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    Truffle is a multi-language framework for executing dynamic languages that achieves high performance when combined with Graal.

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    /*
 * Copyright (c) 2017, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */
package com.oracle.truffle.polyglot;

import static com.oracle.truffle.polyglot.VMAccessor.LANGUAGE;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

import org.graalvm.polyglot.Context;
import org.graalvm.polyglot.Engine;
import org.graalvm.polyglot.Value;
import org.graalvm.polyglot.impl.AbstractPolyglotImpl.AbstractContextImpl;

import com.oracle.truffle.api.Assumption;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CallTarget;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerAsserts;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.Truffle;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleContext;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleLanguage;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleOptions;
import com.oracle.truffle.polyglot.HostLanguage.HostContext;

final class PolyglotContextImpl extends AbstractContextImpl implements com.oracle.truffle.polyglot.PolyglotImpl.VMObject {

    /**
     * This class isolates static state to optimize when only a single context is used. This
     * simplifies resetting state in AOT mode during native image generation.
     */
    static final class SingleContextState {
        private final ContextThreadLocal contextThreadLocal = new ContextThreadLocal();
        private final Assumption singleContextAssumption = Truffle.getRuntime().createAssumption("Single Context");
        @CompilationFinal private volatile PolyglotContextImpl singleContext;
    }

    @CompilationFinal private static SingleContextState singleContextState = new SingleContextState();

    /*
     * Used from testing using reflection. Its invalid to call it anywhere else than testing. Used
     * in ContextLookupCompilationTest.
     */
    static void resetSingleContextState() {
        singleContextState = new SingleContextState();
    }

    private static final Object NO_ENTER = new Object();

    private final Assumption singleThreaded = Truffle.getRuntime().createAssumption("Single threaded");
    private final Assumption singleThreadedConstant = Truffle.getRuntime().createAssumption("Single threaded constant thread");
    private final Map threads = new HashMap<>();

    private volatile PolyglotThreadInfo currentThreadInfo = PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL;
    @CompilationFinal private volatile PolyglotThreadInfo constantCurrentThreadInfo = PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL;

    /*
     * While canceling the context can no longer be entered. The context goes from canceling into
     * closed state.
     */
    volatile boolean cancelling;
    private volatile Thread closingThread;
    /*
     * If the context is closed all operations should fail with IllegalStateException.
     */
    volatile boolean closed;
    final PolyglotEngineImpl engine;
    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) final PolyglotLanguageContext[] contexts;

    Context creatorApi; // effectively final
    Context currentApi; // effectively final

    final TruffleContext truffleContext;
    final PolyglotContextImpl parent;
    final Map polyglotBindings; // for direct legacy access
    final Value polyglotHostBindings; // for accesses from the polyglot api
    final PolyglotLanguage creator; // creator for internal contexts
    final Map creatorArguments; // special arguments for internal contexts

    @CompilationFinal PolyglotContextConfig config; // effectively final

    // map from class to language index
    @CompilationFinal private FinalIntMap languageIndexMap;

    private final List childContexts = new ArrayList<>();
    boolean inContextPreInitialization; // effectively final

    /* Constructor for testing. */
    private PolyglotContextImpl() {
        super(null);
        this.engine = null;
        this.contexts = null;
        this.truffleContext = null;
        this.parent = null;
        this.polyglotHostBindings = null;
        this.polyglotBindings = null;
        this.creator = null;
        this.creatorArguments = null;
    }

    /*
     * Constructor for outer contexts.
     */

    PolyglotContextImpl(PolyglotEngineImpl engine, PolyglotContextConfig config) {
        super(engine.impl);
        this.parent = null;
        this.engine = engine;
        this.config = config;
        this.creator = null;
        this.creatorArguments = Collections.emptyMap();
        this.truffleContext = VMAccessor.LANGUAGE.createTruffleContext(this);
        this.polyglotBindings = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
        this.contexts = createContextArray();
        if (!config.logLevels.isEmpty()) {
            VMAccessor.LANGUAGE.configureLoggers(this, config.logLevels);
        }
        PolyglotLanguageContext hostContext = getContextInitialized(engine.hostLanguage, null);
        this.polyglotHostBindings = getAPIAccess().newValue(polyglotBindings, new PolyglotBindingsValue(hostContext));
        notifyContextCreated();
        PolyglotContextImpl.initializeStaticContext(this);
    }

