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package com.undefinedlabs.scope.context;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

/**
 * A context propagation mechanism which can carry scoped-values across API boundaries and between
 * threads. Examples of state propagated via context include:
 *
 * 
    *
  • Security principals and credentials. *
  • Local and distributed tracing information. *
* *

A Context object can be {@link #attach attached} to the {@link ImmutableContext.Storage}, * which effectively forms a scope for the context. The scope is bound to the current thread. * Within a scope, its Context is accessible even across API boundaries, through {@link #current}. * The scope is later exited by {@link #detach detaching} the Context. * *

Context objects are immutable and inherit state from their parent. To add or overwrite the * current state a new context object must be created and then attached, replacing the previously * bound context. For example: * *

 *   Context withCredential = Context.current().withValue(CRED_KEY, cred);
 *   withCredential.run(new Runnable() {
 *     public void run() {
 *        readUserRecords(userId, CRED_KEY.get());
 *     }
 *   });
 * 
* *

Contexts are also used to represent a scoped unit of work. When the unit of work is done the * context can be cancelled. This cancellation will also cascade to all descendant contexts. You can * add a {@link ImmutableContext.CancellationListener} to a context to be notified when it or one of * its ancestors has been cancelled. Cancellation does not release the state stored by a context and * it's perfectly valid to {@link #attach()} an already cancelled context to make it current. To * cancel a context (and its descendants) you first create a {@link * ImmutableContext.CancellableContext} and when you need to signal cancellation call {@link * ImmutableContext.CancellableContext#cancel} or {@link * ImmutableContext.CancellableContext#detachAndCancel}. For example: * *

 *   CancellableContext withCancellation = Context.current().withCancellation();
 *   try {
 *     withCancellation.run(new Runnable() {
 *       public void run() {
 *         while (waitingForData() && !Context.current().isCancelled()) {}
 *       }
 *     });
 *     doSomeWork();
 *   } catch (Throwable t) {
 *      withCancellation.cancel(t);
 *   }
 * 
* *

Contexts can also be created with a timeout relative to the system nano clock which will cause * it to automatically cancel at the desired time. * *

Notes and cautions on use: * *

    *
  • Every {@code attach()} should have a {@code detach()} in the same method. And every * CancellableContext should be cancelled at some point. Breaking these rules may lead to * memory leaks. *
  • While Context objects are immutable they do not place such a restriction on the state they * store. *
  • Context is not intended for passing optional parameters to an API and developers should * take care to avoid excessive dependence on context when designing an API. *
*/ public class ImmutableContext { private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(ImmutableContext.class.getName()); private static final Object[][] EMPTY_ENTRIES = new Object[0][2]; private static final ImmutableContext.Key DEADLINE_KEY = new ImmutableContext.Key<>("deadline"); /** * The logical root context which is the ultimate ancestor of all contexts. This context is not * cancellable and so will not cascade cancellation or retain listeners. * *

Never assume this is the default context for new threads, because {@link * ImmutableContext.Storage} may define a default context that is different from ROOT. */ public static final ImmutableContext ROOT = new ImmutableContext(null); // One and only one of them is non-null private static final ImmutableContext.Storage storage; private static final Exception storageInitError; static { ImmutableContext.Storage newStorage = null; Exception error = null; try { final Class clazz = Class.forName("com.undefinedlabs.scope.context.ContextStorageOverride"); newStorage = (ImmutableContext.Storage) clazz.getConstructor().newInstance(); } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) { if (log.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) { // Avoid writing to logger because custom log handlers may try to use Context, which is // problemantic (e.g., NullPointerException) because the Context class has not done loading // at this point. The caveat is that in environments stderr may be disabled, thus this // message would go nowhere. System.err.println("Context: Storage override doesn't exist. Using default."); e.printStackTrace(); } newStorage = new ThreadLocalContextStorage(); } catch (final Exception e) { error = e; } storage = newStorage; storageInitError = error; } // For testing static ImmutableContext.Storage storage() { if (storage == null) { throw new RuntimeException("Storage override had failed to initialize", storageInitError); } return storage; } /** * Create a {@link ImmutableContext.Key} with the given debug name. Multiple different keys may * have the same name; the name is intended for debugging purposes and does not impact behavior. */ public static ImmutableContext.Key key(final String name) { return new ImmutableContext.Key<>(name); } /** * Create a {@link ImmutableContext.Key} with the given debug name and default value. Multiple * different keys may have the same name; the name is intended for debugging purposes and does not * impact behavior. */ public static ImmutableContext.Key keyWithDefault(final String name, final T defaultValue) { return new ImmutableContext.Key<>(name, defaultValue); } /** * Return the context associated with the current scope, will never return {@code null}. * *

