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The UnboundID LDAP SDK for Java is a fast, comprehensive, and easy-to-use Java API for communicating with LDAP directory servers and performing related tasks like reading and writing LDIF, encoding and decoding data using base64 and ASN.1 BER, and performing secure communication. This package contains the Standard Edition of the LDAP SDK, which is a complete, general-purpose library for communicating with LDAPv3 directory servers.

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/*
 * Copyright 2019-2022 Ping Identity Corporation
 * All Rights Reserved.
 */
/*
 * Copyright 2019-2022 Ping Identity Corporation
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
/*
 * Copyright (C) 2019-2022 Ping Identity Corporation
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPLv2 only)
 * or the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPLv2.1 only)
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, see .
 */
package com.unboundid.ldap.sdk;



import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;

import com.unboundid.util.Debug;
import com.unboundid.util.NotNull;
import com.unboundid.util.Nullable;
import com.unboundid.util.ObjectPair;
import com.unboundid.util.StaticUtils;
import com.unboundid.util.ThreadLocalRandom;
import com.unboundid.util.ThreadSafety;
import com.unboundid.util.ThreadSafetyLevel;



/**
 * This class provides an implementation of a {@code NameResolver} that will
 * cache lookups to potentially improve performance and provide a degree of
 * resiliency against name service outages.
 */
@ThreadSafety(level=ThreadSafetyLevel.COMPLETELY_THREADSAFE)
public final class CachingNameResolver
       extends NameResolver
{
  /**
   * The default timeout that will be used if none is specified.
   */
  private static final int DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 3_600_000; // 1 hour



  // A cached version of the address of the local host system.
  @NotNull private final AtomicReference>
       localHostAddress;

  // A cached version of the loopback address.
  @NotNull private final AtomicReference>
       loopbackAddress;

  // A map that associates IP addresses with their canonical host names.  The
  // key will be the IP address, and the value will be an object pair that
  // associates the time that the cache record expires with the cached canonical
  // host name for the IP address.
  @NotNull private final Map>
       addressToNameMap;

  // A map that associates host names with the set of all associated IP
  // addresses.  The key will be an all-lowercase representation of the host
  // name, and the value will be an object pair that associates the time that
  // the cache record expires with the cached set of IP addresses for the host
  // name.
  @NotNull private final Map>
       nameToAddressMap;

  // The length of time, in milliseconds, that a cached record should be
  // considered valid.
  private final long timeoutMillis;



  /**
   * Creates a new instance of this caching name resolver that will use a
   * default timeout.
   */
  public CachingNameResolver()
  {
    this(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
  }



  /**
   * Creates a new instance of this caching name resolver that will use the
   * specified timeout.
   *
   * @param  timeoutMillis  The length of time, in milliseconds, that cache
   *                        records should be considered valid.  It must be
   *                        greater than zero.  If a record has been in the
   *                        cache for less than this period of time, then the
   *                        cached record will be used instead of making a name
   *                        service call.  If a record has been in the cache
   *                        for longer than this period of time, then the
   *                        cached record will only be used if it is not
   *                        possible to get an updated version of the record
   *                        from the name service.
   */
  public CachingNameResolver(final int timeoutMillis)
  {
    this.timeoutMillis = timeoutMillis;
    localHostAddress = new AtomicReference<>();
    loopbackAddress = new AtomicReference<>();
    addressToNameMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(20);
    nameToAddressMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(20);
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves the length of time, in milliseconds, that cache records should
   * be considered valid.  If a record has been in the cache for less than this
   * period fo time, then the cached record will be used instead of making a
   * name service call.  If a record has been in the cache for longer than this
   * period of time, then the cached record will only be used if it is not
   * possible to get an updated version of the record from the name service.
   *
   * @return  The length of time, in milliseconds, that cache records should be
   *          considered valid.
   */
  public int getTimeoutMillis()
  {
    return (int) timeoutMillis;
  }



