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A fork of the Apache Cassandra Project ready to embed Elasticsearch.
/*
* Copyright 2005-2010 Roger Kapsi, Sam Berlin
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
/**
* This class is taken from https://github.com/rkapsi/patricia-trie (v0.6), and slightly modified
* to correspond to Cassandra code style, as the only Patricia Trie implementation,
* which supports pluggable key comparators (e.g. commons-collections PatriciaTrie (which is based
* on rkapsi/patricia-trie project) only supports String keys)
* but unfortunately is not deployed to the maven central as a downloadable artifact.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.index.sasi.utils.trie;
import java.util.AbstractCollection;
import java.util.AbstractSet;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Set;
import org.apache.cassandra.index.sasi.utils.trie.Cursor.Decision;
/**
* This class implements the base PATRICIA algorithm and everything that
* is related to the {@link Map} interface.
*/
abstract class AbstractPatriciaTrie extends AbstractTrie
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = -2303909182832019043L;
/**
* The root node of the {@link Trie}.
*/
final TrieEntry root = new TrieEntry<>(null, null, -1);
/**
* Each of these fields are initialized to contain an instance of the
* appropriate view the first time this view is requested. The views are
* stateless, so there's no reason to create more than one of each.
*/
private transient volatile Set keySet;
private transient volatile Collection values;
private transient volatile Set> entrySet;
/**
* The current size of the {@link Trie}
*/
private int size = 0;
/**
* The number of times this {@link Trie} has been modified.
* It's used to detect concurrent modifications and fail-fast
* the {@link Iterator}s.
*/
transient int modCount = 0;
public AbstractPatriciaTrie(KeyAnalyzer keyAnalyzer)
{
super(keyAnalyzer);
}
public AbstractPatriciaTrie(KeyAnalyzer keyAnalyzer, Map m)
{
super(keyAnalyzer);
putAll(m);
}
@Override
public void clear()
{
root.key = null;
root.bitIndex = -1;
root.value = null;
root.parent = null;
root.left = root;
root.right = null;
root.predecessor = root;
size = 0;
incrementModCount();
}
@Override
public int size()
{
return size;
}
/**
* A helper method to increment the {@link Trie} size
* and the modification counter.
*/
void incrementSize()
{
size++;
incrementModCount();
}
/**
* A helper method to decrement the {@link Trie} size
* and increment the modification counter.
*/
void decrementSize()
{
size--;
incrementModCount();
}
/**
* A helper method to increment the modification counter.
*/
private void incrementModCount()
{
++modCount;
}
@Override
public V put(K key, V value)
{
if (key == null)
throw new NullPointerException("Key cannot be null");
int lengthInBits = lengthInBits(key);
// The only place to store a key with a length
// of zero bits is the root node
if (lengthInBits == 0)
{
if (root.isEmpty())
incrementSize();
else
incrementModCount();
return root.setKeyValue(key, value);
}
TrieEntry found = getNearestEntryForKey(key);
if (compareKeys(key, found.key))
{
if (found.isEmpty()) // <- must be the root
incrementSize();
else
incrementModCount();
return found.setKeyValue(key, value);
}
int bitIndex = bitIndex(key, found.key);
if (!Tries.isOutOfBoundsIndex(bitIndex))
{
if (Tries.isValidBitIndex(bitIndex)) // in 99.999...9% the case
{
/* NEW KEY+VALUE TUPLE */
TrieEntry t = new TrieEntry<>(key, value, bitIndex);
addEntry(t);
incrementSize();
return null;
}
else if (Tries.isNullBitKey(bitIndex))
{
// A bits of the Key are zero. The only place to
// store such a Key is the root Node!
/* NULL BIT KEY */
if (root.isEmpty())
incrementSize();
else
incrementModCount();
return root.setKeyValue(key, value);
}
else if (Tries.isEqualBitKey(bitIndex))
{
// This is a very special and rare case.
