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javacc.Parser.jj Maven / Gradle / Ivy

options {
    STATIC = false;
    IGNORE_CASE = true;
    UNICODE_INPUT = true;
}


PARSER_BEGIN(QuarkParserImpl)

package com.qubole.quark.planner.parser;

import com.qubole.quark.planner.parser.sql.*;


import org.apache.calcite.avatica.util.Casing;
import org.apache.calcite.avatica.util.DateTimeUtils;
import org.apache.calcite.avatica.util.TimeUnit;
import org.apache.calcite.rel.type.RelDataType;
import org.apache.calcite.runtime.CalciteContextException;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.JoinConditionType;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.JoinType;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlAlter;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlBinaryOperator;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlCall;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlCharStringLiteral;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlCollation;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlDataTypeSpec;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlDateLiteral;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlDelete;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlDescribeSchema;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlDescribeTable;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlDynamicParam;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlExplain;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlExplainFormat;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlExplainLevel;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlFunction;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlFunctionCategory;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlIdentifier;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlInsert;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlInsertKeyword;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlIntervalLiteral;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlIntervalQualifier;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlJdbcDataTypeName;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlJdbcFunctionCall;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlJoin;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlKind;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlLiteral;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlMatchRecognize;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlMerge;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlNode;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlNodeList;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlNumericLiteral;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlOperator;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlOrderBy;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlPostfixOperator;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlPrefixOperator;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlSampleSpec;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlSelect;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlSelectKeyword;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlSetOption;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlTimeLiteral;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlTimestampLiteral;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlUnnestOperator;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlUpdate;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlUtil;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlWindow;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlWith;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlWithItem;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.fun.SqlCase;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.fun.OracleSqlOperatorTable;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.fun.SqlStdOperatorTable;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.fun.SqlTrimFunction;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.Span;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.SqlAbstractParserImpl;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.SqlParseException;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.SqlParser;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.SqlParserImplFactory;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.SqlParserPos;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.SqlParserUtil;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.type.SqlTypeName;
import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlConformance;
import org.apache.calcite.util.Glossary;
import org.apache.calcite.util.NlsString;
import org.apache.calcite.util.Util;
import org.apache.calcite.util.trace.CalciteTrace;

import com.google.common.collect.Lists;

import org.slf4j.Logger;

import java.io.Reader;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;

import static org.apache.calcite.util.Static.RESOURCE;

/**
 * SQL parser, generated from Parser.jj by JavaCC.
 *
 * 
The public wrapper for this parser is {@link SqlParser}.
 */
public class QuarkParserImpl extends SqlAbstractParserImpl
{
    private static final Logger LOGGER = CalciteTrace.getParserTracer();

    // Can't use quoted literal because of a bug in how JavaCC translates
    // backslash-backslash.
    private static final char BACKSLASH = 0x5c;
    private static final char DOUBLE_QUOTE = 0x22;
    private static final String DQ = DOUBLE_QUOTE + "";
    private static final String DQDQ = DQ + DQ;

    private static Metadata metadata;

    private Casing unquotedCasing;
    private Casing quotedCasing;
    private int identifierMaxLength;
    private SqlConformance conformance;

    /**
     * {@link SqlParserImplFactory} implementation for creating parser.
     */
    public static final SqlParserImplFactory FACTORY = new SqlParserImplFactory() {
        public SqlAbstractParserImpl getParser(Reader stream) {
            return new QuarkParserImpl(stream);
        }
    };

    public SqlParseException normalizeException(Throwable ex)
    {
        try {
            if (ex instanceof ParseException) {
                ex = cleanupParseException((ParseException) ex);
            }
            return convertException(ex);
        } catch (ParseException e) {
            throw new AssertionError(e);
        }
    }

    public Metadata getMetadata()
    {
        synchronized (QuarkParserImpl.class) {
            if (metadata == null) {
                metadata = new MetadataImpl(
                    new QuarkParserImpl(new java.io.StringReader("")));
            }
            return metadata;
        }
    }

    public void setTabSize(int tabSize)
    {
        jj_input_stream.setTabSize(tabSize);
    }

    public void switchTo(String stateName)
    {
        int state = Arrays.asList(QuarkParserImplTokenManager.lexStateNames)
            .indexOf(stateName);
        token_source.SwitchTo(state);
    }

    public void setQuotedCasing(Casing quotedCasing)
    {
        this.quotedCasing = quotedCasing;
    }

    public void setUnquotedCasing(Casing unquotedCasing)
    {
        this.unquotedCasing = unquotedCasing;
    }

    public void setIdentifierMaxLength(int identifierMaxLength)
    {
        this.identifierMaxLength = identifierMaxLength;
    }

    public void setConformance(SqlConformance conformance)
    {
        this.conformance = conformance;
    }

    public SqlNode parseSqlExpressionEof() throws Exception
    {
        return SqlExpressionEof();
    }

    public SqlNode parseSqlStmtEof() throws Exception
    {
        return SqlStmtEof();
    }

    private SqlNode extend(SqlNode table, SqlNodeList extendList) {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.EXTEND.createCall(
            Span.of(table, extendList).pos(), table, extendList);
    }
}

PARSER_END(QuarkParserImpl)


/***************************************
 * Utility Codes for Semantic Analysis *
 ***************************************/

/* For Debug */
JAVACODE
void debug_message1() {
    LOGGER.info("{} , {}", getToken(0).image, getToken(1).image);
}

JAVACODE String unquotedIdentifier() {
    return SqlParserUtil.strip(getToken(0).image, null, null, null,
        unquotedCasing);
}

String NonReservedKeyWord() :
{
    String kw;
}
{
    kw = CommonNonReservedKeyWord()
    {
        return kw;
    }
}

/**
 * Allows parser to be extended with new types of table references.  The
 * default implementation of this production is empty.
 */
SqlNode ExtendedTableRef() :
{
}
{
    UnusedExtension()
    {
        return null;
    }
}

/**
 * Allows an OVER clause following a table expression as an extension to
 * standard SQL syntax. The default implementation of this production is empty.
 */
SqlNode TableOverOpt() :
{
}
{
    {
        return null;
    }
}

/*
 * Parses dialect-specific keywords immediately following the SELECT keyword.
 */
void SqlSelectKeywords(List keywords) :
{}
{
    E()
}

/*
 * Parses dialect-specific keywords immediately following the INSERT keyword.
 */
void SqlInsertKeywords(List keywords) :
{}
{
    E()
}

SqlNode ExtendedBuiltinFunctionCall() :
{
}
{
    UnusedExtension()
    {
        return null;
    }
}

/*
* Parse Floor/Ceil function parameters
*/
SqlNode FloorCeilOptions(Span s, boolean floorFlag) :
{
    SqlNode node;
}
{
    node = StandardFloorCeilOptions(s, floorFlag) {
        return node;
    }
}

/*
// This file contains the heart of a parser for SQL SELECT statements.
// code can be shared between various parsers (for example, a DDL parser and a
// DML parser) but is not a standalone JavaCC file. You need to prepend a
// parser declaration (such as that in Parser.jj).
*/

/* Epsilon */
JAVACODE
void E() {}

JAVACODE List startList(Object o)
{
    List list = new ArrayList();
    list.add(o);
    return list;
}

/*
 * NOTE jvs 6-Feb-2004: The straightforward way to implement the SQL grammar is
 * to keep query expressions (SELECT, UNION, etc) separate from row expressions
 * (+, LIKE, etc).  However, this is not possible with an LL(k) parser, because
 * both kinds of expressions allow parenthesization, so no fixed amount of left
 * context is ever good enough.  A sub-query can be a leaf in a row expression,
 * and can include operators like UNION, so it's not even possible to use a
 * syntactic lookahead rule like "look past an indefinite number of parentheses
 * until you see SELECT, VALUES, or TABLE" (since at that point we still
 * don't know whether we're parsing a sub-query like ((select ...) + x)
 * vs. (select ... union select ...).
 *
 * The somewhat messy solution is to unify the two kinds of expression,
 * and to enforce syntax rules using parameterized context.  This
 * is the purpose of the ExprContext parameter.  It is passed to
 * most expression productions, which check the expressions encountered
 * against the context for correctness.  When a query
 * element like SELECT is encountered, the production calls
 * checkQueryExpression, which will throw an exception if
 * a row expression was expected instead.  When a row expression like
 * IN is encountered, the production calls checkNonQueryExpression
 * instead.  It is very important to understand how this works
 * when modifying the grammar.
 *
 * The commingling of expressions results in some bogus ambiguities which are
 * resolved with LOOKAHEAD hints.  The worst example is comma.  SQL allows both
 * (WHERE x IN (1,2)) and (WHERE x IN (select ...)).  This means when we parse
 * the right-hand-side of an IN, we have to allow any kind of expression inside
 * the parentheses.  Now consider the expression "WHERE x IN(SELECT a FROM b
 * GROUP BY c,d)".  When the parser gets to "c,d" it doesn't know whether the
 * comma indicates the end of the GROUP BY or the end of one item in an IN
 * list.  Luckily, we know that select and comma-list are mutually exclusive
 * within IN, so we use maximal munch for the GROUP BY comma.  However, this
 * usage of hints could easily mask unintended ambiguities resulting from
 * future changes to the grammar, making it very brittle.
 */

JAVACODE protected SqlParserPos getPos()
{
    return new SqlParserPos(
        token.beginLine,
        token.beginColumn,
        token.endLine,
        token.endColumn);
}

/** Starts a span at the current position. */
JAVACODE Span span()
{
    return Span.of(getPos());
}

JAVACODE void checkQueryExpression(ExprContext exprContext)
{
    switch (exprContext) {
    case ACCEPT_NON_QUERY:
    case ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY:
    case ACCEPT_CURSOR:
        throw SqlUtil.newContextException(getPos(),
            RESOURCE.illegalQueryExpression());
    }
}

JAVACODE void checkNonQueryExpression(ExprContext exprContext)
{
    switch (exprContext) {
    case ACCEPT_QUERY:
        throw SqlUtil.newContextException(getPos(),
            RESOURCE.illegalNonQueryExpression());
    }
}

// The date/time parse utilities have to live here, instead of in the
// SqlParserUtil class because ParseException is ambiguous, and
// CommonParser has to live in multiple packages.