    /*
     * Constructor for inner contexts.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("hiding")
    PolyglotContextImpl(PolyglotLanguageContext creator, Map langConfig, TruffleContext spiContext) {
        super(creator.getEngine().impl);
        PolyglotContextImpl parent = creator.context;
        this.parent = parent;
        this.config = parent.config;
        this.engine = parent.engine;
        this.creator = creator.language;
        this.creatorArguments = langConfig;
        this.parent.addChildContext(this);
        this.truffleContext = spiContext;
        this.polyglotBindings = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
        if (!parent.config.logLevels.isEmpty()) {
            VMAccessor.LANGUAGE.configureLoggers(this, parent.config.logLevels);
        }
        this.contexts = createContextArray();

        this.polyglotHostBindings = getAPIAccess().newValue(polyglotBindings, new PolyglotBindingsValue(getHostContext()));
        // notifyContextCreated() is called after spiContext.impl is set to this.
        initializeStaticContext(this);
    }

    private PolyglotLanguageContext[] createContextArray() {
        Collection languages = engine.idToLanguage.values();
        PolyglotLanguageContext[] newContexts = new PolyglotLanguageContext[languages.size() + (PolyglotEngineImpl.HOST_LANGUAGE_INDEX + 1)];
        Iterator languageIterator = languages.iterator();
        PolyglotLanguageContext hostContext = new PolyglotLanguageContext(this, engine.hostLanguage);
        newContexts[PolyglotEngineImpl.HOST_LANGUAGE_INDEX] = hostContext;
        for (int i = (PolyglotEngineImpl.HOST_LANGUAGE_INDEX + 1); i < languages.size() + 1; i++) {
            PolyglotLanguage language = languageIterator.next();
            newContexts[i] = new PolyglotLanguageContext(this, language);
        }
        hostContext.ensureInitialized(null);
        ((HostContext) hostContext.getContextImpl()).internalContext = hostContext;
        return newContexts;
    }

    /**
     * Marks a context used globally. Potentially invalidating the global single context assumption.
     */
    static void initializeStaticContext(PolyglotContextImpl context) {
        SingleContextState state = singleContextState;
        if (state.singleContextAssumption.isValid()) {
            synchronized (state) {
                if (state.singleContextAssumption.isValid()) {
                    if (state.singleContext != null) {
                        state.singleContextAssumption.invalidate();
                        state.singleContext = null;
                    } else {
                        state.singleContext = context;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Marks all code from this context as unusable. Its important that a context is only disposed
     * there is no code that could rely on the singleContextAssumption.
     */
    static void disposeStaticContext(PolyglotContextImpl context) {
        SingleContextState state = singleContextState;
        if (state.singleContextAssumption.isValid()) {
            synchronized (state) {
                if (state.singleContextAssumption.isValid()) {
                    assert state.singleContext == context;
                    state.singleContext = null;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    PolyglotLanguageContext getContext(PolyglotLanguage language) {
        return contexts[language.index];
    }

    PolyglotLanguageContext getContextInitialized(PolyglotLanguage language, PolyglotLanguage accessingLanguage) {
        PolyglotLanguageContext context = getContext(language);
        context.ensureInitialized(accessingLanguage);
        return context;
    }

    void notifyContextCreated() {
        VMAccessor.INSTRUMENT.notifyContextCreated(engine, truffleContext);
    }

    private synchronized void addChildContext(PolyglotContextImpl child) {
        if (closingThread != null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Adding child context into a closing context.");
        }
        childContexts.add(child);
    }

    static PolyglotContextImpl current() {
        if (singleContextState.singleContextAssumption.isValid()) {
            if (singleContextState.contextThreadLocal.isSet()) {
                return singleContextState.singleContext;
            } else {
                CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreter();
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            return (PolyglotContextImpl) singleContextState.contextThreadLocal.get();
        }
    }

