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Apache Commons Validator provides the building blocks for both client side validation and server side data validation.
It may be used standalone or with a framework like Struts.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.commons.validator.routines;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.net.IDN;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Locale;
/**
* Domain name validation routines.
*
*
* This validator provides methods for validating Internet domain names
* and top-level domains.
*
*
* Domain names are evaluated according
* to the standards RFC1034,
* section 3, and RFC1123,
* section 2.1. No accommodation is provided for the specialized needs of
* other applications; if the domain name has been URL-encoded, for example,
* validation will fail even though the equivalent plaintext version of the
* same name would have passed.
*
*
*
* Validation is also provided for top-level domains (TLDs) as defined and
* maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA):
*
*
*
* - {@link #isValidInfrastructureTld} - validates infrastructure TLDs
* (
.arpa, etc.)
* - {@link #isValidGenericTld} - validates generic TLDs
* (
.com, .org, etc.)
* - {@link #isValidCountryCodeTld} - validates country code TLDs
* (
.us, .uk, .cn, etc.)
*
*
*
* (NOTE: This class does not provide IP address lookup for domain names or
* methods to ensure that a given domain name matches a specific IP; see
* {@link java.net.InetAddress} for that functionality.)
*
*
* @version $Revision: 1713225 $
* @since Validator 1.4
*/
public class DomainValidator implements Serializable {
private static final String[] EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY = new String[0];
private static final long serialVersionUID = -4407125112880174009L;
// Regular expression strings for hostnames (derived from RFC2396 and RFC 1123)
// RFC2396: domainlabel = alphanum | alphanum *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
// Max 63 characters
private static final String DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX = "\\p{Alnum}(?>[\\p{Alnum}-]{0,61}\\p{Alnum})?";
// RFC2396 toplabel = alpha | alpha *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
// Max 63 characters
private static final String TOP_LABEL_REGEX = "\\p{Alpha}(?>[\\p{Alnum}-]{0,61}\\p{Alnum})?";
// RFC2396 hostname = *( domainlabel "." ) toplabel [ "." ]
// Note that the regex currently requires both a domain label and a top level label, whereas
// the RFC does not. This is because the regex is used to detect if a TLD is present.
// If the match fails, input is checked against DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX (hostnameRegex)
// RFC1123 sec 2.1 allows hostnames to start with a digit
private static final String DOMAIN_NAME_REGEX =
"^(?:" + DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX + "\\.)+" + "(" + TOP_LABEL_REGEX + ")\\.?$";
private final boolean allowLocal;
/**
* Singleton instance of this validator, which
* doesn't consider local addresses as valid.
*/
private static final DomainValidator DOMAIN_VALIDATOR = new DomainValidator(false);
/**
* Singleton instance of this validator, which does
* consider local addresses valid.
*/
private static final DomainValidator DOMAIN_VALIDATOR_WITH_LOCAL = new DomainValidator(true);
/**
* RegexValidator for matching domains.
*/
private final RegexValidator domainRegex =
new RegexValidator(DOMAIN_NAME_REGEX);
/**
* RegexValidator for matching a local hostname
*/
// RFC1123 sec 2.1 allows hostnames to start with a digit
private final RegexValidator hostnameRegex =
new RegexValidator(DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX);
/**
* Returns the singleton instance of this validator. It
* will not consider local addresses as valid.
* @return the singleton instance of this validator
*/
public static synchronized DomainValidator getInstance() {
inUse = true;
return DOMAIN_VALIDATOR;
}
/**
* Returns the singleton instance of this validator,
* with local validation as required.
* @param allowLocal Should local addresses be considered valid?
* @return the singleton instance of this validator
*/
public static synchronized DomainValidator getInstance(boolean allowLocal) {
inUse = true;
if(allowLocal) {
return DOMAIN_VALIDATOR_WITH_LOCAL;
}
return DOMAIN_VALIDATOR;
}
/** Private constructor. */
private DomainValidator(boolean allowLocal) {
this.allowLocal = allowLocal;
}
/**
* Returns true if the specified String parses
* as a valid domain name with a recognized top-level domain.
* The parsing is case-insensitive.
* @param domain the parameter to check for domain name syntax
* @return true if the parameter is a valid domain name
*/
public boolean isValid(String domain) {
if (domain == null) {
return false;
}
domain = unicodeToASCII(domain);
// hosts must be equally reachable via punycode and Unicode;
// Unicode is never shorter than punycode, so check punycode
// if domain did not convert, then it will be caught by ASCII
// checks in the regexes below
if (domain.length() > 253) {
return false;
}
String[] groups = domainRegex.match(domain);
if (groups != null && groups.length > 0) {
return isValidTld(groups[0]);
}
return allowLocal && hostnameRegex.isValid(domain);
}
// package protected for unit test access
// must agree with isValid() above
final boolean isValidDomainSyntax(String domain) {
if (domain == null) {
return false;
}
domain = unicodeToASCII(domain);
// hosts must be equally reachable via punycode and Unicode;
// Unicode is never shorter than punycode, so check punycode
// if domain did not convert, then it will be caught by ASCII
// checks in the regexes below
if (domain.length() > 253) {
return false;
}
String[] groups = domainRegex.match(domain);
return (groups != null && groups.length > 0)
|| hostnameRegex.isValid(domain);
}
/**
* Returns true if the specified String matches any
* IANA-defined top-level domain. Leading dots are ignored if present.
* The search is case-insensitive.
* @param tld the parameter to check for TLD status, not null
* @return true if the parameter is a TLD
*/
public boolean isValidTld(String tld) {
tld = unicodeToASCII(tld);
if(allowLocal && isValidLocalTld(tld)) {
return true;
}
return isValidInfrastructureTld(tld)
|| isValidGenericTld(tld)
|| isValidCountryCodeTld(tld);
}
/**
* Returns true if the specified String matches any
* IANA-defined infrastructure top-level domain. Leading dots are
* ignored if present. The search is case-insensitive.
* @param iTld the parameter to check for infrastructure TLD status, not null
* @return true if the parameter is an infrastructure TLD
*/
public boolean isValidInfrastructureTld(String iTld) {
final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(iTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
return arrayContains(INFRASTRUCTURE_TLDS, key);
}
/**
* Returns true if the specified String matches any
* IANA-defined generic top-level domain. Leading dots are ignored
* if present. The search is case-insensitive.
* @param gTld the parameter to check for generic TLD status, not null
* @return true if the parameter is a generic TLD
*/
public boolean isValidGenericTld(String gTld) {
final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(gTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
return (arrayContains(GENERIC_TLDS, key) || arrayContains(GENERIC_TLDS_PLUS, key))
&& !arrayContains(GENERIC_TLDS_MINUS, key);
}
/**
* Returns true if the specified String matches any
* IANA-defined country code top-level domain. Leading dots are
* ignored if present. The search is case-insensitive.
* @param ccTld the parameter to check for country code TLD status, not null
* @return true if the parameter is a country code TLD
*/
public boolean isValidCountryCodeTld(String ccTld) {
final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(ccTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
return (arrayContains(COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS, key) || arrayContains(COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_PLUS, key))
&& !arrayContains(COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_MINUS, key);
}
/**
* Returns true if the specified String matches any
* widely used "local" domains (localhost or localdomain). Leading dots are
* ignored if present. The search is case-insensitive.
* @param lTld the parameter to check for local TLD status, not null
* @return true if the parameter is an local TLD
*/
public boolean isValidLocalTld(String lTld) {
final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(lTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
return arrayContains(LOCAL_TLDS, key);
}
private String chompLeadingDot(String str) {
if (str.startsWith(".")) {
return str.substring(1);
}
return str;
}
// ---------------------------------------------
// ----- TLDs defined by IANA
// ----- Authoritative and comprehensive list at:
// ----- http://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt
// Note that the above list is in UPPER case.