Will never return {@link ImmutableContext.CancellableContext} even if one is attached, * instead a {@link ImmutableContext} is returned with the same properties and lifetime. This is * to avoid code stealing the ability to cancel arbitrarily. */ public static ImmutableContext current() { final ImmutableContext current = storage().current(); if (current == null) { return ROOT; } return current; } private final ImmutableContext parent; private final Object[][] keyValueEntries; private final boolean cascadesCancellation; private ArrayList listeners; private final ImmutableContext.CancellationListener parentListener = new ImmutableContext.ParentListener(); private final boolean canBeCancelled; /** * Construct a context that cannot be cancelled and will not cascade cancellation from its parent. */ private ImmutableContext(final ImmutableContext parent) { this.parent = parent; // Not inheriting cancellation implies not inheriting a deadline too. keyValueEntries = new Object[][] {{DEADLINE_KEY, null}}; cascadesCancellation = false; canBeCancelled = false; } /** * Construct a context that cannot be cancelled but will cascade cancellation from its parent if * it is cancellable. */ private ImmutableContext(final ImmutableContext parent, final Object[][] keyValueEntries) { this.parent = parent; this.keyValueEntries = keyValueEntries; cascadesCancellation = true; canBeCancelled = this.parent != null && this.parent.canBeCancelled; } /** * Construct a context that can be cancelled and will cascade cancellation from its parent if it * is cancellable. */ private ImmutableContext( final ImmutableContext parent, final Object[][] keyValueEntries, final boolean isCancellable) { this.parent = parent; this.keyValueEntries = keyValueEntries; cascadesCancellation = true; canBeCancelled = isCancellable; } /** * Create a new context which is independently cancellable and also cascades cancellation from its * parent. Callers must ensure that either {@link * ImmutableContext.CancellableContext#cancel(Throwable)} or {@link * ImmutableContext.CancellableContext#detachAndCancel(ImmutableContext, Throwable)} are called at * a later point, in order to allow this context to be garbage collected. * *

Sample usage: * *

   *   Context.CancellableContext withCancellation = Context.current().withCancellation();
   *   try {
   *     withCancellation.run(new Runnable() {
   *       public void run() {
   *         Context current = Context.current();
   *         while (!current.isCancelled()) {
   *           keepWorking();
   *         }
   *       }
   *     });
   *   } finally {
   *     withCancellation.cancel(null);
   *   }
   * 
*/ public ImmutableContext.CancellableContext withCancellation() { return new ImmutableContext.CancellableContext(this); } /** * Create a new context which will cancel itself after the given {@code duration} from now. The * returned context will cascade cancellation of its parent. Callers may explicitly cancel the * returned context prior to the deadline just as for {@link #withCancellation()}. If the unit of * work completes before the deadline, the context should be explicitly cancelled to allow it to * be garbage collected. * *

Sample usage: * *

   *   Context.CancellableContext withDeadline = Context.current()
   *       .withDeadlineAfter(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS, scheduler);
   *   try {
   *     withDeadline.run(new Runnable() {
   *       public void run() {
   *         Context current = Context.current();
   *         while (!current.isCancelled()) {
   *           keepWorking();
   *         }
   *       }
   *     });
   *   } finally {
   *     withDeadline.cancel(null);
   *   }
   * 
*/ public ImmutableContext.CancellableContext withDeadlineAfter( final long duration, final TimeUnit unit, final ScheduledExecutorService scheduler) { return withDeadline(Deadline.after(duration, unit), scheduler); } /** * Create a new context which will cancel itself at the given {@link Deadline}. The returned * context will cascade cancellation of its parent. Callers may explicitly cancel the returned * context prior to the deadline just as for {@link #withCancellation()}. If the unit of work * completes before the deadline, the context should be explicitly cancelled to allow it to be * garbage collected. * *

