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/*
* Copyright (C) 2014 Square, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package okhttp3
import java.security.cert.Certificate
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate
import javax.net.ssl.SSLPeerUnverifiedException
import okhttp3.internal.tls.CertificateChainCleaner
import okhttp3.internal.toCanonicalHost
import okio.ByteString
import okio.ByteString.Companion.decodeBase64
import okio.ByteString.Companion.toByteString
/**
* Constrains which certificates are trusted. Pinning certificates defends against attacks on
* certificate authorities. It also prevents connections through man-in-the-middle certificate
* authorities either known or unknown to the application's user.
* This class currently pins a certificate's Subject Public Key Info as described on
* [Adam Langley's Weblog][langley]. Pins are either base64 SHA-256 hashes as in
* [HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP)][rfc_7469] or SHA-1 base64 hashes as in Chromium's
* [static certificates][static_certificates].
*
* ## Setting up Certificate Pinning
*
* The easiest way to pin a host is turn on pinning with a broken configuration and read the
* expected configuration when the connection fails. Be sure to do this on a trusted network, and
* without man-in-the-middle tools like [Charles][charles] or [Fiddler][fiddler].
*
* For example, to pin `https://publicobject.com`, start with a broken configuration:
*
* ```
* String hostname = "publicobject.com";
* CertificatePinner certificatePinner = new CertificatePinner.Builder()
* .add(hostname, "sha256/AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=")
* .build();
* OkHttpClient client = OkHttpClient.Builder()
* .certificatePinner(certificatePinner)
* .build();
*
* Request request = new Request.Builder()
* .url("https://" + hostname)
* .build();
* client.newCall(request).execute();
* ```
*
* As expected, this fails with a certificate pinning exception:
*
* ```
* javax.net.ssl.SSLPeerUnverifiedException: Certificate pinning failure!
* Peer certificate chain:
* sha256/afwiKY3RxoMmLkuRW1l7QsPZTJPwDS2pdDROQjXw8ig=: CN=publicobject.com, OU=PositiveSSL
* sha256/klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=: CN=COMODO RSA Secure Server CA
* sha256/grX4Ta9HpZx6tSHkmCrvpApTQGo67CYDnvprLg5yRME=: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority
* sha256/lCppFqbkrlJ3EcVFAkeip0+44VaoJUymbnOaEUk7tEU=: CN=AddTrust External CA Root
* Pinned certificates for publicobject.com:
* sha256/AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
* at okhttp3.CertificatePinner.check(CertificatePinner.java)
* at okhttp3.Connection.upgradeToTls(Connection.java)
* at okhttp3.Connection.connect(Connection.java)
* at okhttp3.Connection.connectAndSetOwner(Connection.java)
* ```
*
* Follow up by pasting the public key hashes from the exception into the
* certificate pinner's configuration:
*
* ```
* CertificatePinner certificatePinner = new CertificatePinner.Builder()
* .add("publicobject.com", "sha256/afwiKY3RxoMmLkuRW1l7QsPZTJPwDS2pdDROQjXw8ig=")
* .add("publicobject.com", "sha256/klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=")
* .add("publicobject.com", "sha256/grX4Ta9HpZx6tSHkmCrvpApTQGo67CYDnvprLg5yRME=")
* .add("publicobject.com", "sha256/lCppFqbkrlJ3EcVFAkeip0+44VaoJUymbnOaEUk7tEU=")
* .build();
* ```
*
* ## Domain Patterns
*
* Pinning is per-hostname and/or per-wildcard pattern. To pin both `publicobject.com` and
* `www.publicobject.com` you must configure both hostnames. Or you may use patterns to match
* sets of related domain names. The following forms are permitted:
*
* * **Full domain name**: you may pin an exact domain name like `www.publicobject.com`. It won't
* match additional prefixes (`us-west.www.publicobject.com`) or suffixes (`publicobject.com`).
*
* * **Any number of subdomains**: Use two asterisks to like `**.publicobject.com` to match any
* number of prefixes (`us-west.www.publicobject.com`, `www.publicobject.com`) including no
* prefix at all (`publicobject.com`). For most applications this is the best way to configure
* certificate pinning.