// The code currently converts strings to lower case (as per the tables below)
// IANA also provide an HTML list at http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db
// Note that this contains several country code entries which are NOT in
// the text file. These all have the "Not assigned" in the "Sponsoring Organisation" column
// For example (as of 2015-01-02):
// .bl country-code Not assigned
// .um country-code Not assigned
// WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
private static final String[] INFRASTRUCTURE_TLDS = new String[] {
"arpa", // internet infrastructure
};
// WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
private static final String[] GENERIC_TLDS = new String[] {
// Taken from Version 2015082801, Last Updated Sat Aug 29 07:07:01 2015 UTC
"aaa", // aaa American Automobile Association, Inc.
"aarp", // aarp AARP
"abb", // abb ABB Ltd
"abbott", // abbott Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
"abogado", // abogado Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"academy", // academy Half Oaks, LLC
"accenture", // accenture Accenture plc
"accountant", // accountant dot Accountant Limited
"accountants", // accountants Knob Town, LLC
"aco", // aco ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG
"active", // active The Active Network, Inc
"actor", // actor United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"ads", // ads Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"adult", // adult ICM Registry AD LLC
"aeg", // aeg Aktiebolaget Electrolux
"aero", // aero Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautique (SITA INC USA)
"afl", // afl Australian Football League
"agency", // agency Steel Falls, LLC
"aig", // aig American International Group, Inc.
"airforce", // airforce United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"airtel", // airtel Bharti Airtel Limited
"allfinanz", // allfinanz Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft
"alsace", // alsace REGION D ALSACE
"amica", // amica Amica Mutual Insurance Company
"amsterdam", // amsterdam Gemeente Amsterdam
"android", // android Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"apartments", // apartments June Maple, LLC
"app", // app Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"apple", // apple Apple Inc.
"aquarelle", // aquarelle Aquarelle.com
"aramco", // aramco Aramco Services Company
"archi", // archi STARTING DOT LIMITED
"army", // army United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"arte", // arte Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E.
"asia", // asia DotAsia Organisation Ltd.
"associates", // associates Baxter Hill, LLC
"attorney", // attorney United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"auction", // auction United TLD HoldCo, Ltd.
"audio", // audio Uniregistry, Corp.
"auto", // auto Uniregistry, Corp.
"autos", // autos DERAutos, LLC
"axa", // axa AXA SA
"azure", // azure Microsoft Corporation
"band", // band United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"bank", // bank fTLD Registry Services, LLC
"bar", // bar Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable
"barcelona", // barcelona Municipi de Barcelona
"barclaycard", // barclaycard Barclays Bank PLC
"barclays", // barclays Barclays Bank PLC
"bargains", // bargains Half Hallow, LLC
"bauhaus", // bauhaus Werkhaus GmbH
"bayern", // bayern Bayern Connect GmbH
"bbc", // bbc British Broadcasting Corporation
"bbva", // bbva BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.
"bcn", // bcn Municipi de Barcelona
"beats", // beats Beats Electronics, LLC
"beer", // beer Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"bentley", // bentley Bentley Motors Limited
"berlin", // berlin dotBERLIN GmbH & Co. KG
"best", // best BestTLD Pty Ltd
"bet", // bet Afilias plc
"bharti", // bharti Bharti Enterprises (Holding) Private Limited
"bible", // bible American Bible Society
"bid", // bid dot Bid Limited
"bike", // bike Grand Hollow, LLC
"bing", // bing Microsoft Corporation
"bingo", // bingo Sand Cedar, LLC
"bio", // bio STARTING DOT LIMITED
"biz", // biz Neustar, Inc.
"black", // black Afilias Limited
"blackfriday", // blackfriday Uniregistry, Corp.
"bloomberg", // bloomberg Bloomberg IP Holdings LLC
"blue", // blue Afilias Limited
"bms", // bms Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
"bmw", // bmw Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
"bnl", // bnl Banca Nazionale del Lavoro
"bnpparibas", // bnpparibas BNP Paribas
"boats", // boats DERBoats, LLC
"bom", // bom Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
"bond", // bond Bond University Limited
"boo", // boo Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"boots", // boots THE BOOTS COMPANY PLC
"boutique", // boutique Over Galley, LLC
"bradesco", // bradesco Banco Bradesco S.A.
"bridgestone", // bridgestone Bridgestone Corporation
"broker", // broker DOTBROKER REGISTRY LTD
"brother", // brother Brother Industries, Ltd.
"brussels", // brussels DNS.be vzw
"budapest", // budapest Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"build", // build Plan Bee LLC
"builders", // builders Atomic Madison, LLC
"business", // business Spring Cross, LLC
"buzz", // buzz DOTSTRATEGY CO.
"bzh", // bzh Association www.bzh
"cab", // cab Half Sunset, LLC
"cafe", // cafe Pioneer Canyon, LLC
"cal", // cal Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"camera", // camera Atomic Maple, LLC
"camp", // camp Delta Dynamite, LLC
"cancerresearch", // cancerresearch Australian Cancer Research Foundation
"canon", // canon Canon Inc.
"capetown", // capetown ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
"capital", // capital Delta Mill, LLC
"car", // car Cars Registry Limited
"caravan", // caravan Caravan International, Inc.
"cards", // cards Foggy Hollow, LLC
"care", // care Goose Cross, LLC
"career", // career dotCareer LLC
"careers", // careers Wild Corner, LLC
"cars", // cars Uniregistry, Corp.
"cartier", // cartier Richemont DNS Inc.
"casa", // casa Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"cash", // cash Delta Lake, LLC
"casino", // casino Binky Sky, LLC
"cat", // cat Fundacio puntCAT
"catering", // catering New Falls. LLC
"cba", // cba COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
"cbn", // cbn The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc.
"ceb", // ceb The Corporate Executive Board Company
"center", // center Tin Mill, LLC
"ceo", // ceo CEOTLD Pty Ltd
"cern", // cern European Organization for Nuclear Research ("CERN")
"cfa", // cfa CFA Institute
"cfd", // cfd DOTCFD REGISTRY LTD
"chanel", // chanel Chanel International B.V.
"channel", // channel Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"chat", // chat Sand Fields, LLC
"cheap", // cheap Sand Cover, LLC
"chloe", // chloe Richemont DNS Inc.
"christmas", // christmas Uniregistry, Corp.
"chrome", // chrome Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"church", // church Holly Fileds, LLC
"cipriani", // cipriani Hotel Cipriani Srl
"cisco", // cisco Cisco Technology, Inc.
"citic", // citic CITIC Group Corporation
"city", // city Snow Sky, LLC
"claims", // claims Black Corner, LLC
"cleaning", // cleaning Fox Shadow, LLC
"click", // click Uniregistry, Corp.
"clinic", // clinic Goose Park, LLC
"clothing", // clothing Steel Lake, LLC
"cloud", // cloud ARUBA S.p.A.
"club", // club .CLUB DOMAINS, LLC
"clubmed", // clubmed Club Méditerranée S.A.
"coach", // coach Koko Island, LLC
"codes", // codes Puff Willow, LLC
"coffee", // coffee Trixy Cover, LLC
"college", // college XYZ.COM LLC
"cologne", // cologne NetCologne Gesellschaft für Telekommunikation mbH
"com", // com VeriSign Global Registry Services
"commbank", // commbank COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
"community", // community Fox Orchard, LLC
"company", // company Silver Avenue, LLC
"computer", // computer Pine Mill, LLC
"condos", // condos Pine House, LLC
"construction", // construction Fox Dynamite, LLC
"consulting", // consulting United TLD Holdco, LTD.