    static PolyglotContextImpl requireContext() {
        PolyglotContextImpl context = current();
        if (context == null) {
            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreter();
            context = current();
            if (context == null) {
                throw new AssertionError("No current context available.");
            }
        }
        return context;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized void explicitEnter(Context sourceContext) {
        checkCreatorAccess(sourceContext, "entered");
        Object prev = enter();
        PolyglotThreadInfo current = getCurrentThreadInfo();
        assert current.thread == Thread.currentThread();
        current.explicitContextStack.addLast(prev);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized void explicitLeave(Context sourceContext) {
        checkCreatorAccess(sourceContext, "left");
        PolyglotThreadInfo current = getCurrentThreadInfo();
        LinkedList stack = current.explicitContextStack;
        if (stack.isEmpty() || current.thread == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("The context is not entered explicity. A context can only be left if it was previously entered.");
        }
        leave(stack.removeLast());
    }

    private void checkCreatorAccess(Context context, String operation) {
        if (context != creatorApi) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(String.format("Context instances that were received using Context.get() cannot be %s.", operation));
        }
    }

    boolean needsEnter() {
        if (singleContextState.singleContextAssumption.isValid()) {
            // if its a single context we know which one to enter
            return !singleContextState.contextThreadLocal.isSet();
        } else {
            return current() != this;
        }
    }

    PolyglotThreadInfo getCachedThreadInfo() {
        return singleThreadedConstant.isValid() ? constantCurrentThreadInfo : currentThreadInfo;
    }

    Object enterIfNeeded() {
        if (needsEnter()) {
            return enter();
        }
        return NO_ENTER;
    }

    void leaveIfNeeded(Object prev) {
        if (prev != NO_ENTER) {
            leave(prev);
        }
    }

    Object enter() {
        Object context;
        PolyglotThreadInfo info = getCachedThreadInfo();
        if (CompilerDirectives.injectBranchProbability(CompilerDirectives.LIKELY_PROBABILITY, info.thread == (TruffleOptions.AOT ? ContextThreadLocal.currentThread() : Thread.currentThread()))) {
            // fast-path -> same thread
            context = singleContextState.contextThreadLocal.setReturnParent(this);
            info.enter();
        } else {
            // slow path -> changed thread
            if (singleThreaded.isValid()) {
                CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreter();
            }
            context = enterThreadChanged();
        }
        assert this == current();
        return context;
    }

    void leave(Object prev) {
        assert current() == this : "Cannot leave context that is currently not entered. Forgot to enter or leave a context?";
        PolyglotThreadInfo info = getCachedThreadInfo();
        if (CompilerDirectives.injectBranchProbability(CompilerDirectives.LIKELY_PROBABILITY, info.thread == Thread.currentThread())) {
            info.leave();
        } else {
            if (singleThreaded.isValid()) {
                CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreter();
            }
            leaveThreadChanged();
        }
        singleContextState.contextThreadLocal.set(prev);
    }

    @TruffleBoundary
    PolyglotContextImpl enterThreadChanged() {
        Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        PolyglotContextImpl prev;
        boolean needsInitialization = false;
        synchronized (this) {
            engine.checkState();
            checkClosed();
            PolyglotThreadInfo threadInfo = getCurrentThreadInfo();
            assert threadInfo != null;

            threadInfo = threads.get(current);
            if (threadInfo == null) {
                threadInfo = createThreadInfo(current);
                needsInitialization = !inContextPreInitialization;
            }
            boolean transitionToMultiThreading = singleThreaded.isValid() && hasActiveOtherThread(true);
            if (transitionToMultiThreading) {
                // recheck all thread accesses
                checkAllThreadAccesses();
            }

            Thread closing = this.closingThread;
            if (needsInitialization) {
                if (closing != null && closing != current) {
                    throw new PolyglotIllegalStateException("Can not create new threads in closing context.");
                }
                threads.put(current, threadInfo);
            }

            // enter the thread info already
            prev = (PolyglotContextImpl) singleContextState.contextThreadLocal.setReturnParent(this);
            threadInfo.enter();

            if (transitionToMultiThreading) {
                // we need to verify that all languages give access
                // to all threads in multi-threaded mode.
                transitionToMultiThreaded();
            }

            if (needsInitialization) {
                initializeNewThread(current);
            }

            // never cache last thread on close or when closingThread
            if (!closed && closing == null) {
                setCachedThreadInfo(threadInfo);
            }

