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Open HTML to PDF is a CSS 2.1 renderer written in Java. This artifact contains the core rendering and layout code.
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package com.openhtmltopdf.util;


import java.math.BigInteger;

/**
 * The PermutationGenerator Java class systematically generates permutations. It relies on the fact that any set with n
 * elements can be placed in one-to-one correspondence with the set {1, 2, 3, ..., n}. The algorithm is described by
 * Kenneth H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 2nd edition (NY: McGraw-Hill, 1991), pp. 282-284.
 * 
 * The class is very easy to use. Suppose that you wish to generate all permutations of the strings "a", "b", "c", and
 * "d". Put them into an array. Keep calling the permutation generator's {@link #getNext ()} method until there are no
 * more permutations left. The {@link #getNext ()} method returns an array of integers, which tell you the order in
 * which to arrange your original array of strings. Here is a snippet of code which illustrates how to use the
 * PermutationGenerator class.
 * 
 * int[] indices;
 * String[] elements = {"a", "b", "c", "d"};
 * PermutationGenerator x = new PermutationGenerator (elements.length);
 * StringBuffer permutation;
 * while (x.hasMore ()) {
 * permutation = new StringBuffer ();
 * indices = x.getNext ();
 * for (int i = 0; i < indices.length; i++) {
 * permutation.append (elements[indices[i]]);
 * }
 * System.out.println (permutation.toString ());
 * }
 * 
 * One caveat. Don't use this class on large sets. Recall that the number of permutations of a set containing n elements
 * is n factorial, which is a very large number even when n is as small as 20. 20! is 2,432,902,008,176,640,000.
 * 
 * NOTE: This class was taken from the internet, as posted by Michael Gilleland on this website. The code was posted with the following comment: "The
 * source code is free for you to use in whatever way you wish."
 *
 * @author Michael Gilleland, Merriam Park Software (http://www.merriampark.com/index.htm)
 */
public class PermutationGenerator {

    private int[] a;
    private BigInteger numLeft;
    private BigInteger total;

    //-----------------------------------------------------------
    // Constructor. WARNING: Don't make n too large.
    // Recall that the number of permutations is n!
    // which can be very large, even when n is as small as 20 --
    // 20! = 2,432,902,008,176,640,000 and
    // 21! is too big to fit into a Java long, which is
    // why we use BigInteger instead.
    //----------------------------------------------------------

    public PermutationGenerator(int n) {
        if (n < 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Min 1");
        }
        a = new int[n];
        total = getFactorial(n);
        reset();
    }

    //------
    // Reset
    //------

    public void reset() {
        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
            a[i] = i;
        }
        numLeft = new BigInteger(total.toString());
    }

    //------------------------------------------------
    // Return number of permutations not yet generated
    //------------------------------------------------

    public BigInteger getNumLeft() {
        return numLeft;
    }

    //------------------------------------
    // Return total number of permutations
    //------------------------------------

    public BigInteger getTotal() {
        return total;
    }

    //-----------------------------
    // Are there more permutations?
    //-----------------------------

    public boolean hasMore() {
        return numLeft.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) == 1;
    }

    //------------------
    // Compute factorial
    //------------------

    private static BigInteger getFactorial(int n) {
        BigInteger fact = BigInteger.ONE;
        for (int i = n; i > 1; i--) {
            fact = fact.multiply(new BigInteger(Integer.toString(i)));
        }
        return fact;
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------
    // Generate next permutation (algorithm from Rosen p. 284)
    //--------------------------------------------------------

    public int[] getNext() {

        if (numLeft.equals(total)) {
            numLeft = numLeft.subtract(BigInteger.ONE);
            return ArrayUtil.cloneOrEmpty(a);
        }

        int temp;

        // Find largest index j with a[j] < a[j+1]

        int j = a.length - 2;
        while (a[j] > a[j + 1]) {
            j--;
        }

        // Find index k such that a[k] is smallest integer
        // greater than a[j] to the right of a[j]

        int k = a.length - 1;
        while (a[j] > a[k]) {
            k--;
        }

        // Interchange a[j] and a[k]

        temp = a[k];
        a[k] = a[j];
        a[j] = temp;

        // Put tail end of permutation after jth position in increasing order

        int r = a.length - 1;
        int s = j + 1;

        while (r > s) {
            temp = a[s];
            a[s] = a[r];
            a[r] = temp;
            r--;
            s++;
        }

        numLeft = numLeft.subtract(BigInteger.ONE);
        return ArrayUtil.cloneOrEmpty(a);
    }
} // end class