  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public InetAddress getByName(@Nullable final String host)
         throws UnknownHostException, SecurityException
  {
    // Use the getAllByNameInternal method to get all addresses associated with
    // the provided name.  If there's only one name associated with the address,
    // then return that name.  If there are multiple names, then return one at
    // random.
    final InetAddress[] addresses = getAllByNameInternal(host);
    if (addresses.length == 1)
    {
      return addresses[0];
    }

    return addresses[ThreadLocalRandom.get().nextInt(addresses.length)];
  }



  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public InetAddress[] getAllByName(@Nullable final String host)
         throws UnknownHostException, SecurityException
  {
    // Create a defensive copy of the address array so that the caller cannot
    // alter the original.
    final InetAddress[] addresses = getAllByNameInternal(host);
    return Arrays.copyOf(addresses, addresses.length);
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves an array of {@code InetAddress} objects that encapsulate all
   * known IP addresses associated with the provided host name.
   *
   * @param  host  The host name for which to retrieve the corresponding
   *               {@code InetAddress} objects.  It can be a resolvable name or
   *               a textual representation of an IP address.  If the provided
   *               name is the textual representation of an IPv6 address, then
   *               it can use either the form described in RFC 2373 or RFC 2732,
   *               or it can be an IPv6 scoped address.  If it is {@code null},
   *               then the returned address should represent an address of the
   *               loopback interface.
   *
   * @return  An array of {@code InetAddress} objects that encapsulate all known
   *          IP addresses associated with the provided host name.
   *
   * @throws  UnknownHostException  If the provided name cannot be resolved to
   *                                its corresponding IP addresses.
   *
   * @throws  SecurityException  If a security manager prevents the name
   *                             resolution attempt.
   */
  @NotNull()
  public InetAddress[] getAllByNameInternal(@Nullable final String host)
         throws UnknownHostException, SecurityException
  {
    // Get an all-lowercase representation of the provided host name.  Note that
    // the provided host name can be null, so we need to handle that possibility
    // as well.
    final String lowerHost;
    if (host == null)
    {
      lowerHost = "";
    }
    else
    {
      lowerHost = StaticUtils.toLowerCase(host);
    }


    // Get the appropriate record from the cache.  If there isn't a cached
    // then do perform a name service lookup and cache the result before
    // returning it.
    final ObjectPair cachedRecord =
         nameToAddressMap.get(lowerHost);
    if (cachedRecord == null)
    {
      return lookUpAndCache(host, lowerHost);
    }


    // If the cached record is not expired, then return its set of addresses.
    if (System.currentTimeMillis() <= cachedRecord.getFirst())
    {
      return cachedRecord.getSecond();
    }


    // The cached record is expired.  Try to get a new record from the name
    // service, and if that attempt succeeds, then cache the result before
    // returning it.  If the name service lookup fails, then fall back to using
    // the cached addresses even though they're expired.
    try
    {
      return lookUpAndCache(host, lowerHost);
    }
    catch (final Exception e)
    {
      Debug.debugException(e);
      return cachedRecord.getSecond();
    }
  }



  /**
   * Performs a name service lookup to retrieve all addresses for the provided
   * name.  If the lookup succeeds, then cache the result before returning it.
   *
   * @param  host       The host name for which to retrieve the corresponding
   *                    {@code InetAddress} objects.  It can be a resolvable
   *                    name or a textual representation of an IP address.  If
   *                    the provided name is the textual representation of an
   *                    IPv6 address, then it can use either the form described
   *                    in RFC 2373 or RFC 2732, or it can be an IPv6 scoped
   *                    address.  If it is {@code null}, then the returned
   *                    address should represent an address of the loopback
   *                    interface.
   * @param  lowerHost  An all-lowercase representation of the provided host
   *                    name, or an empty string if the provided host name is
   *                    {@code null}.  This will be the key under which the
   *                    record will be stored in the cache.
   *
   * @return  An array of {@code InetAddress} objects that represent all
   *          addresses for the provided name.
   *
   * @throws  UnknownHostException  If the provided name cannot be resolved to
   *                                its corresponding IP addresses.
   *
   * @throws  SecurityException  If a security manager prevents the name
   *                             resolution attempt.
   */
  @NotNull()
  private InetAddress[] lookUpAndCache(@Nullable final String host,
                                       @NotNull final String lowerHost)
         throws UnknownHostException, SecurityException
  {
    final InetAddress[] addresses = InetAddress.getAllByName(host);
    final long cacheRecordExpirationTime =
         System.currentTimeMillis() + timeoutMillis;
    final ObjectPair cacheRecord =
         new ObjectPair<>(cacheRecordExpirationTime, addresses);
    nameToAddressMap.put(lowerHost, cacheRecord);
    return addresses;
  }