        }
        if (needsInitialization) {
            VMAccessor.INSTRUMENT.notifyThreadStarted(engine, truffleContext, current);
        }
        return prev;
    }

    private void setCachedThreadInfo(PolyglotThreadInfo info) {
        assert Thread.holdsLock(this);
        // persist enteredCount from the current cached thread
        if (constantCurrentThreadInfo != info) {
            if (constantCurrentThreadInfo.thread == null) {
                constantCurrentThreadInfo = info;
            } else {
                constantCurrentThreadInfo = PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL;
                if (info != PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL) {
                    singleThreadedConstant.invalidate();
                }
            }
        }
        currentThreadInfo = info;
    }

    private void checkAllThreadAccesses() {
        assert Thread.holdsLock(this);
        Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        List deniedLanguages = null;
        for (PolyglotLanguageContext context : contexts) {
            if (!context.isInitialized()) {
                continue;
            }
            boolean accessAllowed = true;
            if (!LANGUAGE.isThreadAccessAllowed(context.env, current, false)) {
                accessAllowed = false;
            }
            if (accessAllowed) {
                for (PolyglotThreadInfo seenThread : threads.values()) {
                    if (!LANGUAGE.isThreadAccessAllowed(context.env, seenThread.thread, false)) {
                        accessAllowed = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (!accessAllowed) {
                if (deniedLanguages == null) {
                    deniedLanguages = new ArrayList<>();
                }
                deniedLanguages.add(context.language);
            }
        }
        if (deniedLanguages != null) {
            throw throwDeniedThreadAccess(current, false, deniedLanguages);
        }
    }

    @TruffleBoundary
    synchronized PolyglotThreadInfo leaveThreadChanged() {
        Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        setCachedThreadInfo(PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL);

        PolyglotThreadInfo threadInfo = threads.get(current);
        assert threadInfo != null;
        PolyglotThreadInfo info = threadInfo;
        if (cancelling && info.isLastActive()) {
            notifyThreadClosed();
        }
        info.leave();
        if (!closed && !cancelling) {
            setCachedThreadInfo(threadInfo);
        }
        return info;
    }

    private void initializeNewThread(Thread thread) {
        for (PolyglotLanguageContext context : contexts) {
            if (context.isInitialized()) {
                LANGUAGE.initializeThread(context.env, thread);
            }
        }
    }

    private void transitionToMultiThreaded() {
        assert singleThreaded.isValid();
        assert Thread.holdsLock(this);

        for (PolyglotLanguageContext context : contexts) {
            if (context.isInitialized()) {
                LANGUAGE.initializeMultiThreading(context.env);
            }
        }
        singleThreaded.invalidate();
        singleThreadedConstant.invalidate();
    }

    private PolyglotThreadInfo createThreadInfo(Thread current) {
        assert Thread.holdsLock(this);
        PolyglotThreadInfo threadInfo = new PolyglotThreadInfo(current);

        boolean singleThread = isSingleThreaded();
        List deniedLanguages = null;
        for (PolyglotLanguageContext context : contexts) {
            if (context.isInitialized()) {
                if (!VMAccessor.LANGUAGE.isThreadAccessAllowed(context.env, current, singleThread)) {
                    if (deniedLanguages == null) {
                        deniedLanguages = new ArrayList<>();
                    }
                    deniedLanguages.add(context.language);
                }
            }
        }

        if (deniedLanguages != null) {
            throw throwDeniedThreadAccess(current, singleThread, deniedLanguages);
        }

        return threadInfo;
    }

    static RuntimeException throwDeniedThreadAccess(Thread current, boolean accessSingleThreaded, List deniedLanguages) {
        String message;
        StringBuilder languagesString = new StringBuilder("");
        for (PolyglotLanguage language : deniedLanguages) {
            if (languagesString.length() != 0) {
                languagesString.append(", ");
            }
            languagesString.append(language.getId());
        }
        if (accessSingleThreaded) {
            message = String.format("Single threaded access requested by thread %s but is not allowed for language(s) %s.", current, languagesString);
        } else {
            message = String.format("Multi threaded access requested by thread %s but is not allowed for language(s) %s.", current, languagesString);
        }
        throw new PolyglotIllegalStateException(message);
    }