"contractors", // contractors Magic Woods, LLC
"cooking", // cooking Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"cool", // cool Koko Lake, LLC
"coop", // coop DotCooperation LLC
"corsica", // corsica Collectivité Territoriale de Corse
"country", // country Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"coupons", // coupons Black Island, LLC
"courses", // courses OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD
"credit", // credit Snow Shadow, LLC
"creditcard", // creditcard Binky Frostbite, LLC
"cricket", // cricket dot Cricket Limited
"crown", // crown Crown Equipment Corporation
"crs", // crs Federated Co-operatives Limited
"cruises", // cruises Spring Way, LLC
"csc", // csc Alliance-One Services, Inc.
"cuisinella", // cuisinella SALM S.A.S.
"cymru", // cymru Nominet UK
"cyou", // cyou Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd.
"dabur", // dabur Dabur India Limited
"dad", // dad Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"dance", // dance United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"date", // date dot Date Limited
"dating", // dating Pine Fest, LLC
"datsun", // datsun NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
"day", // day Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"dclk", // dclk Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"deals", // deals Sand Sunset, LLC
"degree", // degree United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"delivery", // delivery Steel Station, LLC
"dell", // dell Dell Inc.
"delta", // delta Delta Air Lines, Inc.
"democrat", // democrat United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"dental", // dental Tin Birch, LLC
"dentist", // dentist United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"desi", // desi Desi Networks LLC
"design", // design Top Level Design, LLC
"dev", // dev Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"diamonds", // diamonds John Edge, LLC
"diet", // diet Uniregistry, Corp.
"digital", // digital Dash Park, LLC
"direct", // direct Half Trail, LLC
"directory", // directory Extra Madison, LLC
"discount", // discount Holly Hill, LLC
"dnp", // dnp Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.
"docs", // docs Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"dog", // dog Koko Mill, LLC
"doha", // doha Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA)
"domains", // domains Sugar Cross, LLC
"doosan", // doosan Doosan Corporation
"download", // download dot Support Limited
"drive", // drive Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"durban", // durban ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
"dvag", // dvag Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
"earth", // earth Interlink Co., Ltd.
"eat", // eat Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"edu", // edu EDUCAUSE
"education", // education Brice Way, LLC
"email", // email Spring Madison, LLC
"emerck", // emerck Merck KGaA
"energy", // energy Binky Birch, LLC
"engineer", // engineer United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"engineering", // engineering Romeo Canyon
"enterprises", // enterprises Snow Oaks, LLC
"epson", // epson Seiko Epson Corporation
"equipment", // equipment Corn Station, LLC
"erni", // erni ERNI Group Holding AG
"esq", // esq Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"estate", // estate Trixy Park, LLC
"eurovision", // eurovision European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
"eus", // eus Puntueus Fundazioa
"events", // events Pioneer Maple, LLC
"everbank", // everbank EverBank
"exchange", // exchange Spring Falls, LLC
"expert", // expert Magic Pass, LLC
"exposed", // exposed Victor Beach, LLC
"express", // express Sea Sunset, LLC
"fage", // fage Fage International S.A.
"fail", // fail Atomic Pipe, LLC
"faith", // faith dot Faith Limited
"family", // family United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"fan", // fan Asiamix Digital Ltd
"fans", // fans Asiamix Digital Limited
"farm", // farm Just Maple, LLC
"fashion", // fashion Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"feedback", // feedback Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
"ferrero", // ferrero Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
"film", // film Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd
"final", // final Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
"finance", // finance Cotton Cypress, LLC
"financial", // financial Just Cover, LLC
"firmdale", // firmdale Firmdale Holdings Limited
"fish", // fish Fox Woods, LLC
"fishing", // fishing Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"fit", // fit Minds + Machines Group Limited
"fitness", // fitness Brice Orchard, LLC
"flights", // flights Fox Station, LLC
"florist", // florist Half Cypress, LLC
"flowers", // flowers Uniregistry, Corp.
"flsmidth", // flsmidth FLSmidth A/S
"fly", // fly Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"foo", // foo Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"football", // football Foggy Farms, LLC
"forex", // forex DOTFOREX REGISTRY LTD
"forsale", // forsale United TLD Holdco, LLC
"forum", // forum Fegistry, LLC
"foundation", // foundation John Dale, LLC
"frl", // frl FRLregistry B.V.
"frogans", // frogans OP3FT
"fund", // fund John Castle, LLC
"furniture", // furniture Lone Fields, LLC
"futbol", // futbol United TLD Holdco, Ltd.
"fyi", // fyi Silver Tigers, LLC
"gal", // gal Asociación puntoGAL
"gallery", // gallery Sugar House, LLC
"game", // game Uniregistry, Corp.
"garden", // garden Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"gbiz", // gbiz Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"gdn", // gdn Joint Stock Company "Navigation-information systems"
"gea", // gea GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft
"gent", // gent COMBELL GROUP NV/SA
"genting", // genting Resorts World Inc. Pte. Ltd.
"ggee", // ggee GMO Internet, Inc.
"gift", // gift Uniregistry, Corp.
"gifts", // gifts Goose Sky, LLC
"gives", // gives United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"giving", // giving Giving Limited
"glass", // glass Black Cover, LLC
"gle", // gle Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"global", // global Dot Global Domain Registry Limited
"globo", // globo Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A
"gmail", // gmail Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"gmo", // gmo GMO Internet, Inc.
"gmx", // gmx 1&1 Mail & Media GmbH
"gold", // gold June Edge, LLC
"goldpoint", // goldpoint YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD.
"golf", // golf Lone Falls, LLC
"goo", // goo NTT Resonant Inc.
"goog", // goog Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"google", // google Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"gop", // gop Republican State Leadership Committee, Inc.
"gov", // gov General Services Administration Attn: QTDC, 2E08 (.gov Domain Registration)
"graphics", // graphics Over Madison, LLC
"gratis", // gratis Pioneer Tigers, LLC
"green", // green Afilias Limited
"gripe", // gripe Corn Sunset, LLC
"group", // group Romeo Town, LLC
"gucci", // gucci Guccio Gucci S.p.a.
"guge", // guge Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"guide", // guide Snow Moon, LLC
"guitars", // guitars Uniregistry, Corp.
"guru", // guru Pioneer Cypress, LLC
"hamburg", // hamburg Hamburg Top-Level-Domain GmbH
"hangout", // hangout Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"haus", // haus United TLD Holdco, LTD.
"healthcare", // healthcare Silver Glen, LLC
"help", // help Uniregistry, Corp.
"here", // here Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"hermes", // hermes Hermes International
"hiphop", // hiphop Uniregistry, Corp.
"hitachi", // hitachi Hitachi, Ltd.
"hiv", // hiv dotHIV gemeinnuetziger e.V.
"hockey", // hockey Half Willow, LLC
"holdings", // holdings John Madison, LLC
"holiday", // holiday Goose Woods, LLC
"homedepot", // homedepot Homer TLC, Inc.
"homes", // homes DERHomes, LLC
"honda", // honda Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
"horse", // horse Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"host", // host DotHost Inc.
"hosting", // hosting Uniregistry, Corp.
"hoteles", // hoteles Travel Reservations SRL
"hotmail", // hotmail Microsoft Corporation
"house", // house Sugar Park, LLC
"how", // how Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"hsbc", // hsbc HSBC Holdings PLC
"hyundai", // hyundai Hyundai Motor Company
"ibm", // ibm International Business Machines Corporation
"icbc", // icbc Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited
"ice", // ice IntercontinentalExchange, Inc.
"icu", // icu One.com A/S
"ifm", // ifm ifm electronic gmbh
"iinet", // iinet Connect West Pty. Ltd.