  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public String getHostName(@NotNull final InetAddress inetAddress)
  {
    // The default InetAddress.getHostName() method has the potential to perform
    // a name service lookup, which we want to avoid if at all possible.
    // However, if the provided inet address has a name associated with it, then
    // we'll want to use it.  Fortunately, we can tell if the provided address
    // has a name associated with it by looking at the toString method, which is
    // defined in the specification to be "hostName/ipAddress" if there is a
    // host name, or just "/ipAddress" if there is no associated host name and a
    // name service lookup would be required.  So look at the string
    // representation to extract the host name if it's available, but then fall
    // back to using the canonical name otherwise.
    final String stringRepresentation = String.valueOf(inetAddress);
    final int lastSlashPos = stringRepresentation.lastIndexOf('/');
    if (lastSlashPos > 0)
    {
      return stringRepresentation.substring(0, lastSlashPos);
    }

    return getCanonicalHostName(inetAddress);
  }



  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public String getCanonicalHostName(@NotNull final InetAddress inetAddress)
  {
    // Get the appropriate record from the cache.  If there isn't a cached
    // then do perform a name service lookup and cache the result before
    // returning it.
    final ObjectPair cachedRecord =
         addressToNameMap.get(inetAddress);
    if (cachedRecord == null)
    {
      return lookUpAndCache(inetAddress, null);
    }


    // If the cached record is not expired, then return its canonical host name.
    if (System.currentTimeMillis() <= cachedRecord.getFirst())
    {
      return cachedRecord.getSecond();
    }


    // The cached record is expired.  Try to get a new record from the name
    // service, and if that attempt succeeds, then cache the result before
    // returning it.  If the name service lookup fails, then fall back to using
    // the cached canonical host name even though it's expired.
    return lookUpAndCache(inetAddress, cachedRecord.getSecond());
  }



  /**
   * Performs a name service lookup to retrieve the canonical host name for the
   * provided {@code InetAddress} object.  If the lookup succeeds, then cache
   * the result before returning it.  If the lookup fails (which will be
   * indicated by the returned name matching the textual representation of the
   * IP address for the provided {@code InetAddress} object) and the provided
   * cached result is not {@code null}, then the cached name will be returned,
   * but the cache will not be updated.
   *
   * @param  inetAddress  The address to use when performing the name service
   *                      lookup to retrieve the canonical name.  It must not be
   *                      {@code null}.
   * @param  cachedName   The cached name to be returned if the name service
   *                      lookup fails.  It may be {@code null} if there is no
   *                      cached name for the provided address.
   *
   * @return  The canonical host name resulting from the name service lookup,
   *          the cached name if the lookup failed and the cached name was
   *          non-{@code null}, or a textual representation of the IP address as
   *          a last resort.
   */
  @NotNull()
  private String lookUpAndCache(@NotNull final InetAddress inetAddress,
                                @Nullable final String cachedName)
  {
    final String canonicalHostName = inetAddress.getCanonicalHostName();
    if (canonicalHostName.equals(inetAddress.getHostAddress()))
    {
      // The name that we got back is a textual representation of the IP
      // address.  This suggests that either the canonical lookup failed because
      // of a problem while communicating with the name service, or that the
      // IP address is not mapped to a name.  If a cached name was provided,
      // then we'll return that.  Otherwise, we'll fall back to returning the
      // textual address.  In either case, we won't alter the cache.
      if (cachedName == null)
      {
        return canonicalHostName;
      }
      else
      {
        return cachedName;
      }
    }
    else
    {
      // The name service lookup succeeded, so cache the result before returning
      // it.
      final long cacheRecordExpirationTime =
           System.currentTimeMillis() + timeoutMillis;
      final ObjectPair cacheRecord =
           new ObjectPair<>(cacheRecordExpirationTime, canonicalHostName);
      addressToNameMap.put(inetAddress, cacheRecord);
      return canonicalHostName;
    }
  }