JAVACODE SqlDateLiteral parseDateLiteral(String s, SqlParserPos pos) {
    String dateStr = SqlParserUtil.parseString(s);
    Calendar cal = DateTimeUtils.parseDateFormat(
        dateStr, DateTimeUtils.DATE_FORMAT_STRING, DateTimeUtils.GMT_ZONE);
    if (null == cal) {
        throw SqlUtil.newContextException(pos,
            RESOURCE.illegalLiteral("DATE", s,
                RESOURCE.badFormat(DateTimeUtils.DATE_FORMAT_STRING).str()));
    }
    return SqlLiteral.createDate(cal, pos);
}

JAVACODE SqlTimeLiteral parseTimeLiteral(String s, SqlParserPos pos) {
    String dateStr = SqlParserUtil.parseString(s);
    DateTimeUtils.PrecisionTime pt =
    DateTimeUtils.parsePrecisionDateTimeLiteral(
        dateStr, DateTimeUtils.TIME_FORMAT_STRING, DateTimeUtils.GMT_ZONE);
    if (null == pt) {
        throw SqlUtil.newContextException(pos,
            RESOURCE.illegalLiteral("TIME", s,
                RESOURCE.badFormat(DateTimeUtils.TIME_FORMAT_STRING).str()));
    }
    return SqlLiteral.createTime(pt.getCalendar(), pt.getPrecision(), pos);
}

JAVACODE SqlTimestampLiteral parseTimestampLiteral(String s, SqlParserPos pos) {
    String dateStr = SqlParserUtil.parseString(s);
    DateTimeUtils.PrecisionTime pt =
    DateTimeUtils.parsePrecisionDateTimeLiteral(
        dateStr, DateTimeUtils.TIMESTAMP_FORMAT_STRING, DateTimeUtils.GMT_ZONE);
    if (null == pt) {
        throw SqlUtil.newContextException(pos,
            RESOURCE.illegalLiteral("TIMESTAMP", s,
                RESOURCE.badFormat(DateTimeUtils.TIMESTAMP_FORMAT_STRING).str()));
    }
    return SqlLiteral.createTimestamp(pt.getCalendar(), pt.getPrecision(), pos);
}

JAVACODE SqlIntervalLiteral parseIntervalLiteral(
    SqlParserPos pos,
    int sign,
    String s,
    SqlIntervalQualifier intervalQualifier) throws ParseException
{
    String intervalStr = SqlParserUtil.parseString(s);
    if ("".equals(intervalStr)) {
        throw new ParseException(
            RESOURCE.illegalIntervalLiteral(s + " "
                + intervalQualifier.toString(), pos.toString()).str());
    }
    return SqlLiteral.createInterval(sign, intervalStr, intervalQualifier, pos);
}

/**
 * Converts a ParseException (local to this particular instantiation
 * of the parser) into a SqlParseException (common to all parsers).
 */
JAVACODE SqlParseException convertException(Throwable ex)
{
    if (ex instanceof SqlParseException) {
        return (SqlParseException) ex;
    }
    SqlParserPos pos = null;
    int[][] expectedTokenSequences = null;
    String[] tokenImage = null;
    if (ex instanceof ParseException) {
        ParseException pex = (ParseException) ex;
        expectedTokenSequences = pex.expectedTokenSequences;
        tokenImage = pex.tokenImage;
        if (pex.currentToken != null) {
            final Token token = pex.currentToken.next;
            pos = new SqlParserPos(
                token.beginLine,
                token.beginColumn,
                token.endLine,
                token.endColumn);
        }
    } else if (ex instanceof TokenMgrError) {
        TokenMgrError tme = (TokenMgrError) ex;
        expectedTokenSequences = null;
        tokenImage = null;
        // Example:
        //    Lexical error at line 3, column 24.  Encountered "#" after "a".
        final java.util.regex.Pattern pattern = java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(
            "(?s)Lexical error at line ([0-9]+), column ([0-9]+).*");
        java.util.regex.Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(ex.getMessage());
        if (matcher.matches()) {
            int line = Integer.parseInt(matcher.group(1));
            int column = Integer.parseInt(matcher.group(2));
            pos = new SqlParserPos(line, column, line, column);
        }
    } else if (ex instanceof CalciteContextException) {
        // CalciteContextException is the standard wrapper for exceptions
        // produced by the validator, but in the parser, the standard is
        // SqlParseException; so, strip it away. In case you were wondering,
        // the CalciteContextException appears because the parser
        // occasionally calls into validator-style code such as
        // SqlSpecialOperator.reduceExpr.
        CalciteContextException ece =
            (CalciteContextException) ex;
        pos = new SqlParserPos(
            ece.getPosLine(),
            ece.getPosColumn(),
            ece.getEndPosLine(),
            ece.getEndPosColumn());
        ex = ece.getCause();
    }

    return new SqlParseException(
        ex.getMessage(), pos, expectedTokenSequences, tokenImage, ex);
}

/**
 * Removes or transforms misleading information from a parse exception.
 *
 * @param e dirty excn
 *
 * @return clean excn
 */
JAVACODE ParseException cleanupParseException(ParseException ex)
{
    if (ex.expectedTokenSequences == null) {
        return ex;
    }
    int iIdentifier = Arrays.asList(ex.tokenImage).indexOf("");

    // Find all sequences in the error which contain identifier. For
    // example,
    //       {}
    //       {A}
    //       {B, C}
    //       {D, }
    //       {D, A}
    //       {D, B}
    //
    // would yield
    //       {}
    //       {D}
    boolean id = false;
    final List prefixList = new ArrayList();
    for (int i = 0; i < ex.expectedTokenSequences.length; ++i) {
        int[] seq = ex.expectedTokenSequences[i];
        int j = seq.length - 1;
        int i1 = seq[j];
        if (i1 == iIdentifier) {
            int[] prefix = new int[j];
            System.arraycopy(seq, 0, prefix, 0, j);
            prefixList.add(prefix);
        }
    }

    if (prefixList.isEmpty()) {
        return ex;
    }

    int[][] prefixes = (int[][])
        prefixList.toArray(new int[prefixList.size()][]);

    // Since  was one of the possible productions,
    // we know that the parser will also have included all
    // of the non-reserved keywords (which are treated as
    // identifiers in non-keyword contexts).  So, now we need
    // to clean those out, since they're totally irrelevant.

    final List list = new ArrayList();
    Metadata metadata = getMetadata();
    for (int i = 0; i < ex.expectedTokenSequences.length; ++i) {
        int [] seq = ex.expectedTokenSequences[i];
        String tokenImage = ex.tokenImage[seq[seq.length - 1]];
        String token = SqlParserUtil.getTokenVal(tokenImage);
        if (token == null  || !metadata.isNonReservedKeyword(token)) {
            list.add(seq);
            continue;
        }
        boolean match = matchesPrefix(seq, prefixes);
        if (!match) {
            list.add(seq);
        }
    }

    ex.expectedTokenSequences =
        (int [][]) list.toArray(new int [list.size()][]);
    return ex;
}

JAVACODE boolean matchesPrefix(int[] seq, int[][] prefixes)
{
    nextPrefix:
    for (int[] prefix : prefixes) {
        if (seq.length == prefix.length + 1) {
            for (int k = 0; k < prefix.length; k++) {
                if (prefix[k] != seq[k]) {
                    continue nextPrefix;
                }
            }
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

/*****************************************
 * Syntactical Descriptions              *
 *****************************************/

/**
 * Parses either a row expression or a query expression with an optional
 * ORDER BY.
 *
 * 
Postgres syntax for limit:
 *
 * 
 *    [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
 *    [ OFFSET start ]
 * 
 *
 * 
SQL:2008 syntax for limit:
 *
 * 
 *    [ OFFSET start { ROW | ROWS } ]
 *    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
 * 
 */
SqlNode OrderedQueryOrExpr(ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    SqlNode e;
    SqlNodeList orderBy = null;
    SqlNode start = null;
    SqlNode count = null;
}
{
    (
        e = QueryOrExpr(exprContext)
    )
    [
        // use the syntactic type of the expression we just parsed
        // to decide whether ORDER BY makes sense
        orderBy = OrderBy(e.isA(SqlKind.QUERY))
    ]
    [
        // Postgres-style syntax. "LIMIT ... OFFSET ..."
         ( count = UnsignedNumericLiteral() |  )
    ]
    [
        // ROW or ROWS is required in SQL:2008 but we make it optional
        // because it is not present in Postgres-style syntax.
         start = UnsignedNumericLiteral() [  |  ]
    ]
    [
        // SQL:2008-style syntax. "OFFSET ... FETCH ...".
        // If you specify both LIMIT and FETCH, FETCH wins.
         (  |  ) count = UnsignedNumericLiteral() (  |  ) 
    ]
    {
        if (orderBy != null || start != null || count != null) {
            if (orderBy == null) {
                orderBy = SqlNodeList.EMPTY;
            }
            e = new SqlOrderBy(getPos(), e, orderBy, start, count);