*
* * **Exactly one subdomain**: Use a single asterisk like `*.publicobject.com` to match exactly
* one prefix (`www.publicobject.com`, `api.publicobject.com`). Be careful with this approach as
* no pinning will be enforced if additional prefixes are present, or if no prefixes are present.
*
* Note that any other form is unsupported. You may not use asterisks in any position other than
* the leftmost label.
*
* If multiple patterns match a hostname, any match is sufficient. For example, suppose pin A
* applies to `*.publicobject.com` and pin B applies to `api.publicobject.com`. Handshakes for
* `api.publicobject.com` are valid if either A's or B's certificate is in the chain.
*
* ## Warning: Certificate Pinning is Dangerous!
*
* Pinning certificates limits your server team's abilities to update their TLS certificates. By
* pinning certificates, you take on additional operational complexity and limit your ability to
* migrate between certificate authorities. Do not use certificate pinning without the blessing of
* your server's TLS administrator!
*
* ### Note about self-signed certificates
*
* [CertificatePinner] can not be used to pin self-signed certificate if such certificate is not
* accepted by [javax.net.ssl.TrustManager].
*
* See also [OWASP: Certificate and Public Key Pinning][owasp].
*
* [charles]: http://charlesproxy.com
* [fiddler]: http://fiddlertool.com
* [langley]: http://goo.gl/AIx3e5
* [owasp]: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Certificate_and_Public_Key_Pinning
* [rfc_7469]: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7469
* [static_certificates]: http://goo.gl/XDh6je
*/
@Suppress("NAME_SHADOWING")
class CertificatePinner internal constructor(
private val pins: Set,
internal val certificateChainCleaner: CertificateChainCleaner?
) {
/**
* Confirms that at least one of the certificates pinned for `hostname` is in `peerCertificates`.
* Does nothing if there are no certificates pinned for `hostname`. OkHttp calls this after a
* successful TLS handshake, but before the connection is used.
*
* @throws SSLPeerUnverifiedException if `peerCertificates` don't match the certificates pinned
* for `hostname`.
*/
@Throws(SSLPeerUnverifiedException::class)
fun check(hostname: String, peerCertificates: List) {
return check(hostname) {
(certificateChainCleaner?.clean(peerCertificates, hostname) ?: peerCertificates)
.map { it as X509Certificate }
}
}
internal fun check(hostname: String, cleanedPeerCertificatesFn: () -> List) {
val pins = findMatchingPins(hostname)
if (pins.isEmpty()) return
val peerCertificates = cleanedPeerCertificatesFn()
for (peerCertificate in peerCertificates) {
// Lazily compute the hashes for each certificate.
var sha1: ByteString? = null
var sha256: ByteString? = null
for (pin in pins) {
when (pin.hashAlgorithm) {
"sha256/" -> {
if (sha256 == null) sha256 = peerCertificate.toSha256ByteString()
if (pin.hash == sha256) return // Success!
}
"sha1/" -> {
if (sha1 == null) sha1 = peerCertificate.toSha1ByteString()
if (pin.hash == sha1) return // Success!
}
else -> throw AssertionError("unsupported hashAlgorithm: ${pin.hashAlgorithm}")
}
}
}
// If we couldn't find a matching pin, format a nice exception.
val message = buildString {
append("Certificate pinning failure!")
append("\n Peer certificate chain:")
for (element in peerCertificates) {
append("\n ")
append(pin(element))
append(": ")
append(element.subjectDN.name)
}
append("\n Pinned certificates for ")
append(hostname)
append(":")
for (pin in pins) {
append("\n ")
append(pin)
}
}
throw SSLPeerUnverifiedException(message)
}
@Deprecated(
"replaced with {@link #check(String, List)}.",
ReplaceWith("check(hostname, peerCertificates.toList())")
)
@Throws(SSLPeerUnverifiedException::class)
fun check(hostname: String, vararg peerCertificates: Certificate) {
check(hostname, peerCertificates.toList())
}
/**
* Returns list of matching certificates' pins for the hostname. Returns an empty list if the
* hostname does not have pinned certificates.