Sample usage: * *

   *   Context.CancellableContext withDeadline = Context.current()
   *      .withDeadline(someReceivedDeadline, scheduler);
   *   try {
   *     withDeadline.run(new Runnable() {
   *       public void run() {
   *         Context current = Context.current();
   *         while (!current.isCancelled() && moreWorkToDo()) {
   *           keepWorking();
   *         }
   *       }
   *     });
   *   } finally {
   *     withDeadline.cancel(null);
   *   }
   * 
*/ public ImmutableContext.CancellableContext withDeadline( final Deadline deadline, final ScheduledExecutorService scheduler) { checkNotNull(deadline, "deadline"); checkNotNull(scheduler, "scheduler"); return new ImmutableContext.CancellableContext(this, deadline, scheduler); } /** * Create a new context with the given key value set. The new context will cascade cancellation * from its parent. * *
   *   Context withCredential = Context.current().withValue(CRED_KEY, cred);
   *   withCredential.run(new Runnable() {
   *     public void run() {
   *        readUserRecords(userId, CRED_KEY.get());
   *     }
   *   });
   * 
*/ public ImmutableContext withValue(final ImmutableContext.Key k1, final V v1) { return new ImmutableContext(this, new Object[][] {{k1, v1}}); } /** * Create a new context with the given key value set. The new context will cascade cancellation * from its parent. */ public ImmutableContext withValues( final ImmutableContext.Key k1, final V1 v1, final ImmutableContext.Key k2, final V2 v2) { return new ImmutableContext(this, new Object[][] {{k1, v1}, {k2, v2}}); } /** * Create a new context with the given key value set. The new context will cascade cancellation * from its parent. */ public ImmutableContext withValues( final ImmutableContext.Key k1, final V1 v1, final ImmutableContext.Key k2, final V2 v2, final ImmutableContext.Key k3, final V3 v3) { return new ImmutableContext(this, new Object[][] {{k1, v1}, {k2, v2}, {k3, v3}}); } /** * Create a new context with the given key value set. The new context will cascade cancellation * from its parent. */ public ImmutableContext withValues( final ImmutableContext.Key k1, final V1 v1, final ImmutableContext.Key k2, final V2 v2, final ImmutableContext.Key k3, final V3 v3, final ImmutableContext.Key k4, final V4 v4) { return new ImmutableContext(this, new Object[][] {{k1, v1}, {k2, v2}, {k3, v3}, {k4, v4}}); } /** * Create a new context which propagates the values of this context but does not cascade its * cancellation. */ public ImmutableContext fork() { return new ImmutableContext(this); } boolean canBeCancelled() { // A context is cancellable if it cascades from its parent and its parent is // cancellable or is itself directly cancellable.. return canBeCancelled; } /** * Attach this context, thus enter a new scope within which this context is {@link #current}. The * previously current context is returned. It is allowed to attach contexts where {@link * #isCancelled()} is {@code true}. * *

Instead of using {@code attach()} and {@link #detach(ImmutableContext)} most use-cases are * better served by using the {@link #run(Runnable)} or {@link * #call(java.util.concurrent.Callable)} to execute work immediately within a context's scope. If * work needs to be done in other threads it is recommended to use the 'wrap' methods or to use a * propagating executor. * *

All calls to {@code attach()} should have a corresponding {@link #detach(ImmutableContext)} * within the same method: * *

{@code Context previous = someContext.attach();
   * try {
   *   // Do work
   * } finally {
   *   someContext.detach(previous);
   * }}
*/ public ImmutableContext attach() { final ImmutableContext previous = current(); storage().attach(this); return previous; } /** * Reverse an {@code attach()}, restoring the previous context and exiting the current scope. * *

This context should be the same context that was previously {@link #attach attached}. The * provided replacement should be what was returned by the same {@link #attach attach()} call. If * an {@code attach()} and a {@code detach()} meet above requirements, they match. * *