    Value findLegacyExportedSymbol(String symbolName) {
        Value legacySymbol = findLegacyExportedSymbol(symbolName, true);
        if (legacySymbol != null) {
            return legacySymbol;
        }
        return findLegacyExportedSymbol(symbolName, false);
    }

    private Value findLegacyExportedSymbol(String name, boolean onlyExplicit) {
        for (PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext : contexts) {
            if (languageContext.isInitialized()) {
                Object s = LANGUAGE.findExportedSymbol(languageContext.env, name, onlyExplicit);
                if (s != null) {
                    return languageContext.asValue(s);
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Value getBindings(String languageId) {
        PolyglotLanguage language = requirePublicLanguage(languageId);
        PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext = getContext(language);
        if (!languageContext.isInitialized()) {
            Object prev = enterIfNeeded();
            try {
                languageContext.ensureInitialized(null);
            } catch (Throwable e) {
                throw PolyglotImpl.wrapGuestException(languageContext, e);
            } finally {
                leaveIfNeeded(prev);
            }
        }
        return languageContext.getHostBindings();
    }

    @Override
    public Value getPolyglotBindings() {
        checkClosed();
        return this.polyglotHostBindings;
    }

    private void checkClosed() {
        if (closed) {
            throw new PolyglotIllegalStateException("The Context is already closed.");
        }
    }

    PolyglotLanguageContext getHostContext() {
        return contexts[PolyglotEngineImpl.HOST_LANGUAGE_INDEX];
    }

    HostContext getHostContextImpl() {
        return (HostContext) getHostContext().getContextImpl();
    }

    @Override
    public PolyglotEngineImpl getEngine() {
        return engine;
    }

    /*
     * Special version for getLanguageContext for the fast-path.
     */
    PolyglotLanguageContext getLanguageContext(Class> languageClass) {
        if (CompilerDirectives.isPartialEvaluationConstant(this)) {
            return getLanguageContextImpl(languageClass);
        } else {
            return getLanguageContextBoundary(languageClass);
        }
    }

    @TruffleBoundary
    private PolyglotLanguageContext getLanguageContextBoundary(Class> languageClass) {
        return getLanguageContextImpl(languageClass);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    PolyglotLanguageContext findLanguageContext(Class languageClazz, boolean failIfNotFound) {
        for (PolyglotLanguageContext lang : contexts) {
            if (lang.isInitialized()) {
                TruffleLanguage language = VMAccessor.LANGUAGE.getLanguage(lang.env);
                if (languageClazz != TruffleLanguage.class && languageClazz.isInstance(language)) {
                    return lang;
                }
            }
        }
        if (failIfNotFound) {
            Set languageNames = new HashSet<>();
            for (PolyglotLanguageContext lang : contexts) {
                if (lang.isInitialized()) {
                    languageNames.add(lang.language.cache.getClassName());
                }
            }
            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot find language " + languageClazz + " among " + languageNames);
        } else {
            return null;
        }
    }

    private PolyglotLanguageContext getLanguageContextImpl(Class> languageClass) {
        FinalIntMap map = this.languageIndexMap;
        int indexValue = map != null ? map.get(languageClass) : -1;
        if (indexValue == -1) {
            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
            synchronized (this) {
                if (this.languageIndexMap == null) {
                    this.languageIndexMap = new FinalIntMap();
                }
                indexValue = languageIndexMap.get(languageClass);
                if (indexValue == -1) {
                    PolyglotLanguageContext context = findLanguageContext(languageClass, true);
                    indexValue = context.language.index;
                    this.languageIndexMap.put(languageClass, indexValue);
                }
            }
        }
        PolyglotLanguageContext context = contexts[indexValue];
        return context;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean initializeLanguage(String languageId) {
        PolyglotLanguage language = requirePublicLanguage(languageId);
        PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext = getContext(language);
        languageContext.checkAccess(null);
        if (!languageContext.isInitialized()) {
            Object prev = enterIfNeeded();
            try {
                return languageContext.ensureInitialized(null);
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                throw PolyglotImpl.wrapGuestException(languageContext, t);
            } finally {
                leaveIfNeeded(prev);
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public Value eval(String languageId, Object sourceImpl) {
        PolyglotLanguage language = requirePublicLanguage(languageId);
        Object prev = enterIfNeeded();
        PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext = getContext(language);
        try {
            languageContext.checkAccess(null);
            languageContext.ensureInitialized(null);
            com.oracle.truffle.api.source.Source source = (com.oracle.truffle.api.source.Source) sourceImpl;
            CallTarget target = languageContext.parseCached(null, source, null);
            Object result = target.call(PolyglotImpl.EMPTY_ARGS);
            Value hostValue;
            try {
                hostValue = languageContext.asValue(result);
            } catch (NullPointerException | ClassCastException e) {
                throw new AssertionError(String.format("Language %s returned an invalid return value %s. Must be an interop value.", languageId, result), e);
            }
            if (source.isInteractive()) {
                printResult(languageContext, result);
            }
            return hostValue;
        } catch (Throwable e) {
            throw PolyglotImpl.wrapGuestException(languageContext, e);
        } finally {
            leaveIfNeeded(prev);
        }
    }