        }
        return e;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a leaf in a query expression (SELECT, VALUES or TABLE).
 */
SqlNode LeafQuery(ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    SqlNode e;
}
{
    {
        // ensure a query is legal in this context
        checkQueryExpression(exprContext);
    }
    e = SqlSelect() { return e; }
|
    e = TableConstructor() { return e; }
|
    e = ExplicitTable(getPos()) { return e; }
}

/**
 * Parses a parenthesized query or single row expression.
 */
SqlNode ParenthesizedExpression(ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    SqlNode e;
}
{
    
    {
        // we've now seen left paren, so queries inside should
        // be allowed as sub-queries
        switch (exprContext) {
        case ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY:
            exprContext = ExprContext.ACCEPT_NONCURSOR;
            break;
        case ACCEPT_CURSOR:
            exprContext = ExprContext.ACCEPT_ALL;
            break;
        }
    }
    e = OrderedQueryOrExpr(exprContext)
    
    {
        return e;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a parenthesized query or comma-list of row expressions.
 *
 * 
REVIEW jvs 8-Feb-2004: There's a small hole in this production.  It can be
 * used to construct something like
 *
 * 
 * WHERE x IN (select count(*) from t where c=d,5)
 * 
 *
 * 
which should be illegal.  The above is interpreted as equivalent to
 *
 * 
 * WHERE x IN ((select count(*) from t where c=d),5)

 * 

 *
 * 
which is a legal use of a sub-query.  The only way to fix the hole is to
 * be able to remember whether a subexpression was parenthesized or not, which
 * means preserving parentheses in the SqlNode tree.  This is probably
 * desirable anyway for use in purely syntactic parsing applications (e.g. SQL
 * pretty-printer).  However, if this is done, it's important to also make
 * isA() on the paren node call down to its operand so that we can
 * always correctly discriminate a query from a row expression.
 */
SqlNodeList ParenthesizedQueryOrCommaList(
    ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    SqlNode e;
    List list;
    ExprContext firstExprContext = exprContext;
    final Span s;
}
{
    
    {
        // we've now seen left paren, so a query by itself should
        // be interpreted as a sub-query
        s = span();
        switch (exprContext) {
        case ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY:
            firstExprContext = ExprContext.ACCEPT_NONCURSOR;
            break;
        case ACCEPT_CURSOR:
            firstExprContext = ExprContext.ACCEPT_ALL;
            break;
        }
    }
    e = OrderedQueryOrExpr(firstExprContext)
    {
        list = startList(e);
    }
    (
        
        {
            // a comma-list can't appear where only a query is expected
            checkNonQueryExpression(exprContext);
        }
        e = Expression(exprContext)
        {
            list.add(e);
        }
    )*
    
    {
        return new SqlNodeList(list, s.end(this));
    }
}

/**
 * Parses function parameter lists including DISTINCT keyword recognition,
 * DEFAULT, and named argument assignment.
 */
List FunctionParameterList(
    ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    SqlNode e = null;
    List list = new ArrayList();
}
{
    
    [
         {
            e = SqlSelectKeyword.DISTINCT.symbol(getPos());
        }
    |
         {
            e = SqlSelectKeyword.ALL.symbol(getPos());
        }
    ]
    {
        list.add(e);
    }
    Arg0(list, exprContext)
    (
         {
            // a comma-list can't appear where only a query is expected
            checkNonQueryExpression(exprContext);
        }
        Arg(list, exprContext)
    )*
    
    {
        return list;
    }
}

void Arg0(List list, ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    SqlIdentifier name = null;
    SqlNode e = null;
    final ExprContext firstExprContext;
    {
        // we've now seen left paren, so queries inside should
        // be allowed as sub-queries
        switch (exprContext) {
        case ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY:
            firstExprContext = ExprContext.ACCEPT_NONCURSOR;
            break;
        case ACCEPT_CURSOR:
            firstExprContext = ExprContext.ACCEPT_ALL;
            break;
        default:
            firstExprContext = exprContext;
            break;
        }
    }
}
{
    [
        name = SimpleIdentifier() 
    ]
    (
         {
            e = SqlStdOperatorTable.DEFAULT.createCall(getPos());
        }
    |
        e = OrderedQueryOrExpr(firstExprContext)
    )
    {
        if (e != null) {
            if (name != null) {
                e = SqlStdOperatorTable.ARGUMENT_ASSIGNMENT.createCall(
                    Span.of(name, e).pos(), e, name);
            }
            list.add(e);
        }
    }
}

void Arg(List list, ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    SqlIdentifier name = null;
    SqlNode e = null;
}
{
    [
        name = SimpleIdentifier() 
    ]
    (
         {
            e = SqlStdOperatorTable.DEFAULT.createCall(getPos());
        }
    |
        e = Expression(exprContext)
    )
    {
        if (e != null) {
            if (name != null) {
                e = SqlStdOperatorTable.ARGUMENT_ASSIGNMENT.createCall(
                    Span.of(name, e).pos(), e, name);
            }
            list.add(e);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a query (SELECT, UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT, VALUES, TABLE) followed by
 * the end-of-file symbol.
 */
SqlNode SqlQueryEof() :
{
    SqlNode query;
}
{
    query = OrderedQueryOrExpr(ExprContext.ACCEPT_QUERY)
    
    { return query; }
}

/**
 * Parses an SQL statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlStmt() :
{
    SqlNode stmt;
}
{
    (
        stmt = SqlSetOption(Span.of(), null)
    |
        stmt = SqlAlter()
    |
        stmt = OrderedQueryOrExpr(ExprContext.ACCEPT_QUERY)
    |
        stmt = SqlExplain()
    |
        stmt = SqlDescribe()
    |
        stmt = SqlInsert()
    |
        stmt = SqlDelete()
    |
        stmt = SqlUpdate()
    |
        stmt = SqlMerge()
    |
        stmt = SqlProcedureCall()

    |
        stmt = SqlCreateQuarkDataSource()
    |
        stmt = SqlAlterQuarkDataSource()
    |
        stmt = SqlDropQuarkDataSource()
    |
        stmt = SqlCreateQuarkView()
    |
        stmt = SqlAlterQuarkView()
    |
        stmt = SqlDropQuarkView()
    |
        stmt = SqlShowDataSources()
    |
        stmt = SqlShowViews()
    )
    {
        return stmt;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses an SQL statement followed by the end-of-file symbol.
 */
SqlNode SqlStmtEof() :
{
    SqlNode stmt;
}
{
    stmt = SqlStmt() 
    {
        return stmt;
    }
}


/**
 * Parses an CREATE DATASOURCE statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlCreateQuarkDataSource() :
{
    SqlIdentifier identifier;
    SqlNodeList sourceExpressionList;
    SqlNodeList targetColumnList;
    SqlIdentifier id;
    SqlNode exp;
    SqlParserPos pos;
}
{
    
    
    {
        pos = getPos();
        targetColumnList = new SqlNodeList(pos);
        sourceExpressionList = new SqlNodeList(pos);
    }
    identifier = SimpleIdentifier()
     id = SimpleIdentifier()
    {
        targetColumnList.add(id);
    }
     exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUBQUERY)
    {
        sourceExpressionList.add(exp);
    }
    (
        
        id = SimpleIdentifier()
        {
            targetColumnList.add(id);
        }
         exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUBQUERY)
        {
            sourceExpressionList.add(exp);
        }
    ) *
    {
        return new SqlCreateQuarkDataSource(pos, targetColumnList, sourceExpressionList,
            identifier);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses an ALTER DATASOURCE statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlAlterQuarkDataSource() :
{
    SqlIdentifier identifier;
    SqlNodeList sourceExpressionList;
    SqlNodeList targetColumnList;
    SqlIdentifier id;
    SqlNode exp;
    SqlParserPos pos;
}
{
     
    {
        pos = getPos();
        targetColumnList = new SqlNodeList(pos);
        sourceExpressionList = new SqlNodeList(pos);
    }
    identifier = SimpleIdentifier()
     id = SimpleIdentifier()
    {
        targetColumnList.add(id);
    }
     exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUBQUERY)
    {
        sourceExpressionList.add(exp);
    }
    (
        
        id = SimpleIdentifier()
        {
            targetColumnList.add(id);
        }
         exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUBQUERY)
        {
            sourceExpressionList.add(exp);
        }
    ) *
    {
        return new SqlAlterQuarkDataSource(pos, targetColumnList, sourceExpressionList,
            identifier);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a DELETE statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlDropQuarkDataSource() :
{
    SqlNode condition;
    SqlParserPos pos;
}
{
     { pos = getPos(); }
    