It is expected that between any pair of matching {@code attach()} and {@code detach()}, all * {@code attach()}es and {@code detach()}es are called in matching pairs. If this method finds * that this context is not {@link #current current}, either you or some code in-between are not * detaching correctly, and a SEVERE message will be logged but the context to attach will still * be bound. Never use {@code Context.current().detach()}, as this will * compromise this error-detecting mechanism. */ public void detach(final ImmutableContext toAttach) { checkNotNull(toAttach, "toAttach"); storage().detach(this, toAttach); } // Visible for testing boolean isCurrent() { return current() == this; } /** Is this context cancelled. */ public boolean isCancelled() { if (parent == null || !cascadesCancellation) { return false; } else { return parent.isCancelled(); } } /** * If a context {@link #isCancelled()} then return the cause of the cancellation or {@code null} * if context was cancelled without a cause. If the context is not yet cancelled will always * return {@code null}. * *

The cancellation cause is provided for informational purposes only and implementations * should generally assume that it has already been handled and logged properly. */ public Throwable cancellationCause() { if (parent == null || !cascadesCancellation) { return null; } else { return parent.cancellationCause(); } } /** * A context may have an associated {@link Deadline} at which it will be automatically cancelled. * * @return A {@link Deadline} or {@code null} if no deadline is set. */ public Deadline getDeadline() { return DEADLINE_KEY.get(this); } /** Add a listener that will be notified when the context becomes cancelled. */ public void addListener( final ImmutableContext.CancellationListener cancellationListener, final Executor executor) { checkNotNull(cancellationListener, "cancellationListener"); checkNotNull(executor, "executor"); if (canBeCancelled) { final ImmutableContext.ExecutableListener executableListener = new ImmutableContext.ExecutableListener(executor, cancellationListener); synchronized (this) { if (isCancelled()) { executableListener.deliver(); } else { if (listeners == null) { // Now that we have a listener we need to listen to our parent so // we can cascade listener notification. listeners = new ArrayList<>(); listeners.add(executableListener); parent.addListener(parentListener, ImmutableContext.DirectExecutor.INSTANCE); } else { listeners.add(executableListener); } } } } } /** Remove a {@link ImmutableContext.CancellationListener}. */ public void removeListener(final ImmutableContext.CancellationListener cancellationListener) { if (!canBeCancelled) { return; } synchronized (this) { if (listeners != null) { for (int i = listeners.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (listeners.get(i).listener == cancellationListener) { listeners.remove(i); // Just remove the first matching listener, given that we allow duplicate // adds we should allow for duplicates after remove. break; } } // We have no listeners so no need to listen to our parent if (listeners.isEmpty()) { parent.removeListener(parentListener); listeners = null; } } } } /** * Notify all listeners that this context has been cancelled and immediately release any reference * to them so that they may be garbage collected. */ void notifyAndClearListeners() { if (!canBeCancelled) { return; } final ArrayList tmpListeners; synchronized (this) { if (listeners == null) { return; } tmpListeners = listeners; listeners = null; } // Deliver events to non-child context listeners before we notify child contexts. We do this // to cancel higher level units of work before child units. This allows for a better error // handling paradigm where the higher level unit of work knows it is cancelled and so can // ignore errors that bubble up as a result of cancellation of lower level units. for (int i = 0; i < tmpListeners.size(); i++) { if (!(tmpListeners.get(i).listener instanceof ImmutableContext.ParentListener)) { tmpListeners.get(i).deliver(); } } for (int i = 0; i < tmpListeners.size(); i++) { if (tmpListeners.get(i).listener instanceof ImmutableContext.ParentListener) { tmpListeners.get(i).deliver(); } } parent.removeListener(parentListener); } // Used in tests to ensure that listeners are defined and released when cancellation cascades. // It's very important to ensure that we do not accidentally retain listeners. int listenerCount() { synchronized (this) { return listeners == null ? 0 : listeners.size(); } } /** * Immediately run a {@link Runnable} with this context as the {@link #current} context. * * @param r {@link Runnable} to run. */ public void run(final Runnable r) { final ImmutableContext previous = attach(); try { r.run(); } finally { detach(previous); } } /** * Immediately call a {@link Callable} with this context as the {@link #current} context. * * @param c {@link Callable} to call. * @return result of call. */ public V call(final Callable c) throws Exception { final ImmutableContext previous = attach(); try { return c.call(); } finally { detach(previous); } } /** * Wrap a {@link Runnable} so that it executes with this context as the {@link #current} context. */ public Runnable wrap(final Runnable r) { return new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { final ImmutableContext previous = attach(); try { r.run(); } finally { detach(previous); } } }; } /** * Wrap a {@link Callable} so that it executes with this context as the {@link #current} context. */ public Callable wrap(final Callable c) { return new Callable() { @Override public C call() throws Exception { final ImmutableContext previous = attach(); try { return c.call(); } finally { detach(previous); } } }; } /** * Wrap an {@link Executor} so that it always executes with this context as the {@link #current} * context. It is generally expected that {@link #currentContextExecutor(Executor)} would be used * more commonly than this method. * *