"immo", // immo Auburn Bloom, LLC
"immobilien", // immobilien United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"industries", // industries Outer House, LLC
"infiniti", // infiniti NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
"info", // info Afilias Limited
"ing", // ing Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"ink", // ink Top Level Design, LLC
"institute", // institute Outer Maple, LLC
"insure", // insure Pioneer Willow, LLC
"int", // int Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
"international", // international Wild Way, LLC
"investments", // investments Holly Glen, LLC
"ipiranga", // ipiranga Ipiranga Produtos de Petroleo S.A.
"irish", // irish Dot-Irish LLC
"ist", // ist Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
"istanbul", // istanbul Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality / Medya A.S.
"itau", // itau Itau Unibanco Holding S.A.
"iwc", // iwc Richemont DNS Inc.
"jaguar", // jaguar Jaguar Land Rover Ltd
"java", // java Oracle Corporation
"jcb", // jcb JCB Co., Ltd.
"jetzt", // jetzt New TLD Company AB
"jewelry", // jewelry Wild Bloom, LLC
"jlc", // jlc Richemont DNS Inc.
"jll", // jll Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated
"jobs", // jobs Employ Media LLC
"joburg", // joburg ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
"jprs", // jprs Japan Registry Services Co., Ltd.
"juegos", // juegos Uniregistry, Corp.
"kaufen", // kaufen United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"kddi", // kddi KDDI CORPORATION
"kia", // kia KIA MOTORS CORPORATION
"kim", // kim Afilias Limited
"kinder", // kinder Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
"kitchen", // kitchen Just Goodbye, LLC
"kiwi", // kiwi DOT KIWI LIMITED
"koeln", // koeln NetCologne Gesellschaft für Telekommunikation mbH
"komatsu", // komatsu Komatsu Ltd.
"krd", // krd KRG Department of Information Technology
"kred", // kred KredTLD Pty Ltd
"kyoto", // kyoto Academic Institution: Kyoto Jyoho Gakuen
"lacaixa", // lacaixa CAIXA D'ESTALVIS I PENSIONS DE BARCELONA
"lancaster", // lancaster LANCASTER
"land", // land Pine Moon, LLC
"landrover", // landrover Jaguar Land Rover Ltd
"lasalle", // lasalle Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated
"lat", // lat ECOM-LAC Federación de Latinoamérica y el Caribe para Internet y el Comercio Electrónico
"latrobe", // latrobe La Trobe University
"law", // law Minds + Machines Group Limited
"lawyer", // lawyer United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"lds", // lds IRI Domain Management, LLC
"lease", // lease Victor Trail, LLC
"leclerc", // leclerc A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc
"legal", // legal Blue Falls, LLC
"lexus", // lexus TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
"lgbt", // lgbt Afilias Limited
"liaison", // liaison Liaison Technologies, Incorporated
"lidl", // lidl Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH & Co. KG
"life", // life Trixy Oaks, LLC
"lighting", // lighting John McCook, LLC
"limited", // limited Big Fest, LLC
"limo", // limo Hidden Frostbite, LLC
"linde", // linde Linde Aktiengesellschaft
"link", // link Uniregistry, Corp.
"live", // live United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"lixil", // lixil LIXIL Group Corporation
"loan", // loan dot Loan Limited
"loans", // loans June Woods, LLC
"lol", // lol Uniregistry, Corp.
"london", // london Dot London Domains Limited
"lotte", // lotte Lotte Holdings Co., Ltd.
"lotto", // lotto Afilias Limited
"love", // love Merchant Law Group LLP
"ltd", // ltd Over Corner, LLC
"ltda", // ltda InterNetX Corp.
"lupin", // lupin LUPIN LIMITED
"luxe", // luxe Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"luxury", // luxury Luxury Partners LLC
"madrid", // madrid Comunidad de Madrid
"maif", // maif Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF)
"maison", // maison Victor Frostbite, LLC
"man", // man MAN SE
"management", // management John Goodbye, LLC
"mango", // mango PUNTO FA S.L.
"market", // market Unitied TLD Holdco, Ltd
"marketing", // marketing Fern Pass, LLC
"markets", // markets DOTMARKETS REGISTRY LTD
"marriott", // marriott Marriott Worldwide Corporation
"mba", // mba Lone Hollow, LLC
"media", // media Grand Glen, LLC
"meet", // meet Afilias Limited
"melbourne", // melbourne The Crown in right of the State of Victoria, represented by its Department of State Development, Business and Innovation
"meme", // meme Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"memorial", // memorial Dog Beach, LLC
"men", // men Exclusive Registry Limited
"menu", // menu Wedding TLD2, LLC
"meo", // meo PT Comunicacoes S.A.
"miami", // miami Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"microsoft", // microsoft Microsoft Corporation
"mil", // mil DoD Network Information Center
"mini", // mini Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
"mma", // mma MMA IARD
"mobi", // mobi Afilias Technologies Limited dba dotMobi
"moda", // moda United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"moe", // moe Interlink Co., Ltd.
"moi", // moi Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
"mom", // mom Uniregistry, Corp.
"monash", // monash Monash University
"money", // money Outer McCook, LLC
"montblanc", // montblanc Richemont DNS Inc.
"mormon", // mormon IRI Domain Management, LLC ("Applicant")
"mortgage", // mortgage United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"moscow", // moscow Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID)
"motorcycles", // motorcycles DERMotorcycles, LLC
"mov", // mov Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"movie", // movie New Frostbite, LLC
"movistar", // movistar Telefónica S.A.
"mtn", // mtn MTN Dubai Limited
"mtpc", // mtpc Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation
"mtr", // mtr MTR Corporation Limited
"museum", // museum Museum Domain Management Association
"mutuelle", // mutuelle Fédération Nationale de la Mutualité Française
"nadex", // nadex Nadex Domains, Inc
"nagoya", // nagoya GMO Registry, Inc.
"name", // name VeriSign Information Services, Inc.
"navy", // navy United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"nec", // nec NEC Corporation
"net", // net VeriSign Global Registry Services
"netbank", // netbank COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
"network", // network Trixy Manor, LLC
"neustar", // neustar NeuStar, Inc.
"new", // new Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"news", // news United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"nexus", // nexus Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"ngo", // ngo Public Interest Registry
"nhk", // nhk Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)
"nico", // nico DWANGO Co., Ltd.
"ninja", // ninja United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"nissan", // nissan NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
"nokia", // nokia Nokia Corporation
"nra", // nra NRA Holdings Company, INC.
"nrw", // nrw Minds + Machines GmbH
"ntt", // ntt NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION
"nyc", // nyc The City of New York by and through the New York City Department of Information Technology & Telecommunications
"obi", // obi OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA
"office", // office Microsoft Corporation
"okinawa", // okinawa BusinessRalliart inc.
"omega", // omega The Swatch Group Ltd
"one", // one One.com A/S
"ong", // ong Public Interest Registry
"onl", // onl I-REGISTRY Ltd., Niederlassung Deutschland
"online", // online DotOnline Inc.
"ooo", // ooo INFIBEAM INCORPORATION LIMITED
"oracle", // oracle Oracle Corporation
"orange", // orange Orange Brand Services Limited
"org", // org Public Interest Registry (PIR)
"organic", // organic Afilias Limited
"osaka", // osaka Interlink Co., Ltd.
"otsuka", // otsuka Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd.
"ovh", // ovh OVH SAS
"page", // page Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"panerai", // panerai Richemont DNS Inc.
"paris", // paris City of Paris
"partners", // partners Magic Glen, LLC
"parts", // parts Sea Goodbye, LLC
"party", // party Blue Sky Registry Limited
"pet", // pet Afilias plc
"pharmacy", // pharmacy National Association of Boards of Pharmacy
"philips", // philips Koninklijke Philips N.V.