/* REPLACE OLD KEY+VALUE */
if (found != root)
{
incrementModCount();
return found.setKeyValue(key, value);
}
}
}
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Failed to put: "
+ key + " -> " + value + ", " + bitIndex);
}
/**
* Adds the given {@link TrieEntry} to the {@link Trie}
*/
TrieEntry addEntry(TrieEntry entry)
{
TrieEntry current = root.left;
TrieEntry path = root;
while(true)
{
if (current.bitIndex >= entry.bitIndex || current.bitIndex <= path.bitIndex)
{
entry.predecessor = entry;
if (!isBitSet(entry.key, entry.bitIndex))
{
entry.left = entry;
entry.right = current;
}
else
{
entry.left = current;
entry.right = entry;
}
entry.parent = path;
if (current.bitIndex >= entry.bitIndex)
current.parent = entry;
// if we inserted an uplink, set the predecessor on it
if (current.bitIndex <= path.bitIndex)
current.predecessor = entry;
if (path == root || !isBitSet(entry.key, path.bitIndex))
path.left = entry;
else
path.right = entry;
return entry;
}
path = current;
current = !isBitSet(entry.key, current.bitIndex)
? current.left : current.right;
}
}
@Override
public V get(Object k)
{
TrieEntry entry = getEntry(k);
return entry != null ? entry.getValue() : null;
}
/**
* Returns the entry associated with the specified key in the
* AbstractPatriciaTrie. Returns null if the map contains no mapping
* for this key.
*
* This may throw ClassCastException if the object is not of type K.
*/
TrieEntry getEntry(Object k)
{
K key = Tries.cast(k);
if (key == null)
return null;
TrieEntry entry = getNearestEntryForKey(key);
return !entry.isEmpty() && compareKeys(key, entry.key) ? entry : null;
}
@Override
public Map.Entry select(K key)
{
Reference> reference = new Reference<>();
return !selectR(root.left, -1, key, reference) ? reference.get() : null;
}
@Override
public Map.Entry select(K key, Cursor cursor)
{
Reference> reference = new Reference<>();
selectR(root.left, -1, key, cursor, reference);
return reference.get();
}
/**
* This is equivalent to the other {@link #selectR(TrieEntry, int,
* K, Cursor, Reference)} method but without its overhead
* because we're selecting only one best matching Entry from the
* {@link Trie}.
*/
private boolean selectR(TrieEntry h, int bitIndex, final K key, final Reference> reference)
{
if (h.bitIndex <= bitIndex)
{
// If we hit the root Node and it is empty
// we have to look for an alternative best
// matching node.
if (!h.isEmpty())
{
reference.set(h);
return false;
}
return true;
}
if (!isBitSet(key, h.bitIndex))
{
if (selectR(h.left, h.bitIndex, key, reference))
{
return selectR(h.right, h.bitIndex, key, reference);
}
}
else
{
if (selectR(h.right, h.bitIndex, key, reference))
{
return selectR(h.left, h.bitIndex, key, reference);
}
}
return false;
}
/**
*
*/
private boolean selectR(TrieEntry h, int bitIndex,
final K key, final Cursor cursor,
final Reference> reference)
{
if (h.bitIndex <= bitIndex)
{
if (!h.isEmpty())
{
Decision decision = cursor.select(h);
switch(decision)
{
case REMOVE:
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Cannot remove during select");
case EXIT:
reference.set(h);
return false; // exit
case REMOVE_AND_EXIT:
TrieEntry entry = new TrieEntry<>(h.getKey(), h.getValue(), -1);
reference.set(entry);
removeEntry(h);
return false;
case CONTINUE:
// fall through.
}
}
return true; // continue
}
if (!isBitSet(key, h.bitIndex))
{
if (selectR(h.left, h.bitIndex, key, cursor, reference))
{
return selectR(h.right, h.bitIndex, key, cursor, reference);
}
}
else
{
if (selectR(h.right, h.bitIndex, key, cursor, reference))
{
return selectR(h.left, h.bitIndex, key, cursor, reference);
}
}
return false;
}
@Override
public Map.Entry traverse(Cursor cursor)
{
TrieEntry entry = nextEntry(null);
while (entry != null)
{
TrieEntry current = entry;
Decision decision = cursor.select(current);
entry = nextEntry(current);
switch(decision)
{
case EXIT:
return current;
case REMOVE:
removeEntry(current);
break; // out of switch, stay in while loop
case REMOVE_AND_EXIT:
Map.Entry value = new TrieEntry<>(current.getKey(), current.getValue(), -1);
removeEntry(current);
return value;
case CONTINUE: // do nothing.