*/
internal fun findMatchingPins(hostname: String): List {
var result: List = emptyList()
for (pin in pins) {
if (pin.matches(hostname)) {
if (result.isEmpty()) result = mutableListOf()
(result as MutableList).add(pin)
}
}
return result
}
/** Returns a certificate pinner that uses `certificateChainCleaner`. */
internal fun withCertificateChainCleaner(
certificateChainCleaner: CertificateChainCleaner?
): CertificatePinner {
return if (this.certificateChainCleaner == certificateChainCleaner) {
this
} else {
CertificatePinner(pins, certificateChainCleaner)
}
}
override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
return other is CertificatePinner &&
other.pins == pins &&
other.certificateChainCleaner == certificateChainCleaner
}
override fun hashCode(): Int {
var result = 37
result = 41 * result + pins.hashCode()
result = 41 * result + certificateChainCleaner.hashCode()
return result
}
internal data class Pin(
/** A hostname like `example.com` or a pattern like `*.example.com` (canonical form). */
private val pattern: String,
/** Either `sha1/` or `sha256/`. */
val hashAlgorithm: String,
/** The hash of the pinned certificate using [hashAlgorithm]. */
val hash: ByteString
) {
fun matches(hostname: String): Boolean {
return when {
pattern.startsWith("**.") -> {
// With ** empty prefixes match so exclude the dot from regionMatches().
val suffixLength = pattern.length - 3
val prefixLength = hostname.length - suffixLength
hostname.regionMatches(hostname.length - suffixLength, pattern, 3, suffixLength) &&
(prefixLength == 0 || hostname[prefixLength - 1] == '.')
}
pattern.startsWith("*.") -> {
// With * there must be a prefix so include the dot in regionMatches().
val suffixLength = pattern.length - 1
val prefixLength = hostname.length - suffixLength
hostname.regionMatches(hostname.length - suffixLength, pattern, 1, suffixLength) &&
hostname.lastIndexOf('.', prefixLength - 1) == -1
}
else -> hostname == pattern
}
}
override fun toString(): String = hashAlgorithm + hash.base64()
}
/** Builds a configured certificate pinner. */
class Builder {
private val pins = mutableListOf()
/**
* Pins certificates for `pattern`.
*
* @param pattern lower-case host name or wildcard pattern such as `*.example.com`.
* @param pins SHA-256 or SHA-1 hashes. Each pin is a hash of a certificate's Subject Public Key
* Info, base64-encoded and prefixed with either `sha256/` or `sha1/`.
*/
fun add(pattern: String, vararg pins: String) = apply {
for (pin in pins) {
this.pins.add(newPin(pattern, pin))
}
}
fun build(): CertificatePinner = CertificatePinner(pins.toSet(), null)
}
companion object {
@JvmField
val DEFAULT = Builder().build()
/**
* Returns the SHA-256 of `certificate`'s public key.
*
* In OkHttp 3.1.2 and earlier, this returned a SHA-1 hash of the public key. Both types are
* supported, but SHA-256 is preferred.
*/
@JvmStatic
fun pin(certificate: Certificate): String {
require(certificate is X509Certificate) { "Certificate pinning requires X509 certificates" }
return "sha256/${certificate.toSha256ByteString().base64()}"
}
internal fun X509Certificate.toSha1ByteString(): ByteString =
publicKey.encoded.toByteString().sha1()
internal fun X509Certificate.toSha256ByteString(): ByteString =
publicKey.encoded.toByteString().sha256()
internal fun newPin(pattern: String, pin: String): Pin {
require((pattern.startsWith("*.") && pattern.indexOf("*", 1) == -1) ||
(pattern.startsWith("**.") && pattern.indexOf("*", 2) == -1) ||
pattern.indexOf("*") == -1) {
"Unexpected pattern: $pattern"
}
val canonicalPattern =
pattern.toCanonicalHost() ?: throw IllegalArgumentException("Invalid pattern: $pattern")
return when {
pin.startsWith("sha1/") -> {
val hash = pin.substring("sha1/".length).decodeBase64()!!
Pin(canonicalPattern, "sha1/", hash)
}
pin.startsWith("sha256/") -> {
val hash = pin.substring("sha256/".length).decodeBase64()!!
Pin(canonicalPattern, "sha256/", hash)
}
else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("pins must start with 'sha256/' or 'sha1/': $pin")
}
}
}
}