"photo", // photo Uniregistry, Corp.
"photography", // photography Sugar Glen, LLC
"photos", // photos Sea Corner, LLC
"physio", // physio PhysBiz Pty Ltd
"piaget", // piaget Richemont DNS Inc.
"pics", // pics Uniregistry, Corp.
"pictet", // pictet Pictet Europe S.A.
"pictures", // pictures Foggy Sky, LLC
"ping", // ping Ping Registry Provider, Inc.
"pink", // pink Afilias Limited
"pizza", // pizza Foggy Moon, LLC
"place", // place Snow Galley, LLC
"play", // play Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"playstation", // playstation Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
"plumbing", // plumbing Spring Tigers, LLC
"plus", // plus Sugar Mill, LLC
"pohl", // pohl Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
"poker", // poker Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited
"porn", // porn ICM Registry PN LLC
"post", // post Universal Postal Union
"praxi", // praxi Praxi S.p.A.
"press", // press DotPress Inc.
"pro", // pro Registry Services Corporation dba RegistryPro
"prod", // prod Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"productions", // productions Magic Birch, LLC
"prof", // prof Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"properties", // properties Big Pass, LLC
"property", // property Uniregistry, Corp.
"protection", // protection XYZ.COM LLC
"pub", // pub United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"qpon", // qpon dotCOOL, Inc.
"quebec", // quebec PointQuébec Inc
"racing", // racing Premier Registry Limited
"realtor", // realtor Real Estate Domains LLC
"realty", // realty Fegistry, LLC
"recipes", // recipes Grand Island, LLC
"red", // red Afilias Limited
"redstone", // redstone Redstone Haute Couture Co., Ltd.
"rehab", // rehab United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"reise", // reise Foggy Way, LLC
"reisen", // reisen New Cypress, LLC
"reit", // reit National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc.
"ren", // ren Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd.
"rent", // rent XYZ.COM LLC
"rentals", // rentals Big Hollow,LLC
"repair", // repair Lone Sunset, LLC
"report", // report Binky Glen, LLC
"republican", // republican United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"rest", // rest Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable
"restaurant", // restaurant Snow Avenue, LLC
"review", // review dot Review Limited
"reviews", // reviews United TLD Holdco, Ltd.
"rich", // rich I-REGISTRY Ltd., Niederlassung Deutschland
"ricoh", // ricoh Ricoh Company, Ltd.
"rio", // rio Empresa Municipal de Informática SA - IPLANRIO
"rip", // rip United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"rocher", // rocher Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
"rocks", // rocks United TLD Holdco, LTD.
"rodeo", // rodeo Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"rsvp", // rsvp Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"ruhr", // ruhr regiodot GmbH & Co. KG
"run", // run Snow Park, LLC
"rwe", // rwe RWE AG
"ryukyu", // ryukyu BusinessRalliart inc.
"saarland", // saarland dotSaarland GmbH
"sakura", // sakura SAKURA Internet Inc.
"sale", // sale United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"samsung", // samsung SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD
"sandvik", // sandvik Sandvik AB
"sandvikcoromant", // sandvikcoromant Sandvik AB
"sanofi", // sanofi Sanofi
"sap", // sap SAP AG
"sapo", // sapo PT Comunicacoes S.A.
"sarl", // sarl Delta Orchard, LLC
"saxo", // saxo Saxo Bank A/S
"sbs", // sbs SPECIAL BROADCASTING SERVICE CORPORATION
"sca", // sca SVENSKA CELLULOSA AKTIEBOLAGET SCA (publ)
"scb", // scb The Siam Commercial Bank Public Company Limited ("SCB")
"schmidt", // schmidt SALM S.A.S.
"scholarships", // scholarships Scholarships.com, LLC
"school", // school Little Galley, LLC
"schule", // schule Outer Moon, LLC
"schwarz", // schwarz Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH & Co. KG
"science", // science dot Science Limited
"scor", // scor SCOR SE
"scot", // scot Dot Scot Registry Limited
"seat", // seat SEAT, S.A. (Sociedad Unipersonal)
"security", // security XYZ.COM LLC
"seek", // seek Seek Limited
"sener", // sener Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A.
"services", // services Fox Castle, LLC
"seven", // seven Seven West Media Ltd
"sew", // sew SEW-EURODRIVE GmbH & Co KG
"sex", // sex ICM Registry SX LLC
"sexy", // sexy Uniregistry, Corp.
"shiksha", // shiksha Afilias Limited
"shoes", // shoes Binky Galley, LLC
"show", // show Snow Beach, LLC
"shriram", // shriram Shriram Capital Ltd.
"singles", // singles Fern Madison, LLC
"site", // site DotSite Inc.
"ski", // ski STARTING DOT LIMITED
"sky", // sky Sky International AG
"skype", // skype Microsoft Corporation
"sncf", // sncf SNCF (Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Francais)
"soccer", // soccer Foggy Shadow, LLC
"social", // social United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"software", // software United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"sohu", // sohu Sohu.com Limited
"solar", // solar Ruby Town, LLC
"solutions", // solutions Silver Cover, LLC
"sony", // sony Sony Corporation
"soy", // soy Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"space", // space DotSpace Inc.
"spiegel", // spiegel SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG
"spreadbetting", // spreadbetting DOTSPREADBETTING REGISTRY LTD
"srl", // srl InterNetX Corp.
"stada", // stada STADA Arzneimittel AG
"starhub", // starhub StarHub Limited
"statoil", // statoil Statoil ASA
"stc", // stc Saudi Telecom Company
"stcgroup", // stcgroup Saudi Telecom Company
"stockholm", // stockholm Stockholms kommun
"studio", // studio United TLD Holdco Ltd.
"study", // study OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD
"style", // style Binky Moon, LLC
"sucks", // sucks Vox Populi Registry Ltd.
"supplies", // supplies Atomic Fields, LLC
"supply", // supply Half Falls, LLC
"support", // support Grand Orchard, LLC
"surf", // surf Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"surgery", // surgery Tin Avenue, LLC
"suzuki", // suzuki SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION
"swatch", // swatch The Swatch Group Ltd
"swiss", // swiss Swiss Confederation
"sydney", // sydney State of New South Wales, Department of Premier and Cabinet
"systems", // systems Dash Cypress, LLC
"taipei", // taipei Taipei City Government
"tatamotors", // tatamotors Tata Motors Ltd
"tatar", // tatar Limited Liability Company "Coordination Center of Regional Domain of Tatarstan Republic"
"tattoo", // tattoo Uniregistry, Corp.
"tax", // tax Storm Orchard, LLC
"taxi", // taxi Pine Falls, LLC
"team", // team Atomic Lake, LLC
"tech", // tech Dot Tech LLC
"technology", // technology Auburn Falls, LLC
"tel", // tel Telnic Ltd.
"telefonica", // telefonica Telefónica S.A.
"temasek", // temasek Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited
"tennis", // tennis Cotton Bloom, LLC
"thd", // thd Homer TLC, Inc.
"theater", // theater Blue Tigers, LLC
"theatre", // theatre XYZ.COM LLC
"tickets", // tickets Accent Media Limited
"tienda", // tienda Victor Manor, LLC
"tips", // tips Corn Willow, LLC
"tires", // tires Dog Edge, LLC
"tirol", // tirol punkt Tirol GmbH
"today", // today Pearl Woods, LLC
"tokyo", // tokyo GMO Registry, Inc.
"tools", // tools Pioneer North, LLC
"top", // top Jiangsu Bangning Science & Technology Co.,Ltd.