One scenario in which this executor may be useful is when a single thread is sharding work * to multiple threads. * * @see #currentContextExecutor(Executor) */ public Executor fixedContextExecutor(final Executor e) { class FixedContextExecutor implements Executor { @Override public void execute(final Runnable r) { e.execute(wrap(r)); } } return new FixedContextExecutor(); } /** * Create an executor that propagates the {@link #current} context when {@link Executor#execute} * is called as the {@link #current} context of the {@code Runnable} scheduled. Note that this * is a static method. * * @see #fixedContextExecutor(Executor) */ public static Executor currentContextExecutor(final Executor e) { class CurrentContextExecutor implements Executor { @Override public void execute(final Runnable r) { e.execute(ImmutableContext.current().wrap(r)); } } return new CurrentContextExecutor(); } /** Lookup the value for a key in the context inheritance chain. */ private Object lookup(final ImmutableContext.Key key) { for (int i = 0; i < keyValueEntries.length; i++) { if (key.equals(keyValueEntries[i][0])) { return keyValueEntries[i][1]; } } if (parent == null) { return null; } return parent.lookup(key); } /** * A context which inherits cancellation from its parent but which can also be independently * cancelled and which will propagate cancellation to its descendants. To avoid leaking memory, * every CancellableContext must have a defined lifetime, after which it is guaranteed to be * cancelled. */ public static final class CancellableContext extends ImmutableContext { private boolean cancelled; private Throwable cancellationCause; private final ImmutableContext uncancellableSurrogate; private ScheduledFuture pendingDeadline; /** * If the parent deadline is before the given deadline there is no need to install the value or * listen for its expiration as the parent context will already be listening for it. */ private static Object[][] deriveDeadline(final ImmutableContext parent, final Deadline deadline) { final Deadline parentDeadline = DEADLINE_KEY.get(parent); return parentDeadline == null || deadline.isBefore(parentDeadline) ? new Object[][] {{DEADLINE_KEY, deadline}} : EMPTY_ENTRIES; } /** Create a cancellable context that does not have a deadline. */ private CancellableContext(final ImmutableContext parent) { super(parent, EMPTY_ENTRIES, true); // Create a surrogate that inherits from this to attach so that you cannot retrieve a // cancellable context from Context.current() uncancellableSurrogate = new ImmutableContext(this, EMPTY_ENTRIES); } /** Create a cancellable context that has a deadline. */ private CancellableContext( final ImmutableContext parent, final Deadline deadline, final ScheduledExecutorService scheduler) { super(parent, deriveDeadline(parent, deadline), true); if (DEADLINE_KEY.get(this) == deadline) { final TimeoutException cause = new TimeoutException("context timed out"); if (!deadline.isExpired()) { // The parent deadline was after the new deadline so we need to install a listener // on the new earlier deadline to trigger expiration for this context. pendingDeadline = deadline.runOnExpiration( new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { try { cancel(cause); } catch (final Throwable t) { log.log( Level.SEVERE, "Cancel threw an exception, which should not happen", t); } } }, scheduler); } else { // Cancel immediately if the deadline is already expired. cancel(cause); } } uncancellableSurrogate = new ImmutableContext(this, EMPTY_ENTRIES); } @Override public ImmutableContext attach() { return uncancellableSurrogate.attach(); } @Override public void detach(final ImmutableContext toAttach) { uncancellableSurrogate.detach(toAttach); } /** * Returns true if the Context is the current context. * * @deprecated This method violates some GRPC class encapsulation and should not be used. If you * must know whether a Context is the current context, check whether it is the same object * returned by {@link ImmutableContext#current()}. */ // TODO(spencerfang): The superclass's method is package-private, so this should really match. @Override @Deprecated public boolean isCurrent() { return uncancellableSurrogate.isCurrent(); } /** * Cancel this context and optionally provide a cause (can be {@code null}) for the * cancellation. This will trigger notification of listeners. * * @return {@code true} if this context cancelled the context and notified listeners, {@code * false} if the context was already cancelled. */ public boolean cancel(final Throwable cause) { boolean triggeredCancel = false; synchronized (this) { if (!cancelled) { cancelled = true; if (pendingDeadline != null) { // If we have a scheduled cancellation pending attempt to cancel it. pendingDeadline.cancel(false); pendingDeadline = null; } cancellationCause = cause; triggeredCancel = true; } } if (triggeredCancel) { notifyAndClearListeners(); } return triggeredCancel; } /** * Cancel this context and detach it as the current context. * * @param toAttach context to make current. * @param cause of cancellation, can be {@code null}. */ public void detachAndCancel(final ImmutableContext toAttach, final Throwable cause) { try { detach(toAttach); } finally { cancel(cause); } } @Override public boolean isCancelled() { synchronized (this) { if (cancelled) { return true; } } // Detect cancellation of parent in the case where we have no listeners and // record it. if (super.isCancelled()) { cancel(super.cancellationCause()); return true; } return false; } @Override public Throwable cancellationCause() { if (isCancelled()) { return cancellationCause; } return null; } } /** A listener notified on context cancellation. */ public interface CancellationListener { /** @param context the newly cancelled context. */ void cancelled(ImmutableContext context); } /** Key for indexing values stored in a context. */ public static final class Key { private final String name; private final T defaultValue; Key(final String name) { this(name, null); } Key(final String name, final T defaultValue) { this.name = checkNotNull(name, "name"); this.defaultValue = defaultValue; } /** Get the value from the {@link #current()} context for this key. */ public T get() { return get(ImmutableContext.current()); } /** Get the value from the specified context for this key. */ public T get(final ImmutableContext context) { final T value = (T) context.lookup(this); return value == null ? defaultValue : value; } @Override public String toString() { return name; } } /** * Defines the mechanisms for attaching and detaching the "current" context. * *

