
* an executor service, the given time period, and the limit. The executor
* service will be used for creating a periodic task for monitoring the time
* period. It can be null, then a default service will be created.
*
* @param service the executor service
* @param timePeriod the time period
* @param timeUnit the unit for the period
* @param limit the limit for the semaphore
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the period is less or equals 0
*/
public TimedSemaphore(final ScheduledExecutorService service, final long timePeriod,
final TimeUnit timeUnit, final int limit) {
Validate.inclusiveBetween(1, Long.MAX_VALUE, timePeriod, "Time period must be greater than 0!");
period = timePeriod;
unit = timeUnit;
if (service != null) {
executorService = service;
ownExecutor = false;
} else {
final ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor s = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(
THREAD_POOL_SIZE);
s.setContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy(false);
s.setExecuteExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdownPolicy(false);
executorService = s;
ownExecutor = true;
}
setLimit(limit);
}
/**
* Returns the limit enforced by this semaphore. The limit determines how
* many invocations of {@link #acquire()} are allowed within the monitored
* period.
*
* @return the limit
*/
public final synchronized int getLimit() {
return limit;
}
/**
* Sets the limit. This is the number of times the {@link #acquire()} method
* can be called within the time period specified. If this limit is reached,
* further invocations of {@link #acquire()} will block. Setting the limit
* to a value <= {@link #NO_LIMIT} will cause the limit to be disabled,
* i.e. an arbitrary number of{@link #acquire()} invocations is allowed in
* the time period.
*
* @param limit the limit
*/
public final synchronized void setLimit(final int limit) {
this.limit = limit;
}
/**
* Initializes a shutdown. After that the object cannot be used any more.
* This method can be invoked an arbitrary number of times. All invocations
* after the first one do not have any effect.
*/
public synchronized void shutdown() {
if (!shutdown) {
if (ownExecutor) {
// if the executor was created by this instance, it has
// to be shutdown
getExecutorService().shutdownNow();
}
if (task != null) {
task.cancel(false);
}
shutdown = true;
}
}
/**
* Tests whether the {@link #shutdown()} method has been called on this
* object. If this method returns true, this instance cannot be used
* any longer.
*
* @return a flag whether a shutdown has been performed
*/
public synchronized boolean isShutdown() {
return shutdown;
}
/**
* Acquires a permit from this semaphore. This method will block if
* the limit for the current period has already been reached. If
* {@link #shutdown()} has already been invoked, calling this method will
* cause an exception. The very first call of this method starts the timer
* task which monitors the time period set for this {@code TimedSemaphore}.
* From now on the semaphore is active.
*
* @throws InterruptedException if the thread gets interrupted
* @throws IllegalStateException if this semaphore is already shut down
*/
public synchronized void acquire() throws InterruptedException {
prepareAcquire();
boolean canPass;
do {
canPass = acquirePermit();
if (!canPass) {
wait();
}
} while (!canPass);
}
/**
* Tries to acquire a permit from this semaphore. If the limit of this semaphore has
* not yet been reached, a permit is acquired, and this method returns
* true. Otherwise, this method returns immediately with the result
* false.
*
* @return true if a permit could be acquired; false
* otherwise
* @throws IllegalStateException if this semaphore is already shut down
* @since 3.5
*/
public synchronized boolean tryAcquire() {
prepareAcquire();
return acquirePermit();
}
/**
* Returns the number of (successful) acquire invocations during the last
* period. This is the number of times the {@link #acquire()} method was
* called without blocking. This can be useful for testing or debugging
* purposes or to determine a meaningful threshold value. If a limit is set,
* the value returned by this method won't be greater than this limit.
*
* @return the number of non-blocking invocations of the {@link #acquire()}
* method
*/
public synchronized int getLastAcquiresPerPeriod() {
return lastCallsPerPeriod;
}
/**
* Returns the number of invocations of the {@link #acquire()} method for
* the current period. This may be useful for testing or debugging purposes.
*
* @return the current number of {@link #acquire()} invocations
*/
public synchronized int getAcquireCount() {
return acquireCount;
}
/**
* Returns the number of calls to the {@link #acquire()} method that can
* still be performed in the current period without blocking. This method
* can give an indication whether it is safe to call the {@link #acquire()}
* method without risking to be suspended. However, there is no guarantee
* that a subsequent call to {@link #acquire()} actually is not-blocking
* because in the mean time other threads may have invoked the semaphore.
*
* @return the current number of available {@link #acquire()} calls in the
* current period
*/
public synchronized int getAvailablePermits() {
return getLimit() - getAcquireCount();
}
/**
* Returns the average number of successful (i.e. non-blocking)
* {@link #acquire()} invocations for the entire life-time of this {@code
* TimedSemaphore}. This method can be used for instance for statistical
* calculations.
*
* @return the average number of {@link #acquire()} invocations per time
* unit
*/
public synchronized double getAverageCallsPerPeriod() {
return periodCount == 0 ? 0 : (double) totalAcquireCount
/ (double) periodCount;
}
/**
* Returns the time period. This is the time monitored by this semaphore.
* Only a given number of invocations of the {@link #acquire()} method is
* possible in this period.
*
* @return the time period
*/
public long getPeriod() {
return period;
}
/**
* Returns the time unit. This is the unit used by {@link #getPeriod()}.
*
* @return the time unit
*/
public TimeUnit getUnit() {
return unit;
}
/**
* Returns the executor service used by this instance.
*
* @return the executor service
*/
protected ScheduledExecutorService getExecutorService() {
return executorService;
}
/**
* Starts the timer. This method is called when {@link #acquire()} is called
* for the first time. It schedules a task to be executed at fixed rate to
* monitor the time period specified.
*
* @return a future object representing the task scheduled
*/
protected ScheduledFuture startTimer() {
return getExecutorService().scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
endOfPeriod();
}
}, getPeriod(), getPeriod(), getUnit());
}
/**
* The current time period is finished. This method is called by the timer
* used internally to monitor the time period. It resets the counter and
* releases the threads waiting for this barrier.
*/
synchronized void endOfPeriod() {
lastCallsPerPeriod = acquireCount;
totalAcquireCount += acquireCount;
periodCount++;
acquireCount = 0;
notifyAll();
}
/**
* Prepares an acquire operation. Checks for the current state and starts the internal
* timer if necessary. This method must be called with the lock of this object held.
*/
private void prepareAcquire() {
if (isShutdown()) {
throw new IllegalStateException("TimedSemaphore is shut down!");
}
if (task == null) {
task = startTimer();
}
}
/**
* Internal helper method for acquiring a permit. This method checks whether currently
* a permit can be acquired and - if so - increases the internal counter. The return
* value indicates whether a permit could be acquired. This method must be called with
* the lock of this object held.
*
* @return a flag whether a permit could be acquired
*/
private boolean acquirePermit() {
if (getLimit() <= NO_LIMIT || acquireCount < getLimit()) {
acquireCount++;
return true;
}
return false;
}
}