    {
        return new SqlDropQuarkDataSource(pos, CompoundIdentifier());
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a create view or replace existing view statement.
 *   CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW view_name [ (field1, field2 ...) ] AS select_statement
 */
SqlNode SqlCreateQuarkView() :
{
    SqlParserPos pos;
    SqlIdentifier viewName;
    SqlIdentifier tableName;
    SqlNode query;
}
{
     
    { pos = getPos(); }
    viewName = SimpleIdentifier()
     
    tableName = CompoundIdentifier()
    
    query = OrderedQueryOrExpr(ExprContext.ACCEPT_QUERY)
    {
        return new SqlCreateQuarkView(pos, viewName, tableName, query);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses an ALTER VIEW statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlAlterQuarkView() :
{
    SqlIdentifier identifier;
    SqlNodeList sourceExpressionList;
    SqlNodeList targetColumnList;
    SqlIdentifier id;
    SqlNode exp;
    SqlParserPos pos;
}
{
     
    {
        pos = getPos();
        targetColumnList = new SqlNodeList(pos);
        sourceExpressionList = new SqlNodeList(pos);
    }
    identifier = SimpleIdentifier()
     id = SimpleIdentifier()
    {
        targetColumnList.add(id);
    }
     exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUBQUERY)
    {
        sourceExpressionList.add(exp);
    }
    (
        
        id = SimpleIdentifier()
        {
            targetColumnList.add(id);
        }
         exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUBQUERY)
        {
            sourceExpressionList.add(exp);
        }
    ) *
    {
        return new SqlAlterQuarkView(pos, targetColumnList, sourceExpressionList,
            identifier);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a DELETE VIEW statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlDropQuarkView() :
{
    SqlNode condition;
    SqlParserPos pos;
}
{
     { pos = getPos(); }
    
    {
        return new SqlDropQuarkView(pos, CompoundIdentifier());
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a SHOW DDL statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlShowDataSources() :
{
    SqlParserPos pos;
    SqlNode likePattern = null;
}
{
     { pos = getPos(); }
    
    [
         { likePattern = StringLiteral(); }
    ]
    {
        return new SqlShowDataSources(pos, likePattern);
    }
}

SqlNode SqlShowViews() :
{
    SqlParserPos pos;
    SqlNode likePattern = null;
}
{
     { pos = getPos(); }
    
    [
         { likePattern = StringLiteral(); }
    ]
    {
        return new SqlShowViews(pos, likePattern);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a leaf SELECT expression without ORDER BY.
 */
SqlSelect SqlSelect() :
{
    final List keywords = Lists.newArrayList();
    final SqlNodeList keywordList;
    List selectList;
    final SqlNode fromClause;
    final SqlNode where;
    final SqlNodeList groupBy;
    final SqlNode having;
    final SqlNodeList windowDecls;
    final Span s;
}
{
    
    {
        s = span();
    }
    SqlSelectKeywords(keywords)
    (
         {
            keywords.add(SqlSelectKeyword.STREAM.symbol(getPos()));
        }
    )?
    (
         {
            keywords.add(SqlSelectKeyword.DISTINCT.symbol(getPos()));
        }
    |    {
            keywords.add(SqlSelectKeyword.ALL.symbol(getPos()));
        }
    )?
    {
        keywordList = new SqlNodeList(keywords, s.addAll(keywords).pos());
    }
    selectList = SelectList()
    (
         fromClause = FromClause()
        where = WhereOpt()
        groupBy = GroupByOpt()
        having = HavingOpt()
        windowDecls = WindowOpt()
    |
        E() {
            fromClause = null;
            where = null;
            groupBy = null;
            having = null;
            windowDecls = null;
        }
    )
    {
        return new SqlSelect(s.end(this), keywordList,
            new SqlNodeList(selectList, Span.of(selectList).pos()),
            fromClause, where, groupBy, having, windowDecls, null, null, null);
    }
}

/*
 * Abstract production:
 *
 *    void SqlSelectKeywords(List keywords)
 *
 * Parses dialect-specific keywords immediately following the SELECT keyword.
 */

/**
 * Parses an EXPLAIN PLAN statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlExplain() :
{
    SqlNode stmt;
    SqlExplainLevel detailLevel = SqlExplainLevel.EXPPLAN_ATTRIBUTES;
    SqlExplain.Depth depth;
    final SqlExplainFormat format;
}
{
     
    [ detailLevel = ExplainDetailLevel() ]
    depth = ExplainDepth()
    (
          { format = SqlExplainFormat.XML; }
    |
          { format = SqlExplainFormat.JSON; }
    |
        { format = SqlExplainFormat.TEXT; }
    )
     stmt = SqlQueryOrDml() {
        return new SqlExplain(getPos(),
            stmt,
            detailLevel.symbol(SqlParserPos.ZERO),
            depth.symbol(SqlParserPos.ZERO),
            format.symbol(SqlParserPos.ZERO),
            nDynamicParams);
    }
}

/** Parses a query (SELECT or VALUES)
 * or DML statement (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE). */
SqlNode SqlQueryOrDml() :
{
    SqlNode stmt;
}
{
    (
        stmt = OrderedQueryOrExpr(ExprContext.ACCEPT_QUERY)
    |
        stmt = SqlInsert()
    |
        stmt = SqlDelete()
    |
        stmt = SqlUpdate()
    |
        stmt = SqlMerge()
    ) { return stmt; }
}

/**
 * Parses WITH TYPE | WITH IMPLEMENTATION | WITHOUT IMPLEMENTATION modifier for
 * EXPLAIN PLAN.
 */
SqlExplain.Depth ExplainDepth() :
{
}
{
    (
        LOOKAHEAD(2)
         
        {
            return SqlExplain.Depth.TYPE;
        }
        |
         
        {
            return SqlExplain.Depth.PHYSICAL;
        }
        |
         
        {
            return SqlExplain.Depth.LOGICAL;
        }
        |
        {
            return SqlExplain.Depth.PHYSICAL;
        }

    )
}

/**
 * Parses INCLUDING ALL ATTRIBUTES modifier for EXPLAIN PLAN.
 */
SqlExplainLevel ExplainDetailLevel() :
{
    SqlExplainLevel level = SqlExplainLevel.EXPPLAN_ATTRIBUTES;
}
{
    (
         
        {
            level = SqlExplainLevel.NO_ATTRIBUTES;
        }
        |
        
        [  { level = SqlExplainLevel.ALL_ATTRIBUTES; } ]
        
        {
        }
    )
    {
        return level;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a DESCRIBE statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlDescribe() :
{
   final Span s;
   final SqlIdentifier table;
   final SqlIdentifier column;
   final SqlIdentifier id;
   final SqlNode stmt;
}
{
     { s = span(); }
    (
        ( |  | )
        id = CompoundIdentifier() {
            // DESCRIBE DATABASE and DESCRIBE CATALOG currently do the same as
            // DESCRIBE SCHEMA but should be different. See
            //   [CALCITE-1221] Implement DESCRIBE DATABASE, CATALOG, STATEMENT
            return new SqlDescribeSchema(s.end(id), id);
        }
    |
        // Use syntactic lookahead to determine whether a table name is coming.
        // We do not allow SimpleIdentifier() because that includes .
        LOOKAHEAD(  |  | 
           |  |  )
        ()?
        table = CompoundIdentifier()
        (
            column = SimpleIdentifier()
        |
            E() { column = null; }
        ) {
            return new SqlDescribeTable(s.add(table).addIf(column).pos(),
                table, column);
        }
    |
        ()?
        stmt = SqlQueryOrDml() {
            // DESCRIBE STATEMENT currently does the same as EXPLAIN. See
            //   [CALCITE-1221] Implement DESCRIBE DATABASE, CATALOG, STATEMENT
            final SqlExplainLevel detailLevel = SqlExplainLevel.EXPPLAN_ATTRIBUTES;
            final SqlExplain.Depth depth = SqlExplain.Depth.PHYSICAL;
            final SqlExplainFormat format = SqlExplainFormat.TEXT;
            return new SqlExplain(s.end(stmt),
                stmt,
                detailLevel.symbol(SqlParserPos.ZERO),
                depth.symbol(SqlParserPos.ZERO),
                format.symbol(SqlParserPos.ZERO),
                nDynamicParams);
        }
    )
}

/**
 * Parses a CALL statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlProcedureCall() :
{
    final Span s;
    SqlNode routineCall;
}
{
     {
        s = span();
    }
    routineCall = NamedRoutineCall(
        SqlFunctionCategory.USER_DEFINED_PROCEDURE,
        ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY)
    {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.PROCEDURE_CALL.createCall(
            s.end(routineCall), routineCall);
    }
}

SqlNode NamedRoutineCall(
    SqlFunctionCategory routineType,
    ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    SqlIdentifier name;
    final List list = Lists.newArrayList();
    final Span s;
}
{
    name = CompoundIdentifier() {
        s = span();
    }
    
    [
        Arg0(list, exprContext)
        (
             {
                // a comma-list can't appear where only a query is expected
                checkNonQueryExpression(exprContext);
            }
            Arg(list, exprContext)
        )*
    ]
    
