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/*
 * Copyright (C) 2015 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */

package com.google.common.hash;

import com.google.common.primitives.Longs;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;

/**
 * Utility functions for loading and storing values from a byte array.
 *
 * @author Kevin Damm
 * @author Kyle Maddison
 */
final class LittleEndianByteArray {

  /** The instance that actually does the work; delegates to Unsafe or a pure-Java fallback. */
  private static final LittleEndianBytes byteArray;

  /**
   * Load 8 bytes into long in a little endian manner, from the substring between position and
   * position + 8. The array must have at least 8 bytes from offset (inclusive).
   *
   * @param input the input bytes
   * @param offset the offset into the array at which to start
   * @return a long of a concatenated 8 bytes
   */
  static long load64(byte[] input, int offset) {
    // We don't want this in production code as this is the most critical part of the loop.
    assert input.length >= offset + 8;
    // Delegates to the fast (unsafe) version or the fallback.
    return byteArray.getLongLittleEndian(input, offset);
  }

  /**
   * Similar to load64, but allows offset + 8 > input.length, padding the result with zeroes. This
   * has to explicitly reverse the order of the bytes as it packs them into the result which makes
   * it slower than the native version.
   *
   * @param input the input bytes
   * @param offset the offset into the array at which to start reading
   * @param length the number of bytes from the input to read
   * @return a long of a concatenated 8 bytes
   */
  static long load64Safely(byte[] input, int offset, int length) {
    long result = 0;
    // Due to the way we shift, we can stop iterating once we've run out of data, the rest
    // of the result already being filled with zeros.

    // This loop is critical to performance, so please check HashBenchmark if altering it.
    int limit = Math.min(length, 8);
    for (int i = 0; i < limit; i++) {
      // Shift value left while iterating logically through the array.
      result |= (input[offset + i] & 0xFFL) << (i * 8);
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Store 8 bytes into the provided array at the indicated offset, using the value provided.
   *
   * @param sink the output byte array
   * @param offset the offset into the array at which to start writing
   * @param value the value to write
   */
  static void store64(byte[] sink, int offset, long value) {
    // We don't want to assert in production code.
    assert offset >= 0 && offset + 8 <= sink.length;
    // Delegates to the fast (unsafe)version or the fallback.
    byteArray.putLongLittleEndian(sink, offset, value);
  }

  /**
   * Load 4 bytes from the provided array at the indicated offset.
   *
   * @param source the input bytes
   * @param offset the offset into the array at which to start
   * @return the value found in the array in the form of a long
   */
  static int load32(byte[] source, int offset) {
    // TODO(user): Measure the benefit of delegating this to LittleEndianBytes also.
    return (source[offset] & 0xFF)
        | ((source[offset + 1] & 0xFF) << 8)
        | ((source[offset + 2] & 0xFF) << 16)
        | ((source[offset + 3] & 0xFF) << 24);
  }

  /**
   * Indicates that the loading of Unsafe was successful and the load and store operations will be
   * very efficient. May be useful for calling code to fall back on an alternative implementation
   * that is slower than Unsafe.get/store but faster than the pure-Java mask-and-shift.
   */
  static boolean usingUnsafe() {
    return (byteArray instanceof UnsafeByteArray);
  }

  /**
   * Common interface for retrieving a 64-bit long from a little-endian byte array.
   *
   * 

This abstraction allows us to use single-instruction load and put when available, or fall * back on the slower approach of using Longs.fromBytes(byte...). */ private interface LittleEndianBytes { long getLongLittleEndian(byte[] array, int offset); void putLongLittleEndian(byte[] array, int offset, long value); } /** * The only reference to Unsafe is in this nested class. We set things up so that if * Unsafe.theUnsafe is inaccessible, the attempt to load the nested class fails, and the outer * class's static initializer can fall back on a non-Unsafe version. */ private enum UnsafeByteArray implements LittleEndianBytes { // Do *not* change the order of these constants! UNSAFE_LITTLE_ENDIAN { @Override public long getLongLittleEndian(byte[] array, int offset) { return theUnsafe.getLong(array, (long) offset + BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET); } @Override public void putLongLittleEndian(byte[] array, int offset, long value) { theUnsafe.putLong(array, (long) offset + BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET, value); } }, UNSAFE_BIG_ENDIAN { @Override public long getLongLittleEndian(byte[] array, int offset) { long bigEndian = theUnsafe.getLong(array, (long) offset + BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET); // The hardware is big-endian, so we need to reverse the order of the bytes. return Long.reverseBytes(bigEndian); } @Override public void putLongLittleEndian(byte[] array, int offset, long value) { // Reverse the order of the bytes before storing, since we're on big-endian hardware. long littleEndianValue = Long.reverseBytes(value); theUnsafe.putLong(array, (long) offset + BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET, littleEndianValue); } }; // Provides load and store operations that use native instructions to get better performance. private static final Unsafe theUnsafe; // The offset to the first element in a byte array. private static final int BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET; /** * Returns a sun.misc.Unsafe. Suitable for use in a 3rd party package. Replace with a simple * call to Unsafe.getUnsafe when integrating into a jdk. * * @return a sun.misc.Unsafe instance if successful */ private static sun.misc.Unsafe getUnsafe() { try { return sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe(); } catch (SecurityException tryReflectionInstead) { // We'll try reflection instead. } try { return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged( new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction() { @Override public sun.misc.Unsafe run() throws Exception { Class k = sun.misc.Unsafe.class; for (java.lang.reflect.Field f : k.getDeclaredFields()) { f.setAccessible(true); Object x = f.get(null); if (k.isInstance(x)) { return k.cast(x); } } throw new NoSuchFieldError("the Unsafe"); } }); } catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException e) { throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics", e.getCause()); } } static { theUnsafe = getUnsafe(); BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(byte[].class); // sanity check - this should never fail if (theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(byte[].class) != 1) { throw new AssertionError(); } } } /** Fallback implementation for when Unsafe is not available in our current environment. */ private enum JavaLittleEndianBytes implements LittleEndianBytes { INSTANCE { @Override public long getLongLittleEndian(byte[] source, int offset) { return Longs.fromBytes( source[offset + 7], source[offset + 6], source[offset + 5], source[offset + 4], source[offset + 3], source[offset + 2], source[offset + 1], source[offset]); } @Override public void putLongLittleEndian(byte[] sink, int offset, long value) { long mask = 0xFFL; for (int i = 0; i < 8; mask <<= 8, i++) { sink[offset + i] = (byte) ((value & mask) >> (i * 8)); } } }; } static { LittleEndianBytes theGetter = JavaLittleEndianBytes.INSTANCE; try { /* * UnsafeByteArray uses Unsafe.getLong() in an unsupported way, which is known to cause * crashes on Android when running in 32-bit mode. For maximum safety, we shouldn't use * Unsafe.getLong() at all, but the performance benefit on x86_64 is too great to ignore, so * as a compromise, we enable the optimization only on platforms that we specifically know to * work. * * In the future, the use of Unsafe.getLong() should be replaced by ByteBuffer.getLong(), * which will have an efficient native implementation in JDK 9. * */ final String arch = System.getProperty("os.arch"); if ("amd64".equals(arch)) { theGetter = ByteOrder.nativeOrder().equals(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN) ? UnsafeByteArray.UNSAFE_LITTLE_ENDIAN : UnsafeByteArray.UNSAFE_BIG_ENDIAN; } } catch (Throwable t) { // ensure we really catch *everything* } byteArray = theGetter; } /** Deter instantiation of this class. */ private LittleEndianByteArray() {} }





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