}
}
return null;
}
@Override
public boolean containsKey(Object k)
{
if (k == null)
return false;
K key = Tries.cast(k);
TrieEntry entry = getNearestEntryForKey(key);
return !entry.isEmpty() && compareKeys(key, entry.key);
}
@Override
public Set> entrySet()
{
if (entrySet == null)
entrySet = new EntrySet();
return entrySet;
}
@Override
public Set keySet()
{
if (keySet == null)
keySet = new KeySet();
return keySet;
}
@Override
public Collection values()
{
if (values == null)
values = new Values();
return values;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @throws ClassCastException if provided key is of an incompatible type
*/
@Override
public V remove(Object k)
{
if (k == null)
return null;
K key = Tries.cast(k);
TrieEntry current = root.left;
TrieEntry path = root;
while (true)
{
if (current.bitIndex <= path.bitIndex)
{
if (!current.isEmpty() && compareKeys(key, current.key))
{
return removeEntry(current);
}
else
{
return null;
}
}
path = current;
current = !isBitSet(key, current.bitIndex) ? current.left : current.right;
}
}
/**
* Returns the nearest entry for a given key. This is useful
* for finding knowing if a given key exists (and finding the value
* for it), or for inserting the key.
*
* The actual get implementation. This is very similar to
* selectR but with the exception that it might return the
* root Entry even if it's empty.
*/
TrieEntry getNearestEntryForKey(K key)
{
TrieEntry current = root.left;
TrieEntry path = root;
while(true)
{
if (current.bitIndex <= path.bitIndex)
return current;
path = current;
current = !isBitSet(key, current.bitIndex) ? current.left : current.right;
}
}
/**
* Removes a single entry from the {@link Trie}.
*
* If we found a Key (Entry h) then figure out if it's
* an internal (hard to remove) or external Entry (easy
* to remove)
*/
V removeEntry(TrieEntry h)
{
if (h != root)
{
if (h.isInternalNode())
{
removeInternalEntry(h);
}
else
{
removeExternalEntry(h);
}
}
decrementSize();
return h.setKeyValue(null, null);
}
/**
* Removes an external entry from the {@link Trie}.
*
* If it's an external Entry then just remove it.
* This is very easy and straight forward.
*/
private void removeExternalEntry(TrieEntry h)
{
if (h == root)
{
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot delete root Entry!");
}
else if (!h.isExternalNode())
{
throw new IllegalArgumentException(h + " is not an external Entry!");
}
TrieEntry parent = h.parent;
TrieEntry child = (h.left == h) ? h.right : h.left;
if (parent.left == h)
{
parent.left = child;
}
else
{
parent.right = child;
}
// either the parent is changing, or the predecessor is changing.
if (child.bitIndex > parent.bitIndex)
{
child.parent = parent;
}
else
{
child.predecessor = parent;
}
}
/**
* Removes an internal entry from the {@link Trie}.
*
* If it's an internal Entry then "good luck" with understanding
* this code. The Idea is essentially that Entry p takes Entry h's
* place in the trie which requires some re-wiring.
*/
private void removeInternalEntry(TrieEntry h)
{
if (h == root)
{
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot delete root Entry!");
}
else if (!h.isInternalNode())
{
throw new IllegalArgumentException(h + " is not an internal Entry!");
}
TrieEntry p = h.predecessor;
// Set P's bitIndex
p.bitIndex = h.bitIndex;
// Fix P's parent, predecessor and child Nodes
{
TrieEntry parent = p.parent;
TrieEntry child = (p.left == h) ? p.right : p.left;
// if it was looping to itself previously,
// it will now be pointed from it's parent
// (if we aren't removing it's parent --
// in that case, it remains looping to itself).
// otherwise, it will continue to have the same
// predecessor.
if (p.predecessor == p && p.parent != h)
p.predecessor = p.parent;
if (parent.left == p)
{
parent.left = child;
}
else
{
parent.right = child;
}
if (child.bitIndex > parent.bitIndex)
{
child.parent = parent;
}
}
// Fix H's parent and child Nodes
{
// If H is a parent of its left and right child
// then change them to P
if (h.left.parent == h)
h.left.parent = p;
if (h.right.parent == h)
h.right.parent = p;
// Change H's parent
if (h.parent.left == h)
{
h.parent.left = p;
}
else
{
h.parent.right = p;
}
}
// Copy the remaining fields from H to P
//p.bitIndex = h.bitIndex;
p.parent = h.parent;
p.left = h.left;
p.right = h.right;
// Make sure that if h was pointing to any uplinks,
// p now points to them.
if (isValidUplink(p.left, p))
p.left.predecessor = p;
if (isValidUplink(p.right, p))
p.right.predecessor = p;
}
/**
* Returns the entry lexicographically after the given entry.
* If the given entry is null, returns the first node.