    {
        return createCall(name, s.end(this), routineType, null, list);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses an INSERT statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlInsert() :
{
    final List keywords = Lists.newArrayList();
    final SqlNodeList keywordList;
    SqlNode table;
    SqlNodeList extendList = null;
    SqlNode source;
    SqlNodeList columnList = null;
    final Span s;
}
{
    (
        
    |
         { keywords.add(SqlInsertKeyword.UPSERT.symbol(getPos())); }
    )
    { s = span(); }
    SqlInsertKeywords(keywords) {
        keywordList = new SqlNodeList(keywords, s.addAll(keywords).pos());
    }
     table = CompoundIdentifier()
    [
        LOOKAHEAD(3)
        [  ]
        extendList = ExtendList() {
            table = extend(table, extendList);
        }
    ]
    [
        LOOKAHEAD(2)
        columnList = ParenthesizedCompoundIdentifierList()
    ]
    source = OrderedQueryOrExpr(ExprContext.ACCEPT_QUERY) {
        return new SqlInsert(s.end(source), keywordList, table, source,
            columnList);
    }
}

/*
 * Abstract production:
 *
 *    void SqlInsertKeywords(List keywords)
 *
 * Parses dialect-specific keywords immediately following the INSERT keyword.
 */

/**
 * Parses a DELETE statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlDelete() :
{
    SqlNode table;
    SqlNodeList extendList = null;
    SqlIdentifier alias = null;
    final SqlNode condition;
    final Span s;
}
{
     {
        s = span();
    }
     table = CompoundIdentifier()
    [
        [  ]
        extendList = ExtendList() {
            table = extend(table, extendList);
        }
    ]
    [ [  ] alias = SimpleIdentifier() ]
    condition = WhereOpt()
    {
        return new SqlDelete(s.add(table).addIf(extendList).addIf(alias)
            .addIf(condition).pos(), table, condition, null, alias);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses an UPDATE statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlUpdate() :
{
    SqlNode table;
    SqlNodeList extendList = null;
    SqlIdentifier alias = null;
    SqlNode condition;
    SqlNodeList sourceExpressionList;
    SqlNodeList targetColumnList;
    SqlIdentifier id;
    SqlNode exp;
    final Span s;
}
{
     { s = span(); }
    table = CompoundIdentifier() {
        targetColumnList = new SqlNodeList(s.pos());
        sourceExpressionList = new SqlNodeList(s.pos());
    }
    [
        [  ]
        extendList = ExtendList() {
            table = extend(table, extendList);
        }
    ]
    [ [  ] alias = SimpleIdentifier() ]
     id = SimpleIdentifier() {
        targetColumnList.add(id);
    }
     exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) {
        // TODO:  support DEFAULT also
        sourceExpressionList.add(exp);
    }
    (
        
        id = SimpleIdentifier()
        {
            targetColumnList.add(id);
        }
         exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY)
        {
            sourceExpressionList.add(exp);
        }
    )*
    condition = WhereOpt()
    {
        return new SqlUpdate(s.addAll(targetColumnList)
            .addAll(sourceExpressionList).addIf(condition).pos(), table,
            targetColumnList, sourceExpressionList, condition, null, alias);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a MERGE statement.
 */
SqlNode SqlMerge() :
{
    SqlNode table;
    SqlNodeList extendList = null;
    SqlIdentifier alias = null;
    SqlNode sourceTableRef;
    SqlNode condition;
    SqlUpdate updateCall = null;
    SqlInsert insertCall = null;
    final Span s;
}
{
     { s = span(); }  table = CompoundIdentifier()
    [
        [  ]
        extendList = ExtendList() {
            table = extend(table, extendList);
        }
    ]
    [ [  ] alias = SimpleIdentifier() ]
     sourceTableRef = TableRef()
     condition = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY)
    (
        LOOKAHEAD(2)
        updateCall = WhenMatchedClause(table, alias)
        [ insertCall = WhenNotMatchedClause(table) ]
    |
        insertCall = WhenNotMatchedClause(table)
    )
    {
        return new SqlMerge(s.addIf(updateCall).addIf(insertCall).pos(), table,
            condition, sourceTableRef, updateCall, insertCall, null, alias);
    }
}

SqlUpdate WhenMatchedClause(SqlNode table, SqlIdentifier alias) :
{
    SqlIdentifier id;
    final Span s;
    final SqlNodeList updateColumnList = new SqlNodeList(SqlParserPos.ZERO);
    SqlNode exp;
    final SqlNodeList updateExprList = new SqlNodeList(SqlParserPos.ZERO);
}
{
     { s = span(); }  
      id = SimpleIdentifier() {
        updateColumnList.add(id);
    }
     exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) {
        updateExprList.add(exp);
    }
    (
        
        id = SimpleIdentifier() {
            updateColumnList.add(id);
        }
         exp = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) {
            updateExprList.add(exp);
        }
    )*
    {
        return new SqlUpdate(s.addAll(updateExprList).pos(), table,
            updateColumnList, updateExprList, null, null, alias);
    }
}

SqlInsert WhenNotMatchedClause(SqlNode table) :
{
    final Span insertSpan, valuesSpan;
    final List keywords = Lists.newArrayList();
    final SqlNodeList keywordList;
    SqlNodeList insertColumnList = null;
    SqlNode rowConstructor;
    SqlNode insertValues;
}
{
         {
        insertSpan = span();
    }
    SqlInsertKeywords(keywords) {
        keywordList = new SqlNodeList(keywords, insertSpan.end(this));
    }
    [
        LOOKAHEAD(2)
        insertColumnList = ParenthesizedSimpleIdentifierList()
    ]
    [  ]
     { valuesSpan = span(); }
    rowConstructor = RowConstructor()
    [  ]
    {
        // TODO zfong 5/26/06: note that extra parentheses are accepted above
        // around the VALUES clause as a hack for unparse, but this is
        // actually invalid SQL; should fix unparse
        insertValues = SqlStdOperatorTable.VALUES.createCall(
            valuesSpan.end(this), rowConstructor);
        return new SqlInsert(insertSpan.end(this), keywordList,
            table, insertValues, insertColumnList);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses the select list of a SELECT statement.
 */
List SelectList() :
{
    final List list = new ArrayList();
    SqlNode item;
}
{
    item = SelectItem() {
        list.add(item);
    }
    (
         item = SelectItem() {
            list.add(item);
        }
    )*
    {
        return list;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses one item in a select list.
 */
SqlNode SelectItem() :
{
    SqlNode e;
    SqlIdentifier id;
}
{
    e = SelectExpression()
    [
        [  ]
        id = SimpleIdentifier() {
            e = SqlStdOperatorTable.AS.createCall(span().end(e), e, id);
        }
    ]
    {
        return e;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses one unaliased expression in a select list.
 */
SqlNode SelectExpression() :
{
    SqlNode e;
}
{
     {
        return SqlIdentifier.star(getPos());
    }
|
    e = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) {
        return e;
    }
}

SqlLiteral Natural() :
{
}
{
     { return SqlLiteral.createBoolean(true, getPos()); }
|
    { return SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, getPos()); }
}

SqlLiteral JoinType() :
{
    JoinType joinType;
}
{
    (
         { joinType = JoinType.INNER; }
    |
          { joinType = JoinType.INNER; }
    |
         [  ]  { joinType = JoinType.LEFT; }
    |
         [  ]  { joinType = JoinType.RIGHT; }
    |
         [  ]  { joinType = JoinType.FULL; }
    |
          { joinType = JoinType.CROSS; }
    )
    {
        return joinType.symbol(getPos());
    }
}

/** Matches "LEFT JOIN t ON ...", "RIGHT JOIN t USING ...", "JOIN t". */
SqlNode JoinTable(SqlNode e) :
{
    SqlNode e2, condition;
    final SqlLiteral natural, joinType, on, using;
    SqlNodeList list;
}
{
    natural = Natural()
    joinType = JoinType()
    e2 = TableRef()
    (
         { on = JoinConditionType.ON.symbol(getPos()); }
        condition = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) {
            return new SqlJoin(joinType.getParserPosition(),
                e,
                natural,
                joinType,
                e2,
                on,
                condition);
        }
    |
         { using = JoinConditionType.USING.symbol(getPos()); }
        list = ParenthesizedSimpleIdentifierList() {
            return new SqlJoin(joinType.getParserPosition(),
                e,
                natural,
                joinType,
                e2,
                using,
                new SqlNodeList(list.getList(), Span.of(using).end(this)));
        }
    |
        {
            return new SqlJoin(joinType.getParserPosition(),
                e,
                natural,
                joinType,
                e2,
                JoinConditionType.NONE.symbol(joinType.getParserPosition()),
                null);
        }
    )
}