"toray", // toray Toray Industries, Inc.
"toshiba", // toshiba TOSHIBA Corporation
"tours", // tours Sugar Station, LLC
"town", // town Koko Moon, LLC
"toyota", // toyota TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
"toys", // toys Pioneer Orchard, LLC
"trade", // trade Elite Registry Limited
"trading", // trading DOTTRADING REGISTRY LTD
"training", // training Wild Willow, LLC
"travel", // travel Tralliance Registry Management Company, LLC.
"trust", // trust Artemis Internet Inc
"tui", // tui TUI AG
"ubs", // ubs UBS AG
"university", // university Little Station, LLC
"uno", // uno Dot Latin LLC
"uol", // uol UBN INTERNET LTDA.
"vacations", // vacations Atomic Tigers, LLC
"vegas", // vegas Dot Vegas, Inc.
"ventures", // ventures Binky Lake, LLC
"versicherung", // versicherung dotversicherung-registry GmbH
"vet", // vet United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"viajes", // viajes Black Madison, LLC
"video", // video United TLD Holdco, Ltd
"villas", // villas New Sky, LLC
"vin", // vin Holly Shadow, LLC
"virgin", // virgin Virgin Enterprises Limited
"vision", // vision Koko Station, LLC
"vista", // vista Vistaprint Limited
"vistaprint", // vistaprint Vistaprint Limited
"viva", // viva Saudi Telecom Company
"vlaanderen", // vlaanderen DNS.be vzw
"vodka", // vodka Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"vote", // vote Monolith Registry LLC
"voting", // voting Valuetainment Corp.
"voto", // voto Monolith Registry LLC
"voyage", // voyage Ruby House, LLC
"wales", // wales Nominet UK
"walter", // walter Sandvik AB
"wang", // wang Zodiac Registry Limited
"watch", // watch Sand Shadow, LLC
"webcam", // webcam dot Webcam Limited
"website", // website DotWebsite Inc.
"wed", // wed Atgron, Inc.
"wedding", // wedding Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"weir", // weir Weir Group IP Limited
"whoswho", // whoswho Who's Who Registry
"wien", // wien punkt.wien GmbH
"wiki", // wiki Top Level Design, LLC
"williamhill", // williamhill William Hill Organization Limited
"win", // win First Registry Limited
"windows", // windows Microsoft Corporation
"wine", // wine June Station, LLC
"wme", // wme William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC
"work", // work Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"works", // works Little Dynamite, LLC
"world", // world Bitter Fields, LLC
"wtc", // wtc World Trade Centers Association, Inc.
"wtf", // wtf Hidden Way, LLC
"xbox", // xbox Microsoft Corporation
"xerox", // xerox Xerox DNHC LLC
"xin", // xin Elegant Leader Limited
"xn--11b4c3d", // कॉम VeriSign Sarl
"xn--1qqw23a", // 佛山 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd.
"xn--30rr7y", // 慈善 Excellent First Limited
"xn--3bst00m", // 集团 Eagle Horizon Limited
"xn--3ds443g", // 在线 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED
"xn--3pxu8k", // 点看 VeriSign Sarl
"xn--42c2d9a", // คอม VeriSign Sarl
"xn--45q11c", // 八卦 Zodiac Scorpio Limited
"xn--4gbrim", // موقع Suhub Electronic Establishment
"xn--55qw42g", // 公益 China Organizational Name Administration Center
"xn--55qx5d", // 公司 Computer Network Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences （China Internet Network Information Center）
"xn--6frz82g", // 移动 Afilias Limited
"xn--6qq986b3xl", // 我爱你 Tycoon Treasure Limited
"xn--80adxhks", // москва Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID)
"xn--80asehdb", // онлайн CORE Association
"xn--80aswg", // сайт CORE Association
"xn--9dbq2a", // קום VeriSign Sarl
"xn--9et52u", // 时尚 RISE VICTORY LIMITED
"xn--b4w605ferd", // 淡马锡 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited
"xn--c1avg", // орг Public Interest Registry
"xn--c2br7g", // नेट VeriSign Sarl
"xn--cg4bki", // 삼성 SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD
"xn--czr694b", // 商标 HU YI GLOBAL INFORMATION RESOURCES(HOLDING) COMPANY.HONGKONG LIMITED
"xn--czrs0t", // 商店 Wild Island, LLC
"xn--czru2d", // 商城 Zodiac Aquarius Limited
"xn--d1acj3b", // дети The Foundation for Network Initiatives “The Smart Internet”
"xn--efvy88h", // 新闻 Xinhua News Agency Guangdong Branch 新华通讯社广东分社
"xn--estv75g", // 工行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited
"xn--fhbei", // كوم VeriSign Sarl
"xn--fiq228c5hs", // 中文网 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED
"xn--fiq64b", // 中信 CITIC Group Corporation
"xn--fjq720a", // 娱乐 Will Bloom, LLC
"xn--flw351e", // 谷歌 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"xn--hxt814e", // 网店 Zodiac Libra Limited
"xn--i1b6b1a6a2e", // संगठन Public Interest Registry
"xn--imr513n", // 餐厅 HU YI GLOBAL INFORMATION RESOURCES (HOLDING) COMPANY. HONGKONG LIMITED
"xn--io0a7i", // 网络 Computer Network Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences （China Internet Network Information Center）
"xn--j1aef", // ком VeriSign Sarl
"xn--kcrx77d1x4a", // 飞利浦 Koninklijke Philips N.V.
"xn--kput3i", // 手机 Beijing RITT-Net Technology Development Co., Ltd
"xn--mgba3a3ejt", // ارامكو Aramco Services Company
"xn--mgbab2bd", // بازار CORE Association
"xn--mk1bu44c", // 닷컴 VeriSign Sarl
"xn--mxtq1m", // 政府 Net-Chinese Co., Ltd.
"xn--ngbc5azd", // شبكة International Domain Registry Pty. Ltd.
"xn--nqv7f", // 机构 Public Interest Registry
"xn--nqv7fs00ema", // 组织机构 Public Interest Registry
"xn--nyqy26a", // 健康 Stable Tone Limited
"xn--p1acf", // рус Rusnames Limited
"xn--pssy2u", // 大拿 VeriSign Sarl
"xn--q9jyb4c", // みんな Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"xn--qcka1pmc", // グーグル Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"xn--rhqv96g", // 世界 Stable Tone Limited
"xn--ses554g", // 网址 KNET Co., Ltd
"xn--t60b56a", // 닷넷 VeriSign Sarl
"xn--tckwe", // コム VeriSign Sarl
"xn--unup4y", // 游戏 Spring Fields, LLC
"xn--vermgensberater-ctb", // VERMöGENSBERATER Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
"xn--vermgensberatung-pwb", // VERMöGENSBERATUNG Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
"xn--vhquv", // 企业 Dash McCook, LLC
"xn--vuq861b", // 信息 Beijing Tele-info Network Technology Co., Ltd.
"xn--xhq521b", // 广东 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd.
"xn--zfr164b", // 政务 China Organizational Name Administration Center
"xperia", // xperia Sony Mobile Communications AB
"xxx", // xxx ICM Registry LLC
"xyz", // xyz XYZ.COM LLC
"yachts", // yachts DERYachts, LLC
"yamaxun", // yamaxun Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
"yandex", // yandex YANDEX, LLC
"yodobashi", // yodobashi YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD.
"yoga", // yoga Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
"yokohama", // yokohama GMO Registry, Inc.
"youtube", // youtube Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"zara", // zara Industria de Diseño Textil, S.A. (INDITEX, S.A.)
"zip", // zip Charleston Road Registry Inc.