  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public InetAddress getLocalHost()
         throws UnknownHostException, SecurityException
  {
    // If we don't have a cached version of the local host address, then
    // make a name service call to resolve it and store it in the cache before
    // returning it.
    final ObjectPair cachedAddress = localHostAddress.get();
    if (cachedAddress == null)
    {
      final InetAddress localHost = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
      final long expirationTime =
           System.currentTimeMillis() + timeoutMillis;
      localHostAddress.set(new ObjectPair(expirationTime,
           localHost));
      return localHost;
    }


    // If the cached address has not yet expired, then use the cached address.
    final long cachedRecordExpirationTime = cachedAddress.getFirst();
    if (System.currentTimeMillis() <= cachedRecordExpirationTime)
    {
      return cachedAddress.getSecond();
    }


    // The cached address is expired.  Make a name service call to get it again
    // and cache that result if we can.  If the name service lookup fails, then
    // return the cached version even though it's expired.
    try
    {
      final InetAddress localHost = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
      final long expirationTime =
           System.currentTimeMillis() + timeoutMillis;
      localHostAddress.set(new ObjectPair(expirationTime,
           localHost));
      return localHost;
    }
    catch (final Exception e)
    {
      Debug.debugException(e);
      return cachedAddress.getSecond();
    }
  }



  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public InetAddress getLoopbackAddress()
  {
    // If we don't have a cached version of the loopback address, then make a
    // name service call to resolve it and store it in the cache before
    // returning it.
    final ObjectPair cachedAddress = loopbackAddress.get();
    if (cachedAddress == null)
    {
      final InetAddress address = InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress();
      final long expirationTime =
           System.currentTimeMillis() + timeoutMillis;
      loopbackAddress.set(new ObjectPair(expirationTime,
           address));
      return address;
    }


    // If the cached address has not yet expired, then use the cached address.
    final long cachedRecordExpirationTime = cachedAddress.getFirst();
    if (System.currentTimeMillis() <= cachedRecordExpirationTime)
    {
      return cachedAddress.getSecond();
    }


    // The cached address is expired.  Make a name service call to get it again
    // and cache that result if we can.  If the name service lookup fails, then
    // return the cached version even though it's expired.
    try
    {
      final InetAddress address = InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress();
      final long expirationTime =
           System.currentTimeMillis() + timeoutMillis;
      loopbackAddress.set(new ObjectPair(expirationTime,
           address));
      return address;
    }
    catch (final Exception e)
    {
      Debug.debugException(e);
      return cachedAddress.getSecond();
    }
  }



  /**
   * Clears all information from the name resolver cache.
   */
  public void clearCache()
  {
    localHostAddress.set(null);
    loopbackAddress.set(null);
    addressToNameMap.clear();
    nameToAddressMap.clear();
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves a handle to the map used to cache address-to-name lookups.  This
   * method should only be used for unit testing.
   *
   * @return  A handle to the address-to-name map.
   */
  @NotNull()
  Map> getAddressToNameMap()
  {
    return addressToNameMap;
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves a handle to the map used to cache name-to-address lookups.  This
   * method should only be used for unit testing.
   *
   * @return  A handle to the name-to-address map.
   */
  @NotNull()
  Map> getNameToAddressMap()
  {
    return nameToAddressMap;
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves a handle to the {@code AtomicReference} used to cache the local
   * host address.  This should only be used for testing.
   *
   * @return  A handle to the {@code AtomicReference} used to cache the local
   *          host address.
   */
  @NotNull()
  AtomicReference> getLocalHostAddressReference()
  {
    return localHostAddress;
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves a handle to the {@code AtomicReference} used to cache the
   * loopback address.  This should only be used for testing.
   *
   * @return  A handle to the {@code AtomicReference} used to cache the
   *          loopback address.
   */
  @NotNull()
  AtomicReference> getLoopbackAddressReference()
  {
    return loopbackAddress;
  }



  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override()
  public void toString(@NotNull final StringBuilder buffer)
  {
    buffer.append("CachingNameResolver(timeoutMillis=");
    buffer.append(timeoutMillis);
    buffer.append(')');
  }
}




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