    private PolyglotLanguage requirePublicLanguage(String languageId) {
        PolyglotLanguage language = engine.idToLanguage.get(languageId);
        if (language == null || language.cache.isInternal()) {
            engine.requirePublicLanguage(languageId); // will trigger the error
            assert false;
            return null;
        }
        return language;
    }

    @TruffleBoundary
    private static void printResult(PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext, Object result) {
        String stringResult = LANGUAGE.toStringIfVisible(languageContext.env, result, true);
        if (stringResult != null) {
            try {
                OutputStream out = languageContext.context.config.out;
                out.write(stringResult.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
                out.write(System.getProperty("line.separator").getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            } catch (IOException ioex) {
                // out stream has problems.
                throw new IllegalStateException(ioex);
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Engine getEngineImpl(Context sourceContext) {
        return sourceContext == creatorApi ? engine.creatorApi : engine.currentApi;
    }

    @Override
    public void close(Context sourceContext, boolean cancelIfExecuting) {
        checkCreatorAccess(sourceContext, "closed");
        boolean closeCompleted = closeImpl(cancelIfExecuting, cancelIfExecuting);
        if (cancelIfExecuting) {
            engine.getCancelHandler().waitForClosing(this);
        } else if (!closeCompleted) {
            throw new PolyglotIllegalStateException(String.format("The context is currently executing on another thread. " +
                            "Set cancelIfExecuting to true to stop the execution on this thread."));
        }
        if (engine.boundEngine && parent == null) {
            try {
                engine.ensureClosed(cancelIfExecuting, false);
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                throw PolyglotImpl.wrapGuestException(engine, t);
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Value asValue(Object hostValue) {
        if (hostValue instanceof Value) {
            return (Value) hostValue;
        }
        PolyglotLanguageContext context = null;
        Object guestValue = null;
        if (hostValue instanceof PolyglotList) {
            context = ((PolyglotList) hostValue).languageContext;
            guestValue = ((PolyglotList) hostValue).guestObject;
        } else if (hostValue instanceof PolyglotMap) {
            context = ((PolyglotMap) hostValue).languageContext;
            guestValue = ((PolyglotMap) hostValue).guestObject;
        } else if (hostValue instanceof PolyglotFunction) {
            context = ((PolyglotFunction) hostValue).languageContext;
            guestValue = ((PolyglotFunction) hostValue).guestObject;
        }
        if (context == null) {
            context = getHostContext();
            return context.asValue(context.toGuestValue(hostValue));
        } else {
            return context.asValue(guestValue);
        }
    }

    void waitForClose() {
        while (!closeImpl(false, true)) {
            try {
                synchronized (this) {
                    wait(1000);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            }
        }
    }

    boolean isSingleThreaded() {
        return singleThreaded.isValid();
    }

    Map getSeenThreads() {
        assert Thread.holdsLock(this);
        return threads;
    }