// TODO jvs 15-Nov-2003:  SQL standard allows parentheses in the FROM list for
// building up non-linear join trees (e.g. OUTER JOIN two tables, and then INNER
// JOIN the result).  Also note that aliases on parenthesized FROM expressions
// "hide" all table names inside the parentheses (without aliases, they're
// visible).
//
// We allow CROSS JOIN to have a join condition, even though that is not valid
// SQL; the validator will catch it.
/**
 * Parses the FROM clause for a SELECT.
 *
 * 
FROM is mandatory in standard SQL, optional in dialects such as MySQL,
 * PostgreSQL. The parser allows SELECT without FROM, but the validator fails
 * if conformance is, say, STRICT_2003.
 */
SqlNode FromClause() :
{
    SqlNode e, e2, condition;
    SqlLiteral natural, joinType, joinConditionType;
    SqlNodeList list;
    SqlParserPos pos;
}
{
    e = TableRef()
    (
        // Decide whether to read a JOIN clause or a comma, or to quit having
        // seen a single entry FROM clause like 'FROM emps'. See comments
        // elsewhere regarding  lookahead.
        LOOKAHEAD(2)
        natural = Natural()
        joinType = JoinType()
        e2 = TableRef()
        (
             {
                joinConditionType = JoinConditionType.ON.symbol(getPos());
            }
            condition = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) {
                e = new SqlJoin(joinType.getParserPosition(),
                    e,
                    natural,
                    joinType,
                    e2,
                    joinConditionType,
                    condition);
            }
        |
             {
                joinConditionType = JoinConditionType.USING.symbol(getPos());
            }
            list = ParenthesizedSimpleIdentifierList() {
                e = new SqlJoin(joinType.getParserPosition(),
                    e,
                    natural,
                    joinType,
                    e2,
                    joinConditionType,
                    new SqlNodeList(list.getList(), Span.of(joinConditionType).end(this)));
            }
        |
            {
                e = new SqlJoin(joinType.getParserPosition(),
                    e,
                    natural,
                    joinType,
                    e2,
                    JoinConditionType.NONE.symbol(joinType.getParserPosition()),
                    null);
            }
        )
    |
        // NOTE jvs 6-Feb-2004:  See comments at top of file for why
        // hint is necessary here.  I had to use this special semantic
        // lookahead form to get JavaCC to shut up, which makes
        // me even more uneasy.
        //LOOKAHEAD({true})
         { joinType = JoinType.COMMA.symbol(getPos()); }
        e2 = TableRef() {
            e = new SqlJoin(joinType.getParserPosition(),
                e,
                SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, joinType.getParserPosition()),
                joinType,
                e2,
                JoinConditionType.NONE.symbol(SqlParserPos.ZERO),
                null);
        }
    |
         { joinType = JoinType.CROSS.symbol(getPos()); } 
        e2 = TableRef2(true) {
            if (!this.conformance.isApplyAllowed()) {
                throw new ParseException(RESOURCE.applyNotAllowed().str());
            }
            e = new SqlJoin(joinType.getParserPosition(),
                e,
                SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, joinType.getParserPosition()),
                joinType,
                e2,
                JoinConditionType.NONE.symbol(SqlParserPos.ZERO),
                null);
        }
    |
         { joinType = JoinType.LEFT.symbol(getPos()); } 
        e2 = TableRef2(true) {
            if (!this.conformance.isApplyAllowed()) {
                throw new ParseException(RESOURCE.applyNotAllowed().str());
            }
            e = new SqlJoin(joinType.getParserPosition(),
                e,
                SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, joinType.getParserPosition()),
                joinType,
                e2,
                JoinConditionType.ON.symbol(SqlParserPos.ZERO),
                SqlLiteral.createBoolean(true, joinType.getParserPosition()));
        }
    )*
    {
        return e;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a table reference in a FROM clause, not lateral unless LATERAL
 * is explicitly specified.
 */
SqlNode TableRef() :
{
    final SqlNode e;
}
{
    e = TableRef2(false) { return e; }
}

/**
 * Parses a table reference in a FROM clause.
 */
SqlNode TableRef2(boolean lateral) :
{
    SqlNode tableRef;
    SqlNode over;
    SqlNodeList extendList = null;
    String alias;
    final SqlIdentifier id;
    final Span s, s2;
    SqlNodeList args;
    SqlNode sample;
    boolean isBernoulli;
    SqlNumericLiteral samplePercentage;
    boolean isRepeatable = false;
    int repeatableSeed = 0;
    SqlNodeList columnAliasList = null;
    SqlUnnestOperator unnestOp = SqlStdOperatorTable.UNNEST;
}
{
    (
        LOOKAHEAD(2)
        tableRef = CompoundIdentifier()
        [
            [  ]
            extendList = ExtendList() {
                tableRef = extend(tableRef, extendList);
            }
        ]
        over = TableOverOpt()
        {
            if (over != null) {
                tableRef = SqlStdOperatorTable.OVER.createCall(
                    getPos(), tableRef, over);
            }
        }
        [
            over = MatchRecognizeOpt(tableRef)
            {
                if (over != null) {
                    tableRef = over;
                }
            }
        ]
    |
        [  { lateral = true; } ]
        tableRef = ParenthesizedExpression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_QUERY)
        over = TableOverOpt()
        {
            if (over != null) {
                tableRef = SqlStdOperatorTable.OVER.createCall(
                    getPos(), tableRef, over);
            }
            if (lateral) {
                tableRef = SqlStdOperatorTable.LATERAL.createCall(
                    getPos(), tableRef);
            }
        }
        (
            [ over = MatchRecognizeOpt(tableRef) ]
            {
                if (over != null) {
                    tableRef = over;
                }
            }
        )
    |
         { s = span(); }
        args = ParenthesizedQueryOrCommaList(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY)
        [
              {
                unnestOp = SqlStdOperatorTable.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY;
            }
        ]
        {
            tableRef = unnestOp.createCall(s.end(this), args.toArray());
        }
    |
        [  { lateral = true; } ]
         { s = span(); } 
        tableRef = TableFunctionCall(s.pos())
        
        {
            if (lateral) {
                tableRef = SqlStdOperatorTable.LATERAL.createCall(
                    s.end(this), tableRef);
            }
        }
    |
        tableRef = ExtendedTableRef()
    )
    [
        [  ] alias = Identifier() {
            id = new SqlIdentifier(alias, getPos());
        }
        [ columnAliasList = ParenthesizedSimpleIdentifierList() ]
        {
            if (columnAliasList == null) {
                tableRef = SqlStdOperatorTable.AS.createCall(
                    Span.of(tableRef).end(this), tableRef, id);
            } else {
                List idList = new ArrayList();
                idList.add(tableRef);
                idList.add(id);
                idList.addAll(columnAliasList.getList());
                tableRef = SqlStdOperatorTable.AS.createCall(
                    Span.of(tableRef).end(this), idList);
            }
        }
    ]
    [
         { s2 = span(); }
        (
              sample = StringLiteral() 
            {
                String sampleName =
                    ((NlsString) SqlLiteral.value(sample)).getValue();
                SqlSampleSpec sampleSpec = SqlSampleSpec.createNamed(sampleName);
                final SqlLiteral sampleLiteral =
                    SqlLiteral.createSample(sampleSpec, s2.end(this));
                tableRef = SqlStdOperatorTable.TABLESAMPLE.createCall(
                    s2.add(tableRef).end(this), tableRef, sampleLiteral);
            }
        |
            (
                
                {
                    isBernoulli = true;
                }
            |
                
                {
                    isBernoulli = false;
                }
            )
             samplePercentage = UnsignedNumericLiteral() 
            [
                  repeatableSeed = IntLiteral() 
                {
                    isRepeatable = true;
                }
            ]
            {
                final BigDecimal ONE_HUNDRED = BigDecimal.valueOf(100L);
                BigDecimal rate = samplePercentage.bigDecimalValue();
                if (rate.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) < 0
                    || rate.compareTo(ONE_HUNDRED) > 0)
                {
                    throw new ParseException(RESOURCE.invalidSampleSize().str());
                }

                // Treat TABLESAMPLE(0) and TABLESAMPLE(100) as no table
                // sampling at all.  Not strictly correct: TABLESAMPLE(0)
                // should produce no output, but it simplifies implementation
                // to know that some amount of sampling will occur.
                // In practice values less than ~1E-43% are treated as 0.0 and
                // values greater than ~99.999997% are treated as 1.0
                float fRate = rate.divide(ONE_HUNDRED).floatValue();
                if (fRate > 0.0f && fRate < 1.0f) {
                    SqlSampleSpec tableSampleSpec =
                    isRepeatable
                        ? SqlSampleSpec.createTableSample(
                            isBernoulli, fRate, repeatableSeed)
                        : SqlSampleSpec.createTableSample(isBernoulli, fRate);

                    SqlLiteral tableSampleLiteral =
                        SqlLiteral.createSample(tableSampleSpec, s2.end(this));
                    tableRef = SqlStdOperatorTable.TABLESAMPLE.createCall(
                        s2.end(this), tableRef, tableSampleLiteral);
                }
            }
        )
    ]
    {
        return tableRef;
    }
}

SqlNodeList ExtendList() :
{
    final Span s;
    List list = Lists.newArrayList();
}
{
     { s = span(); }
    ColumnType(list)
    (
         ColumnType(list)
    )*
     {
        return new SqlNodeList(list, s.end(this));
    }
}

void ColumnType(List list) :
{
    SqlIdentifier name;
    SqlDataTypeSpec type;
    boolean nullable = true;
}
{
    name = SimpleIdentifier()
    type = DataType()
    [
          {
            nullable = false;
        }
    ]
    {
        list.add(name);
        list.add(type.withNullable(nullable));
    }
}

SqlNode TableFunctionCall(SqlParserPos pos) :
{
    SqlNode call;
    SqlFunctionCategory funcType = SqlFunctionCategory.USER_DEFINED_TABLE_FUNCTION;
}
{
    [
        