*/
TrieEntry nextEntry(TrieEntry node)
{
return (node == null) ? firstEntry() : nextEntryImpl(node.predecessor, node, null);
}
/**
* Scans for the next node, starting at the specified point, and using 'previous'
* as a hint that the last node we returned was 'previous' (so we know not to return
* it again). If 'tree' is non-null, this will limit the search to the given tree.
*
* The basic premise is that each iteration can follow the following steps:
*
* 1) Scan all the way to the left.
* a) If we already started from this node last time, proceed to Step 2.
* b) If a valid uplink is found, use it.
* c) If the result is an empty node (root not set), break the scan.
* d) If we already returned the left node, break the scan.
*
* 2) Check the right.
* a) If we already returned the right node, proceed to Step 3.
* b) If it is a valid uplink, use it.
* c) Do Step 1 from the right node.
*
* 3) Back up through the parents until we encounter find a parent
* that we're not the right child of.
*
* 4) If there's no right child of that parent, the iteration is finished.
* Otherwise continue to Step 5.
*
* 5) Check to see if the right child is a valid uplink.
* a) If we already returned that child, proceed to Step 6.
* Otherwise, use it.
*
* 6) If the right child of the parent is the parent itself, we've
* already found & returned the end of the Trie, so exit.
*
* 7) Do Step 1 on the parent's right child.
*/
TrieEntry nextEntryImpl(TrieEntry start, TrieEntry previous, TrieEntry tree)
{
TrieEntry current = start;
// Only look at the left if this was a recursive or
// the first check, otherwise we know we've already looked
// at the left.
if (previous == null || start != previous.predecessor)
{
while (!current.left.isEmpty())
{
// stop traversing if we've already
// returned the left of this node.
if (previous == current.left)
break;
if (isValidUplink(current.left, current))
return current.left;
current = current.left;
}
}
// If there's no data at all, exit.
if (current.isEmpty())
return null;
// If we've already returned the left,
// and the immediate right is null,
// there's only one entry in the Trie
// which is stored at the root.
//
// / ("") <-- root
// \_/ \
// null <-- 'current'
//
if (current.right == null)
return null;
// If nothing valid on the left, try the right.
if (previous != current.right)
{
// See if it immediately is valid.
if (isValidUplink(current.right, current))
return current.right;
// Must search on the right's side if it wasn't initially valid.
return nextEntryImpl(current.right, previous, tree);
}
// Neither left nor right are valid, find the first parent
// whose child did not come from the right & traverse it.
while (current == current.parent.right)
{
// If we're going to traverse to above the subtree, stop.
if (current == tree)
return null;
current = current.parent;
}
// If we're on the top of the subtree, we can't go any higher.
if (current == tree)
return null;
// If there's no right, the parent must be root, so we're done.
if (current.parent.right == null)
return null;
// If the parent's right points to itself, we've found one.
if (previous != current.parent.right && isValidUplink(current.parent.right, current.parent))
return current.parent.right;
// If the parent's right is itself, there can't be any more nodes.
if (current.parent.right == current.parent)
return null;
// We need to traverse down the parent's right's path.
return nextEntryImpl(current.parent.right, previous, tree);
}
/**
* Returns the first entry the {@link Trie} is storing.
*
* This is implemented by going always to the left until
* we encounter a valid uplink. That uplink is the first key.
*/
TrieEntry firstEntry()
{
// if Trie is empty, no first node.
return isEmpty() ? null : followLeft(root);
}
/**
* Goes left through the tree until it finds a valid node.
*/
TrieEntry followLeft(TrieEntry node)
{
while(true)
{
TrieEntry child = node.left;
// if we hit root and it didn't have a node, go right instead.
if (child.isEmpty())
child = node.right;
if (child.bitIndex <= node.bitIndex)
return child;
node = child;
}
}
/**
* Returns true if 'next' is a valid uplink coming from 'from'.
*/
static boolean isValidUplink(TrieEntry next, TrieEntry from)
{
return next != null && next.bitIndex <= from.bitIndex && !next.isEmpty();
}
/**
* A {@link Reference} allows us to return something through a Method's
* argument list. An alternative would be to an Array with a length of
* one (1) but that leads to compiler warnings. Computationally and memory
* wise there's no difference (except for the need to load the
* {@link Reference} Class but that happens only once).