    synchronized boolean isActive() {
        for (PolyglotThreadInfo seenTinfo : threads.values()) {
            if (seenTinfo.isActive()) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    PolyglotThreadInfo getFirstActiveOtherThread(boolean includePolyglotThread) {
        assert Thread.holdsLock(this);
        // send enters and leaves into a lock by setting the lastThread to null.
        for (PolyglotThreadInfo otherInfo : threads.values()) {
            if (!includePolyglotThread && otherInfo.isPolyglotThread(this)) {
                continue;
            }
            if (!otherInfo.isCurrent() && otherInfo.isActive()) {
                return otherInfo;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    boolean hasActiveOtherThread(boolean includePolyglotThreads) {
        return getFirstActiveOtherThread(includePolyglotThreads) != null;
    }

    synchronized void notifyThreadClosed() {
        PolyglotThreadInfo currentTInfo = getCurrentThreadInfo();
        if (currentTInfo != PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL) {
            currentTInfo.cancelled = true;
            // clear interrupted status after closingThread
            // needed because we interrupt when closingThread from another thread.
            Thread.interrupted();
            notifyAll();
        }
    }

    boolean closeImpl(boolean cancelIfExecuting, boolean waitForPolyglotThreads) {
        boolean success = false;
        Thread[] remainingThreads = null;
        PolyglotContextImpl[] childrenToClose = null;
        try {
            synchronized (this) {
                if (!closed) {
                    PolyglotThreadInfo threadInfo = getCurrentThreadInfo();

                    // triggers a thread changed event which requires slow path enter
                    setCachedThreadInfo(PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL);

                    if (!threadInfo.explicitContextStack.isEmpty()) {
                        throw new IllegalStateException("The context is explicitely entered on the current thread. Call leave() before closing the context to resolve this.");
                    }

                    childrenToClose = childContexts.toArray(new PolyglotContextImpl[childContexts.size()]);

                    if (cancelIfExecuting) {
                        cancelling = true;
                        if (threadInfo != PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL) {
                            threadInfo.cancelled = true;
                            // clear interrupted status after closingThread
                            // needed because we interrupt when closingThread from another thread.
                            Thread.interrupted();
                        }
                    }

                    if (hasActiveOtherThread(waitForPolyglotThreads)) {
                        /*
                         * We are not done executing, cannot close yet.
                         */
                        return false;
                    }
                    closingThread = Thread.currentThread();
                }
            }
            if (childrenToClose != null) {
                Object prev = enter();
                try {
                    for (PolyglotContextImpl childContext : childrenToClose) {
                        childContext.closeImpl(cancelIfExecuting, waitForPolyglotThreads);
                    }

                    // we need to run finalization at least twice in case a finalization run has
                    // initialized a new contexts
                    boolean finalizationPerformed;
                    do {
                        finalizationPerformed = false;
                        // inverse context order is already the right order for context
                        // disposal/finalization
                        for (int i = contexts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                            PolyglotLanguageContext context = contexts[i];
                            if (context.isInitialized()) {
                                try {
                                    finalizationPerformed |= context.finalizeContext();
                                } catch (Exception | Error ex) {
                                    throw PolyglotImpl.wrapGuestException(context, ex);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    } while (finalizationPerformed);

                    // finalization performed commit close -> no actions allowed on dispose
                    closed = true;

                    List disposedContexts = new ArrayList<>(contexts.length);
                    try {
                        synchronized (this) {
                            for (int i = contexts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                                PolyglotLanguageContext context = contexts[i];
                                try {
                                    boolean disposed = context.dispose();
                                    if (disposed) {
                                        disposedContexts.add(context);
                                    }
                                } catch (Exception | Error ex) {
                                    throw PolyglotImpl.wrapGuestException(context, ex);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    } finally {
                        for (PolyglotLanguageContext context : disposedContexts) {
                            context.notifyDisposed();
                        }
                    }
                    assert childContexts.isEmpty();
                    success = true;
                } finally {
                    leave(prev);
                    if (success) {
                        if (parent != null) {
                            synchronized (parent) {
                                parent.childContexts.remove(this);
                            }
                        } else {
                            engine.removeContext(this);
                        }
                        synchronized (this) {
                            remainingThreads = threads.keySet().toArray(new Thread[0]);
                        }
                    }
                    closed = success;
                    if (success) {
                        if (engine.boundEngine) {
                            disposeStaticContext(this);
                        }
                    }
                    cancelling = false;
                }
            }
        } finally {
            closingThread = null;
        }
        if (success) {
            for (Thread thread : remainingThreads) {
                VMAccessor.INSTRUMENT.notifyThreadFinished(engine, truffleContext, thread);
            }
            VMAccessor.INSTRUMENT.notifyContextClosed(engine, truffleContext);
            if (parent == null) {
                if (!this.config.logLevels.isEmpty()) {
                    VMAccessor.LANGUAGE.configureLoggers(this, null);
                }
                if (this.config.logHandler != null) {
                    this.config.logHandler.close();
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    synchronized void sendInterrupt() {
        if (!cancelling) {
            return;
        }
        for (PolyglotThreadInfo threadInfo : threads.values()) {
            if (!threadInfo.isCurrent() && threadInfo.isActive()) {
                /*
                 * We send an interrupt to the thread to wake up and to run some guest language code
                 * in case they are waiting in some async primitive. The interrupt is then cleared
                 * when the closed is performed.
                 */
                threadInfo.thread.interrupt();
            }
        }
    }

