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Truffle SL is an example language implemented using the Truffle API.
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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2012, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * The Universal Permissive License (UPL), Version 1.0
 *
 * Subject to the condition set forth below, permission is hereby granted to any
 * person obtaining a copy of this software, associated documentation and/or
 * data (collectively the "Software"), free of charge and under any and all
 * copyright rights in the Software, and any and all patent rights owned or
 * freely licensable by each licensor hereunder covering either (i) the
 * unmodified Software as contributed to or provided by such licensor, or (ii)
 * the Larger Works (as defined below), to deal in both
 *
 * (a) the Software, and
 *
 * (b) any piece of software and/or hardware listed in the lrgrwrks.txt file if
 * one is included with the Software each a "Larger Work" to which the Software
 * is contributed by such licensors),
 *
 * without restriction, including without limitation the rights to copy, create
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 * Software and the Larger Work(s), and to sublicense the foregoing rights on
 * either these or other terms.
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 * This license is subject to the following condition:
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 * The above copyright notice and either this complete permission notice or at a
 * minimum a reference to the UPL must be included in all copies or substantial
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package com.oracle.truffle.sl.nodes;

import java.util.Map;

import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleLanguage.ContextReference;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.FrameDescriptor;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.SourceSection;
import com.oracle.truffle.sl.SLLanguage;
import com.oracle.truffle.sl.runtime.SLContext;
import com.oracle.truffle.sl.runtime.SLNull;

/**
 * In addition to {@link SLRootNode}, this class performs two additional tasks:
 *
 * 
 * Lazily registration of functions on first execution. This fulfills the semantics of
 * "evaluating" source code in SL.
 * Conversion of arguments to types understood by SL. The SL source code can be evaluated from a
 * different language, i.e., the caller can be a node from a different language that uses types not
 * understood by SL.
 * 
 */
public final class SLEvalRootNode extends SLRootNode {

    private final Map functions;
    @CompilationFinal private boolean registered;

    private final ContextReference reference;

    public SLEvalRootNode(SLLanguage language, FrameDescriptor frameDescriptor, SLExpressionNode bodyNode, SourceSection sourceSection, String name, Map functions) {
        super(language, frameDescriptor, bodyNode, sourceSection, name);
        this.functions = functions;
        this.reference = language.getContextReference();
    }

    @Override
    public Object execute(VirtualFrame frame) {
        /* Lazy registrations of functions on first execution. */
        if (!registered) {
            /* Function registration is a slow-path operation that must not be compiled. */
            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
            reference.get().getFunctionRegistry().register(functions);
            registered = true;
        }

        if (getBodyNode() == null) {
            /* The source code did not have a "main" function, so nothing to execute. */
            return SLNull.SINGLETON;
        }

        /* Conversion of arguments to types understood by SL. */
        Object[] arguments = frame.getArguments();
        for (int i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            arguments[i] = SLContext.fromForeignValue(arguments[i]);
        }

        /* Now we can execute the body of the "main" function. */
        return super.execute(frame);
    }
}