*/
private static class Reference
{
private E item;
public void set(E item)
{
this.item = item;
}
public E get()
{
return item;
}
}
/**
* A {@link Trie} is a set of {@link TrieEntry} nodes
*/
static class TrieEntry extends BasicEntry
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 4596023148184140013L;
/** The index this entry is comparing. */
protected int bitIndex;
/** The parent of this entry. */
protected TrieEntry parent;
/** The left child of this entry. */
protected TrieEntry left;
/** The right child of this entry. */
protected TrieEntry right;
/** The entry who uplinks to this entry. */
protected TrieEntry predecessor;
public TrieEntry(K key, V value, int bitIndex)
{
super(key, value);
this.bitIndex = bitIndex;
this.parent = null;
this.left = this;
this.right = null;
this.predecessor = this;
}
/**
* Whether or not the entry is storing a key.
* Only the root can potentially be empty, all other
* nodes must have a key.
*/
public boolean isEmpty()
{
return key == null;
}
/**
* Neither the left nor right child is a loopback
*/
public boolean isInternalNode()
{
return left != this && right != this;
}
/**
* Either the left or right child is a loopback
*/
public boolean isExternalNode()
{
return !isInternalNode();
}
}
/**
* This is a entry set view of the {@link Trie} as returned
* by {@link Map#entrySet()}
*/
private class EntrySet extends AbstractSet>
{
@Override
public Iterator> iterator()
{
return new EntryIterator();
}
@Override
public boolean contains(Object o)
{
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
TrieEntry candidate = getEntry(((Map.Entry)o).getKey());
return candidate != null && candidate.equals(o);
}
@Override
public boolean remove(Object o)
{
int size = size();
AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.remove(o);
return size != size();
}
@Override
public int size()
{
return AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.size();
}
@Override
public void clear()
{
AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.clear();
}
/**
* An {@link Iterator} that returns {@link Entry} Objects
*/
private class EntryIterator extends TrieIterator>
{
@Override
public Map.Entry next()
{
return nextEntry();
}
}
}
/**
* This is a key set view of the {@link Trie} as returned
* by {@link Map#keySet()}
*/
private class KeySet extends AbstractSet
{
@Override
public Iterator iterator()
{
return new KeyIterator();
}
@Override
public int size()
{
return AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.size();
}
@Override
public boolean contains(Object o)
{
return containsKey(o);
}
@Override
public boolean remove(Object o)
{
int size = size();
AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.remove(o);
return size != size();
}
@Override
public void clear()
{
AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.clear();
}
/**
* An {@link Iterator} that returns Key Objects
*/
private class KeyIterator extends TrieIterator
{
@Override
public K next()
{
return nextEntry().getKey();
}
}
}
/**
* This is a value view of the {@link Trie} as returned
* by {@link Map#values()}
*/
private class Values extends AbstractCollection
{
@Override
public Iterator iterator()
{
return new ValueIterator();
}
@Override
public int size()
{
return AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.size();
}
@Override
public boolean contains(Object o)
{
return containsValue(o);
}
@Override
public void clear()
{
AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.clear();
}
@Override
public boolean remove(Object o)
{
for (Iterator it = iterator(); it.hasNext(); )
{
V value = it.next();
if (Tries.areEqual(value, o))
{
it.remove();
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* An {@link Iterator} that returns Value Objects
*/
private class ValueIterator extends TrieIterator
{
@Override
public V next()
{
return nextEntry().getValue();
}
}
}
/**
* An iterator for the entries.
*/
abstract class TrieIterator implements Iterator
{
/**
* For fast-fail
*/
protected int expectedModCount = AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.modCount;
protected TrieEntry next; // the next node to return
protected TrieEntry current; // the current entry we're on
/**
* Starts iteration from the root
*/
protected TrieIterator()
{
next = AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.nextEntry(null);
}
/**
* Starts iteration at the given entry
*/
protected TrieIterator(TrieEntry firstEntry)
{
next = firstEntry;
}
/**
* Returns the next {@link TrieEntry}
*/
protected TrieEntry nextEntry()
{
if (expectedModCount != AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.modCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
TrieEntry e = next;
if (e == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
next = findNext(e);
current = e;
return e;
}
/**
* @see PatriciaTrie#nextEntry(TrieEntry)
*/
protected TrieEntry findNext(TrieEntry prior)
{
return AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.nextEntry(prior);
}
@Override
public boolean hasNext()
{
return next != null;
}
@Override
public void remove()
{
if (current == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (expectedModCount != AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.modCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
TrieEntry node = current;
current = null;
AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.removeEntry(node);
expectedModCount = AbstractPatriciaTrie.this.modCount;
}
}
}
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