    PolyglotThreadInfo getCurrentThreadInfo() {
        assert Thread.holdsLock(this);
        PolyglotThreadInfo currentTInfo = currentThreadInfo;

        if (currentTInfo.thread != Thread.currentThread()) {
            currentTInfo = threads.get(Thread.currentThread());
            if (currentTInfo == null) {
                // closingThread from a thread we have never seen.
                currentTInfo = PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL;
            }
        }
        assert currentTInfo.thread == null || currentTInfo.thread == Thread.currentThread();

        return currentTInfo;
    }

    boolean patch(PolyglotContextConfig newConfig) {
        CompilerAsserts.neverPartOfCompilation();

        this.config = newConfig;
        initializeStaticContext(this);
        if (!newConfig.logLevels.isEmpty()) {
            VMAccessor.LANGUAGE.configureLoggers(this, newConfig.logLevels);
        }
        final Object prev = enter();
        try {
            for (int i = 1; i < this.contexts.length; i++) {
                final PolyglotLanguageContext context = this.contexts[i];
                if (!context.patch(newConfig)) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        } finally {
            leave(prev);
        }
        return true;
    }

    static PolyglotContextImpl preInitialize(final PolyglotEngineImpl engine) {
        final FileSystems.PreInitializeContextFileSystem fs = new FileSystems.PreInitializeContextFileSystem();
        final PolyglotContextConfig config = new PolyglotContextConfig(engine,
                        engine.out,
                        engine.err,
                        engine.in,
                        false,
                        false,
                        false,
                        false,
                        null,
                        Collections.emptyMap(),
                        engine.getLanguages().keySet(),
                        Collections.emptyMap(),
                        fs,
                        engine.logHandler);
        final PolyglotContextImpl context = new PolyglotContextImpl(engine, config);
        final String optionValue = engine.engineOptionValues.get(PolyglotEngineOptions.PreinitializeContexts);
        if (optionValue != null && !optionValue.isEmpty()) {
            final Set languagesToPreinitialize = new HashSet<>();
            Collections.addAll(languagesToPreinitialize, optionValue.split(","));
            context.inContextPreInitialization = true;
            try {
                Object prev = context.enter();
                try {
                    for (String languageId : engine.getLanguages().keySet()) {
                        if (languagesToPreinitialize.contains(languageId)) {
                            PolyglotLanguage language = engine.findLanguage(languageId, null, false);
                            if (language != null) {
                                final PolyglotLanguageContext languageContext = context.getContextInitialized(language, null);
                                languageContext.preInitialize();
                            }
                        }
                        // Reset language options parsed during preinitialization
                        PolyglotLanguage language = engine.idToLanguage.get(languageId);
                        language.clearOptionValues();
                    }
                } finally {
                    context.leave(prev);
                }
            } finally {
                context.inContextPreInitialization = false;
                fs.patchDelegate(FileSystems.newNoIOFileSystem(null));
                if (!config.logLevels.isEmpty()) {
                    VMAccessor.LANGUAGE.configureLoggers(context, null);
                }
            }
        }
        // Need to clean up Threads before storing SVM image
        context.currentThreadInfo = PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL;
        context.constantCurrentThreadInfo = PolyglotThreadInfo.NULL;
        disposeStaticContext(context);
        return context;
    }

}
    
    
    
    

    




    
    
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