        {
            funcType = SqlFunctionCategory.USER_DEFINED_TABLE_SPECIFIC_FUNCTION;
        }
    ]
    call = NamedRoutineCall(funcType, ExprContext.ACCEPT_CURSOR)
    {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.COLLECTION_TABLE.createCall(pos, call);
    }
}

/**
 * Abstract production:
 *    SqlNode ExtendedTableRef()
 *
 * 
Allows parser to be extended with new types of table references.  The
 * default implementation of this production is empty.
 */

/*
 * Abstract production:
 *
 *    SqlNode TableOverOpt()
 *
 * Allows an OVER clause following a table expression as an extension to
 * standard SQL syntax. The default implementation of this production is empty.
 */

/**
 * Parses an explicit TABLE t reference.
 */
SqlNode ExplicitTable(SqlParserPos pos) :
{
    SqlNode tableRef;
}
{
     tableRef = CompoundIdentifier()
    {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.EXPLICIT_TABLE.createCall(pos, tableRef);
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a VALUES leaf query expression.
 */
SqlNode TableConstructor() :
{
    SqlNodeList rowConstructorList;
    final Span s;
}
{
     { s = span(); }
    rowConstructorList = RowConstructorList(s)
    {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.VALUES.createCall(
            s.end(this), rowConstructorList.toArray());
    }
}

/**
 * Parses one or more rows in a VALUES expression.
 */
SqlNodeList RowConstructorList(Span s) :
{
    List list = new ArrayList();
    SqlNode rowConstructor;
}
{
    rowConstructor = RowConstructor() { list.add(rowConstructor); }
    (
        LOOKAHEAD(2)
         rowConstructor = RowConstructor() { list.add(rowConstructor); }
    )*
    {
        return new SqlNodeList(list, s.end(this));
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a row constructor in the context of a VALUES expression.
 */
SqlNode RowConstructor() :
{
    SqlNodeList valueList;
    SqlNode value;
    final Span s;
}
{
    // hints are necessary here due to common LPAREN prefixes
    (
        // TODO jvs 8-Feb-2004: extra parentheses are accepted here as a hack
        // for unparse, but this is actually invalid SQL; should
        // fix unparse
        LOOKAHEAD(3)
         { s = span(); }
        
        valueList = ParenthesizedQueryOrCommaList(ExprContext.ACCEPT_NONCURSOR)
         { s.add(this); }
    |
        LOOKAHEAD(3)
        (
             { s = span(); }
        |
            { s = Span.of(); }
        )
        valueList = ParenthesizedQueryOrCommaList(ExprContext.ACCEPT_NONCURSOR)
    |
        value = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_NONCURSOR)
        {
            // NOTE: A bare value here is standard SQL syntax, believe it or
            // not.  Taken together with multi-row table constructors, it leads
            // to very easy mistakes if you forget the parentheses on a
            // single-row constructor.  This is also the reason for the
            // LOOKAHEAD in RowConstructorList().  It would be so much more
            // reasonable to require parentheses.  Sigh.
            s = Span.of(value);
            valueList = new SqlNodeList(Collections.singletonList(value),
                value.getParserPosition());
        }
    )
    {
        // REVIEW jvs 8-Feb-2004: Should we discriminate between scalar
        // sub-queries inside of ROW and row sub-queries?  The standard does,
        // but the distinction seems to be purely syntactic.
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.ROW.createCall(s.end(valueList),
            valueList.toArray());
    }
}

/**
 * Parses the optional WHERE clause for SELECT, DELETE, and UPDATE.
 */
SqlNode WhereOpt() :
{
    SqlNode condition;
}
{
     condition = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY)
    {
        return condition;
    }
    |
    {
        return null;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses the optional GROUP BY clause for SELECT.
 */
SqlNodeList GroupByOpt() :
{
    List list = Lists.newArrayList();
    final Span s;
}
{
     { s = span(); }
     list = GroupingElementList() {
        return new SqlNodeList(list, s.addAll(list).pos());
    }
|
    {
        return null;
    }
}

List GroupingElementList() :
{
    List list = Lists.newArrayList();
    SqlNode e;
}
{
    e = GroupingElement() { list.add(e); }
    (
        
        e = GroupingElement() { list.add(e); }
    )*
    { return list; }
}

SqlNode GroupingElement() :
{
    List list;
    final SqlNodeList nodes;
    final SqlNode e;
    final Span s;
}
{
     { s = span(); }
      list = GroupingElementList()  {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.GROUPING_SETS.createCall(s.end(this), list);
    }
|    { s = span(); }
     nodes = ExpressionCommaList(s, ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY)
     {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.ROLLUP.createCall(s.end(this),
            nodes.getList());
    }
|    { s = span(); }
     nodes = ExpressionCommaList(s, ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY)
     {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.CUBE.createCall(s.end(this),
            nodes.getList());
    }
|   LOOKAHEAD(3)
      {
        return new SqlNodeList(getPos());
    }
|   e = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) {
        return e;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a list of expressions separated by commas.
 */
SqlNodeList ExpressionCommaList(
    final Span s,
    ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    List list;
    SqlNode e;
}
{
    e = Expression(exprContext)
    {
        list = startList(e);
    }
    (
        // NOTE jvs 6-Feb-2004:  See comments at top of file for why
        // hint is necessary here.
        LOOKAHEAD(2)
         e = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY)
        {
            list.add(e);
        }
    )*
    {
        return new SqlNodeList(list, s.addAll(list).pos());
    }
}

/**
 * Parses the optional HAVING clause for SELECT.
 */
SqlNode HavingOpt() :
{
    SqlNode e;
}
{
     e = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) { return e; }
|
    { return null; }
}

/**
 * Parses the optional WINDOW clause for SELECT
 */
SqlNodeList WindowOpt() :
{
    SqlIdentifier id;
    SqlWindow e;
    List list;
    final Span s;
}
{
     { s = span(); }
    id = SimpleIdentifier()  e = WindowSpecification() {
        e.setDeclName(id);
        list = startList(e);
    }
    (
        // NOTE jhyde 22-Oct-2004:  See comments at top of file for why
        // hint is necessary here.
        LOOKAHEAD(2)
         id = SimpleIdentifier()  e = WindowSpecification() {
            e.setDeclName(id);
            list.add(e);
        }
    )*
    {
        return new SqlNodeList(list, s.addAll(list).pos());
    }
|
    {
        return null;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a window specification.
 */
SqlWindow WindowSpecification() :
{
    SqlIdentifier id;
    List list;
    SqlNodeList partitionList;
    SqlNodeList orderList;
    SqlLiteral isRows = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, SqlParserPos.ZERO);
    SqlNode lowerBound = null, upperBound = null;
    SqlParserPos startPos;
    final Span s, s1, s2;
    SqlLiteral allowPartial = null;
}
{
     { s = span(); }
    (
        id = SimpleIdentifier()
    |
        { id = null; }
    )
    (
         { s1 = span(); }
        
        partitionList = ExpressionCommaList(s1, ExprContext.ACCEPT_NON_QUERY)
    |
        { partitionList = SqlNodeList.EMPTY; }
    )
    (
        orderList = OrderBy(true)
    |
        { orderList = SqlNodeList.EMPTY; }
    )
    [
        (
             { isRows = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(true, getPos()); }
        |
             { isRows = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, getPos()); }
        )
        (
             lowerBound = WindowRange()
             upperBound = WindowRange()
        |
            lowerBound = WindowRange()
        )
    ]
    [
         { s2 = span(); }  {
            allowPartial = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(true, s2.end(this));
        }
    |
         { s2 = span(); }  {
            allowPartial = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, s2.end(this));
        }
    ]
    
    {
        return SqlWindow.create(
            null, id, partitionList, orderList,
            isRows, lowerBound, upperBound, allowPartial, s.end(this));
    }
}

SqlNode WindowRange() :
{
    final SqlNode e;
    final Span s;
}
{
     { s = span(); }  {
        return SqlWindow.createCurrentRow(s.end(this));
    }
|
     { s = span(); }
    (
         {
            return SqlWindow.createUnboundedPreceding(s.end(this));
        }
    |
         {
            return SqlWindow.createUnboundedFollowing(s.end(this));
        }
    )
|
    e = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_NON_QUERY)
    (
         {
            return SqlWindow.createPreceding(e, getPos());
        }
    |
         {
            return SqlWindow.createFollowing(e, getPos());
        }
    )
}

/**
 * Parses an ORDER BY clause.
 */
SqlNodeList OrderBy(boolean accept) :
{
    List list;
    SqlNode e;
    final Span s;
}
{
     {
        s = span();
        if (!accept) {
            // Someone told us ORDER BY wasn't allowed here.  So why
            // did they bother calling us?  To get the correct
            // parser position for error reporting.
            throw SqlUtil.newContextException(s.pos(), RESOURCE.illegalOrderBy());
        }
    }
     e = OrderItem() {
        list = startList(e);
    }
    (
        // NOTE jvs 6-Feb-2004:  See comments at top of file for why
        // hint is necessary here.
        LOOKAHEAD(2)  e = OrderItem() { list.add(e); }
    )*
    {
        return new SqlNodeList(list, s.addAll(list).pos());
    }
}