"zone", // zone Outer Falls, LLC
"zuerich", // zuerich Kanton Zürich (Canton of Zurich)
};
// WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
private static final String[] COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS = new String[] {
"ac", // Ascension Island
"ad", // Andorra
"ae", // United Arab Emirates
"af", // Afghanistan
"ag", // Antigua and Barbuda
"ai", // Anguilla
"al", // Albania
"am", // Armenia
// "an", // Netherlands Antilles (retired)
"ao", // Angola
"aq", // Antarctica
"ar", // Argentina
"as", // American Samoa
"at", // Austria
"au", // Australia (includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands)
"aw", // Aruba
"ax", // Åland
"az", // Azerbaijan
"ba", // Bosnia and Herzegovina
"bb", // Barbados
"bd", // Bangladesh
"be", // Belgium
"bf", // Burkina Faso
"bg", // Bulgaria
"bh", // Bahrain
"bi", // Burundi
"bj", // Benin
"bm", // Bermuda
"bn", // Brunei Darussalam
"bo", // Bolivia
"br", // Brazil
"bs", // Bahamas
"bt", // Bhutan
"bv", // Bouvet Island
"bw", // Botswana
"by", // Belarus
"bz", // Belize
"ca", // Canada
"cc", // Cocos (Keeling) Islands
"cd", // Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire)
"cf", // Central African Republic
"cg", // Republic of the Congo
"ch", // Switzerland
"ci", // Côte d'Ivoire
"ck", // Cook Islands
"cl", // Chile
"cm", // Cameroon
"cn", // China, mainland
"co", // Colombia
"cr", // Costa Rica
"cu", // Cuba
"cv", // Cape Verde
"cw", // Curaçao
"cx", // Christmas Island
"cy", // Cyprus
"cz", // Czech Republic
"de", // Germany
"dj", // Djibouti
"dk", // Denmark
"dm", // Dominica
"do", // Dominican Republic
"dz", // Algeria
"ec", // Ecuador
"ee", // Estonia
"eg", // Egypt
"er", // Eritrea
"es", // Spain
"et", // Ethiopia
"eu", // European Union
"fi", // Finland
"fj", // Fiji
"fk", // Falkland Islands
"fm", // Federated States of Micronesia
"fo", // Faroe Islands
"fr", // France
"ga", // Gabon
"gb", // Great Britain (United Kingdom)
"gd", // Grenada
"ge", // Georgia
"gf", // French Guiana
"gg", // Guernsey
"gh", // Ghana
"gi", // Gibraltar
"gl", // Greenland
"gm", // The Gambia
"gn", // Guinea
"gp", // Guadeloupe
"gq", // Equatorial Guinea
"gr", // Greece
"gs", // South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
"gt", // Guatemala
"gu", // Guam
"gw", // Guinea-Bissau
"gy", // Guyana
"hk", // Hong Kong
"hm", // Heard Island and McDonald Islands
"hn", // Honduras
"hr", // Croatia (Hrvatska)
"ht", // Haiti
"hu", // Hungary
"id", // Indonesia
"ie", // Ireland (Éire)
"il", // Israel
"im", // Isle of Man
"in", // India
"io", // British Indian Ocean Territory
"iq", // Iraq
"ir", // Iran
"is", // Iceland
"it", // Italy
"je", // Jersey
"jm", // Jamaica
"jo", // Jordan
"jp", // Japan
"ke", // Kenya
"kg", // Kyrgyzstan
"kh", // Cambodia (Khmer)
"ki", // Kiribati
"km", // Comoros
"kn", // Saint Kitts and Nevis
"kp", // North Korea
"kr", // South Korea
"kw", // Kuwait
"ky", // Cayman Islands
"kz", // Kazakhstan
"la", // Laos (currently being marketed as the official domain for Los Angeles)
"lb", // Lebanon
"lc", // Saint Lucia
"li", // Liechtenstein
"lk", // Sri Lanka
"lr", // Liberia
"ls", // Lesotho
"lt", // Lithuania
"lu", // Luxembourg
"lv", // Latvia
"ly", // Libya
"ma", // Morocco
"mc", // Monaco
"md", // Moldova
"me", // Montenegro
"mg", // Madagascar
"mh", // Marshall Islands
"mk", // Republic of Macedonia
"ml", // Mali
"mm", // Myanmar
"mn", // Mongolia
"mo", // Macau
"mp", // Northern Mariana Islands
"mq", // Martinique
"mr", // Mauritania
"ms", // Montserrat
"mt", // Malta
"mu", // Mauritius
"mv", // Maldives
"mw", // Malawi
"mx", // Mexico
"my", // Malaysia
"mz", // Mozambique
"na", // Namibia
"nc", // New Caledonia
"ne", // Niger
"nf", // Norfolk Island
"ng", // Nigeria
"ni", // Nicaragua
"nl", // Netherlands
"no", // Norway
"np", // Nepal
"nr", // Nauru
"nu", // Niue
"nz", // New Zealand
"om", // Oman
"pa", // Panama
"pe", // Peru
"pf", // French Polynesia With Clipperton Island
"pg", // Papua New Guinea
"ph", // Philippines
"pk", // Pakistan
"pl", // Poland
"pm", // Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
"pn", // Pitcairn Islands
"pr", // Puerto Rico
"ps", // Palestinian territories (PA-controlled West Bank and Gaza Strip)
"pt", // Portugal
"pw", // Palau
"py", // Paraguay
"qa", // Qatar
"re", // Réunion
"ro", // Romania
"rs", // Serbia
"ru", // Russia
"rw", // Rwanda
"sa", // Saudi Arabia
"sb", // Solomon Islands
"sc", // Seychelles
"sd", // Sudan
"se", // Sweden
"sg", // Singapore
"sh", // Saint Helena
"si", // Slovenia
"sj", // Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands Not in use (Norwegian dependencies; see .no)
"sk", // Slovakia
"sl", // Sierra Leone
"sm", // San Marino
"sn", // Senegal
"so", // Somalia
"sr", // Suriname
"st", // São Tomé and Príncipe
"su", // Soviet Union (deprecated)
"sv", // El Salvador
"sx", // Sint Maarten
"sy", // Syria
"sz", // Swaziland
"tc", // Turks and Caicos Islands
"td", // Chad
"tf", // French Southern and Antarctic Lands
"tg", // Togo
"th", // Thailand
"tj", // Tajikistan
"tk", // Tokelau
"tl", // East Timor (deprecated old code)
"tm", // Turkmenistan
"tn", // Tunisia
"to", // Tonga
// "tp", // East Timor (Retired)
"tr", // Turkey
"tt", // Trinidad and Tobago
"tv", // Tuvalu
"tw", // Taiwan, Republic of China
"tz", // Tanzania
"ua", // Ukraine
"ug", // Uganda
"uk", // United Kingdom
"us", // United States of America
"uy", // Uruguay
"uz", // Uzbekistan
"va", // Vatican City State
"vc", // Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
"ve", // Venezuela
"vg", // British Virgin Islands
"vi", // U.S. Virgin Islands
"vn", // Vietnam
"vu", // Vanuatu
"wf", // Wallis and Futuna
"ws", // Samoa (formerly Western Samoa)
"xn--3e0b707e", // 한국 KISA (Korea Internet & Security Agency)
"xn--45brj9c", // ভারত National Internet Exchange of India
"xn--80ao21a", // қаз Association of IT Companies of Kazakhstan
"xn--90a3ac", // срб Serbian National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS)
"xn--90ais", // ??? Reliable Software Inc.
"xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd", // சிங்கப்பூர் Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC) Pte Ltd
"xn--d1alf", // мкд Macedonian Academic Research Network Skopje
"xn--fiqs8s", // 中国 China Internet Network Information Center
"xn--fiqz9s", // 中國 China Internet Network Information Center
"xn--fpcrj9c3d", // భారత్ National Internet Exchange of India
"xn--fzc2c9e2c", // ලංකා LK Domain Registry
"xn--gecrj9c", // ભારત National Internet Exchange of India
"xn--h2brj9c", // भारत National Internet Exchange of India
"xn--j1amh", // укр Ukrainian Network Information Centre (UANIC), Inc.
"xn--j6w193g", // 香港 Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.
"xn--kprw13d", // 台湾 Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC)
"xn--kpry57d", // 台灣 Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC)
"xn--l1acc", // мон Datacom Co.,Ltd
"xn--lgbbat1ad8j", // الجزائر CERIST
"xn--mgb9awbf", // عمان Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)
"xn--mgba3a4f16a", // ایران Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM)
"xn--mgbaam7a8h", // امارات Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)
"xn--mgbayh7gpa", // الاردن National Information Technology Center (NITC)
"xn--mgbbh1a71e", // بھارت National Internet Exchange of India
"xn--mgbc0a9azcg", // المغرب Agence Nationale de Réglementation des Télécommunications (ANRT)
"xn--mgberp4a5d4ar", // السعودية Communications and Information Technology Commission
"xn--mgbpl2fh", // ????? Sudan Internet Society
"xn--mgbtx2b", // عراق Communications and Media Commission (CMC)
"xn--mgbx4cd0ab", // مليسيا MYNIC Berhad
"xn--node", // გე Information Technologies Development Center (ITDC)
"xn--o3cw4h", // ไทย Thai Network Information Center Foundation
"xn--ogbpf8fl", // سورية National Agency for Network Services (NANS)
"xn--p1ai", // рф Coordination Center for TLD RU
"xn--pgbs0dh", // تونس Agence Tunisienne d'Internet
"xn--qxam", // ελ ICS-FORTH GR
"xn--s9brj9c", // ਭਾਰਤ National Internet Exchange of India
"xn--wgbh1c", // مصر National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority - NTRA
"xn--wgbl6a", // قطر Communications Regulatory Authority
"xn--xkc2al3hye2a", // இலங்கை LK Domain Registry
"xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h", // இந்தியா National Internet Exchange of India
"xn--y9a3aq", // ??? Internet Society
"xn--yfro4i67o", // 新加坡 Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC) Pte Ltd
"xn--ygbi2ammx", // فلسطين Ministry of Telecom & Information Technology (MTIT)
"ye", // Yemen
"yt", // Mayotte
"za", // South Africa
"zm", // Zambia
"zw", // Zimbabwe
};
// WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
private static final String[] LOCAL_TLDS = new String[] {
"localdomain", // Also widely used as localhost.localdomain
"localhost", // RFC2606 defined
};
// Additional arrays to supplement or override the built in ones.
// The PLUS arrays are valid keys, the MINUS arrays are invalid keys
/*
* This field is used to detect whether the getInstance has been called.
* After this, the method updateTLDOverride is not allowed to be called.
* This field does not need to be volatile since it is only accessed from
* synchronized methods.
*/
private static boolean inUse = false;
/*
* These arrays are mutable, but they don't need to be volatile.
* They can only be updated by the updateTLDOverride method, and any readers must get an instance
* using the getInstance methods which are all (now) synchronised.
*/
// WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
private static volatile String[] COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_PLUS = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
// WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
private static volatile String[] GENERIC_TLDS_PLUS = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
// WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
private static volatile String[] COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_MINUS = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
// WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
private static volatile String[] GENERIC_TLDS_MINUS = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
/**
* enum used by {@link DomainValidator#updateTLDOverride(ArrayType, String[])}
* to determine which override array to update.
* @since 1.5.0
*/
enum ArrayType {
/** Update the GENERIC_TLDS_PLUS table containing additonal generic TLDs */
GENERIC_PLUS,
/** Update the GENERIC_TLDS_MINUS table containing deleted generic TLDs */
GENERIC_MINUS,
/** Update the COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_PLUS table containing additonal country code TLDs */
COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS,
/** Update the COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_MINUS table containing deleted country code TLDs */
COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS;
};
// For use by unit test code only
static synchronized void clearTLDOverrides() {
inUse = false;
COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_PLUS = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_MINUS = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
GENERIC_TLDS_PLUS = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
GENERIC_TLDS_MINUS = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
}
/**
* Update one of the TLD override arrays.
* This must only be done at program startup, before any instances are accessed using getInstance.
*
* For example:
*
* {@code DomainValidator.updateTLDOverride(ArrayType.GENERIC_PLUS, new String[]{"apache"})}
*
* To clear an override array, provide an empty array.
*
* @param table the table to update, see {@link DomainValidator#ArrayType}
* @param tlds the array of TLDs, must not be null
* @throws IllegalStateException if the method is called after getInstance
* @since 1.5.0
*/
public static synchronized void updateTLDOverride(ArrayType table, String [] tlds) {
if (inUse) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Can only invoke this method before calling getInstance");
}
String [] copy = new String[tlds.length];
// Comparisons are always done with lower-case entries
for (int i = 0; i < tlds.length; i++) {
copy[i] = tlds[i].toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
}
Arrays.sort(copy);
switch(table) {
case COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS:
COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_MINUS = copy;
break;
case COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS:
COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_PLUS = copy;
break;
case GENERIC_MINUS:
GENERIC_TLDS_MINUS = copy;
break;
case GENERIC_PLUS:
GENERIC_TLDS_PLUS = copy;
break;
}
}
/**
* Converts potentially Unicode input to punycode.
* If conversion fails, returns the original input.
*
* @param input the string to convert, not null
* @return converted input, or original input if conversion fails
*/
// Needed by UrlValidator
static String unicodeToASCII(String input) {
if (isOnlyASCII(input)) { // skip possibly expensive processing
return input;
}
try {
final String ascii = IDN.toASCII(input);
if (IDNBUGHOLDER.IDN_TOASCII_PRESERVES_TRAILING_DOTS) {
return ascii;
}
final int length = input.length();
if (length == 0) {// check there is a last character
return input;
}
// RFC3490 3.1. 1)
// Whenever dots are used as label separators, the following
// characters MUST be recognized as dots: U+002E (full stop), U+3002
// (ideographic full stop), U+FF0E (fullwidth full stop), U+FF61
// (halfwidth ideographic full stop).
char lastChar = input.charAt(length-1);// fetch original last char
switch(lastChar) {
case '\u002E': // "." full stop
case '\u3002': // ideographic full stop
case '\uFF0E': // fullwidth full stop
case '\uFF61': // halfwidth ideographic full stop
return ascii + "."; // restore the missing stop
default:
return ascii;
}
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { // input is not valid
return input;
}
}
private static class IDNBUGHOLDER {
private static boolean keepsTrailingDot() {
final String input = "a."; // must be a valid name
return input.equals(IDN.toASCII(input));
}
private static final boolean IDN_TOASCII_PRESERVES_TRAILING_DOTS = keepsTrailingDot();
}
/*
* Check if input contains only ASCII
* Treats null as all ASCII
*/
private static boolean isOnlyASCII(String input) {
if (input == null) {
return true;
}
for(int i=0; i < input.length(); i++) {
if (input.charAt(i) > 0x7F) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
/**
* Check if a sorted array contains the specified key
*
* @param sortedArray the array to search
* @param key the key to find
* @return {@code true} if the array contains the key
*/
private static boolean arrayContains(String[] sortedArray, String key) {
return Arrays.binarySearch(sortedArray, key) >= 0;
}
}