The default implementation will put the current context in a {@link ThreadLocal}. If an * alternative implementation named {@code io.grpc.override.ContextStorageOverride} exists in the * classpath, it will be used instead of the default implementation. * *

This API is experimental and * subject to change. */ public abstract static class Storage { /** * Implements {@link ImmutableContext#attach}. * * @param toAttach the context to be attached */ public abstract void attach(ImmutableContext toAttach); /** * Implements {@link ImmutableContext#detach} * * @param toDetach the context to be detached. Should be, or be equivalent to, the current * context of the current scope * @param toRestore the context to be the current. Should be, or be equivalent to, the context * of the outer scope */ public abstract void detach(ImmutableContext toDetach, ImmutableContext toRestore); /** Implements {@link ImmutableContext#current}. Returns the context of the current scope. */ public abstract ImmutableContext current(); } /** Stores listener and executor pair. */ private class ExecutableListener implements Runnable { private final Executor executor; private final ImmutableContext.CancellationListener listener; private ExecutableListener(final Executor executor, final ImmutableContext.CancellationListener listener) { this.executor = executor; this.listener = listener; } private void deliver() { try { executor.execute(this); } catch (final Throwable t) { log.log(Level.INFO, "Exception notifying context listener", t); } } @Override public void run() { listener.cancelled(ImmutableContext.this); } } private class ParentListener implements ImmutableContext.CancellationListener { @Override public void cancelled(final ImmutableContext context) { if (ImmutableContext.this instanceof ImmutableContext.CancellableContext) { // Record cancellation with its cancellationCause. ((ImmutableContext.CancellableContext) ImmutableContext.this) .cancel(context.cancellationCause()); } else { notifyAndClearListeners(); } } } private static T checkNotNull(final T reference, final Object errorMessage) { if (reference == null) { throw new NullPointerException(String.valueOf(errorMessage)); } return reference; } private enum DirectExecutor implements Executor { INSTANCE; @Override public void execute(final Runnable command) { command.run(); } @Override public String toString() { return "Context.DirectExecutor"; } } }





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