/**
 * Parses one list item in an ORDER BY clause.
 */
SqlNode OrderItem() :
{
    SqlNode e;
}
{
    e = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY)
    (
        
    |    {
            e = SqlStdOperatorTable.DESC.createCall(getPos(), e);
        }
    )?
    (
          {
            e = SqlStdOperatorTable.NULLS_FIRST.createCall(getPos(), e);
        }
    |
          {
            e = SqlStdOperatorTable.NULLS_LAST.createCall(getPos(), e);
        }
    )?
    {
        return e;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses a MATCH_RECOGNIZE clause following a table expression.
 */
SqlMatchRecognize MatchRecognizeOpt(SqlNode tableRef) :
{
    final Span s, s0, s1;
    SqlNodeList measureList = SqlNodeList.EMPTY;
    SqlNode pattern;
    SqlNodeList patternDefList;
    final SqlNode after;
    SqlParserPos pos;
    final SqlNode var;
    final SqlLiteral rowsPerMatch;
    SqlNodeList subsetList = SqlNodeList.EMPTY;
    SqlLiteral isStrictStarts = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, getPos());
    SqlLiteral isStrictEnds = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, getPos());
}
{
     { s = span(); } 
    [
        
        measureList = MeasureColumnCommaList(span())
    ]
    (
         { s0 = span(); }    {
            rowsPerMatch = SqlMatchRecognize.RowsPerMatchOption.ONE_ROW.symbol(s0.end(this));
        }
    |
         { s0 = span(); }    {
            rowsPerMatch = SqlMatchRecognize.RowsPerMatchOption.ALL_ROWS.symbol(s0.end(this));
        }
    |
        {
            rowsPerMatch = null;
        }
    )
    (
         { s1 = span(); }  
        (
            
            (
                LOOKAHEAD(2)
                  {
                    after = SqlMatchRecognize.AfterOption.SKIP_TO_NEXT_ROW
                        .symbol(s1.end(this));
                }
            |
                 var = SimpleIdentifier() {
                    after = SqlMatchRecognize.SKIP_TO_FIRST.createCall(
                        s1.end(var), var);
                }
            |
                [  ] var = SimpleIdentifier() {
                    after = SqlMatchRecognize.SKIP_TO_LAST.createCall(
                        s1.end(var), var);
                }
            )
        |
               {
                 after = SqlMatchRecognize.AfterOption.SKIP_PAST_LAST_ROW
                     .symbol(s1.end(this));
            }
        )
    |
        { after = null; }
    )
    
    
    (
         { isStrictStarts = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(true, getPos()); }
    |
        { isStrictStarts = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, getPos()); }
    )
    pattern = PatternExpression()
    (
         { isStrictEnds = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(true, getPos()); }
    |
        { isStrictEnds = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, getPos()); }
    )
    
    [
        
        subsetList = SubsetDefinitionCommaList(span())
    ]
    
    patternDefList = PatternDefinitionCommaList(span())
     {
        return new SqlMatchRecognize(s.end(this), tableRef,
            pattern, isStrictStarts, isStrictEnds, patternDefList, measureList,
            after, subsetList, rowsPerMatch);
    }
}

SqlNodeList MeasureColumnCommaList(Span s) :
{
    SqlNode e;
    final List eList = new ArrayList();
}
{
    e = MeasureColumn() {
        eList.add(e);
    }
    (
        
        e = MeasureColumn() {
            eList.add(e);
        }
    )*
    {
        return new SqlNodeList(eList, s.addAll(eList).pos());
    }
}

SqlNode MeasureColumn() :
{
    SqlNode e;
    SqlIdentifier alias;
}
{
    e = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_NON_QUERY)
    
    alias = SimpleIdentifier() {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.AS.createCall(Span.of(e).end(this), e, alias);
    }
}

SqlNode PatternExpression() :
{
    SqlNode left;
    SqlNode right;
}
{
    left = PatternTerm()
    (
        
        right = PatternTerm() {
            left = SqlStdOperatorTable.PATTERN_ALTER.createCall(
                Span.of(left).end(right), left, right);
        }
    )*
    {
        return left;
    }
}

SqlNode PatternTerm() :
{
    SqlNode left;
    SqlNode right;
}
{
    left = PatternFactor()
    (
        right = PatternFactor() {
            left = SqlStdOperatorTable.PATTERN_CONCAT.createCall(
                Span.of(left).end(right), left, right);
        }
    )*
    {
        return left;
    }
}

SqlNode PatternFactor() :
{
    SqlNode e;
    SqlNode extra;
    SqlLiteral startNum = null;
    SqlLiteral endNum = null;
    SqlLiteral reluctant = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(false, SqlParserPos.ZERO);
}
{
    e = PatternPrimary()
    [
        (
             {
                startNum = SqlLiteral.createExactNumeric("0", SqlParserPos.ZERO);
                endNum = SqlLiteral.createExactNumeric("-1", SqlParserPos.ZERO);
            }
        |
             {
                startNum = SqlLiteral.createExactNumeric("1", SqlParserPos.ZERO);
                endNum = SqlLiteral.createExactNumeric("-1", SqlParserPos.ZERO);
            }
        |
             {
                startNum = SqlLiteral.createExactNumeric("0", SqlParserPos.ZERO);
                endNum = SqlLiteral.createExactNumeric("1", SqlParserPos.ZERO);
            }
        |
            
            (
                startNum = UnsignedNumericLiteral() { endNum = startNum; }
                [
                     {
                        endNum = SqlLiteral.createExactNumeric("-1", SqlParserPos.ZERO);
                    }
                    [
                        endNum = UnsignedNumericLiteral()
                    ]
                ]
                
            |
                {
                    startNum = SqlLiteral.createExactNumeric("-1", SqlParserPos.ZERO);
                }
                
                endNum = UnsignedNumericLiteral()
                
            |
                 extra = PatternExpression()   {
                    extra = SqlStdOperatorTable.PATTERN_EXCLUDE.createCall(
                        Span.of(extra).end(this), extra);
                    e = SqlStdOperatorTable.PATTERN_CONCAT.createCall(
                        Span.of(e).end(this), e, extra);
                    return e;
                }
            )
        )
        [
            
            {
                if (startNum.intValue(true) != endNum.intValue(true)) {
                    reluctant = SqlLiteral.createBoolean(true, SqlParserPos.ZERO);
                }
            }
        ]
    ]
    {
        if (startNum == null) {
            return e;
        } else {
            return SqlStdOperatorTable.PATTERN_QUANTIFIER.createCall(
                span().end(e), e, startNum, endNum, reluctant);
        }
    }
}

SqlNode PatternPrimary() :
{
    final Span s;
    SqlNode e;
    List eList;
}
{
    (
        e = SimpleIdentifier()
    |
         e = PatternExpression() 
    |
         { s = span(); }
         e = PatternExpression()
          {
            e = SqlStdOperatorTable.PATTERN_EXCLUDE.createCall(s.end(this), e);
        }
    |
        (
             { s = span(); }
            
            e = PatternExpression() {
                eList = new ArrayList();
                eList.add(e);
            }
            (
                
                e = PatternExpression()
                {
                    eList.add(e);
                }
            )*
             {
                e = SqlStdOperatorTable.PATTERN_PERMUTE.createCall(
                    s.end(this), eList);
            }
        )
    )
    {
        return e;
    }
}

SqlNodeList SubsetDefinitionCommaList(Span s) :
{
    SqlNode e;
    final List eList = new ArrayList();
}
{
    e = SubsetDefinition() {
        eList.add(e);
    }
    (
        
        e = SubsetDefinition() {
            eList.add(e);
        }
    )*
    {
        return new SqlNodeList(eList, s.addAll(eList).pos());
    }
}

SqlNode SubsetDefinition() :
{
    final SqlNode var;
    final SqlNodeList varList;
}
{
    var = SimpleIdentifier()
    
    
    varList = ExpressionCommaList(span(), ExprContext.ACCEPT_NON_QUERY)
     {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.EQUALS.createCall(span().end(var), var,
            varList);
    }
}

SqlNodeList PatternDefinitionCommaList(Span s) :
{
    SqlNode e;
    final List eList = new ArrayList();
}
{
    e = PatternDefinition() {
        eList.add(e);
    }
    (
        
        e = PatternDefinition() {
            eList.add(e);
        }
    )*
    {
        return new SqlNodeList(eList, s.addAll(eList).pos());
    }
}

SqlNode PatternDefinition() :
{
    final SqlNode var;
    final SqlNode e;
}
{
    var = SimpleIdentifier()
    
    e = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) {
        return SqlStdOperatorTable.AS.createCall(Span.of(var, e).pos(), e, var);
    }
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Expressions

/**
 * Parses a SQL expression (such as might occur in a WHERE clause) followed by
 * the end-of-file symbol.
 */
SqlNode SqlExpressionEof() :
{
    SqlNode e;
}
{
    e = Expression(ExprContext.ACCEPT_SUB_QUERY) ()
    {
        return e;
    }
}

/**
 * Parses either a row expression or a query expression without ORDER BY.
 */
SqlNode QueryOrExpr(ExprContext exprContext) :
{
    SqlNodeList withList = null;
    SqlNode e;
    SqlOperator op;
    SqlParserPos pos;
    SqlParserPos withPos;
    List