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A versatile Java(TM) library that implements many useful container and utility classes.

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/*
 * de.unkrig.commons - A general-purpose Java class library
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2012, Arno Unkrig
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
 * following conditions are met:
 *
 *    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
 *       following disclaimer.
 *    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
 *       following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *    3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
 *       specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
 * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

package de.unkrig.commons.math;

import java.util.Arrays;

import de.unkrig.commons.lang.protocol.Producer;

/**
 * A collection of utility methods related to mathematical sequences.
 */
public final
class Sequences {

    private Sequences() {}

    /**
     * Produces a periodic sequence of random, but unique {@link Long}s with values ranging from 0 to {@code period -
     * 1}.
     */
    public static Producer
    randomSequence(long period) {
        return randomSequence(System.nanoTime(), period);
    }

    /**
     * Produces a periodic sequence of random, but unique {@link Long}s with values ranging from 0 to {@code period -
     * 1}. For identical {@code seed}s, the returned sequences will be identical.
     */
    public static Producer
    randomSequence(final long seed, final long period) {
        if (period < 0L) throw new IllegalArgumentException();

        int idx = Arrays.binarySearch(M, period + 1);

        if (idx < 0) idx = -idx - 1;
        if (idx == M.length) idx--;  // Period is in the range 2^63 - 25 ... 2^63 - 1

        final long           m   = M[idx];
        long                 a   = A[idx];
        final Producer lcg = multiplicativeCongruentialGenerator(seed, m, a);

        return new Producer() {

            @Override public Long
            produce() {
                for (;;) {
                    @SuppressWarnings("null") long result = lcg.produce() - 1;
                    if (result < period) return result;
                }
            }
        };
    }
    private static final long[] M = {
        // CHECKSTYLE WrapAndIndent:OFF
                                                                            (1L <<  3) -   1L,
           (1L <<  4) -  3L,    (1L <<  5) -   1L,     (1L <<  6) -  3L,    (1L <<  7) -   1L,
           (1L <<  8) -  5L,    (1L <<  9) -   3L,     (1L << 10) -  3L,    (1L << 11) -   9L,
           (1L << 12) -  3L,    (1L << 13) -   1L,     (1L << 14) -  3L,    (1L << 15) -  19L,
           (1L << 16) - 15L,    (1L << 17) -   1L,     (1L << 18) -  5L,    (1L << 19) -   1L,
           (1L << 20) -  3L,    (1L << 21) -   9L,     (1L << 22) -  3L,    (1L << 23) -  15L,
           (1L << 24) -  3L,    (1L << 25) -  39L,     (1L << 26) -  5L,    (1L << 27) -  39L,
           (1L << 28) - 57L,    (1L << 29) -   3L,     (1L << 30) - 35L,    (1L << 31) -   1L,
           (1L << 32) -  5L,    (1L << 33) -   9L,     (1L << 34) - 41L,    (1L << 35) -  31L,
           (1L << 36) -  5L,    (1L << 37) -  25L,     (1L << 38) - 45L,    (1L << 39) -   7L,
           (1L << 40) - 87L,    (1L << 41) -  21L,     (1L << 42) - 11L,    (1L << 43) -  57L,
           (1L << 44) - 17L,    (1L << 45) -  55L,     (1L << 46) - 21L,    (1L << 47) - 115L,
           (1L << 48) - 59L,    (1L << 48) -  59L,     (1L << 50) - 27L,    (1L << 51) - 129L,
           (1L << 52) - 47L,    (1L << 53) - 111L,     (1L << 54) - 33L,    (1L << 55) -  55L,
           (1L << 56) -  5L,    (1L << 57) -  13L,     (1L << 58) - 27L,    (1L << 59) -  55L,
           (1L << 60) - 93L,    (1L << 61) -   1L,     (1L << 62) - 57L,    (1L << 63) -  25L,
           Long.MAX_VALUE,
       // CHECKSTYLE WrapAndIndent:ON
    };
    private static final long[] A = {
        // CHECKSTYLE WrapAndIndent:OFF
                                                                                           5L,
                         7L,                  11L,                  31L,                  23L,
                        33L,                  35L,                  65L,                 995L,
                       209L,                 884L,                 572L,                 219L,
                     17364L,               43165L,               92717L,              283741L,
                    380985L,              360889L,              914334L,              653276L,
                   6423135L,            25907312L,            26590841L,            45576512L,
                 246049789L,           520332806L,           771645345L,          1583458089L,
                1588635695L,          7425194315L,          5295517759L,          3124199165L,
               49865143810L,         76886758244L,         17838542566L,         61992693052L,
             1038914804222L,        140245111714L,       2214813540776L,       4928052325348L,
             6307617245999L,      25933916233908L,      63975993200055L,      72624924005429L,
            49235258628958L,     265609885904224L,    1087141320185010L,     349044191547257L,
          4359287924442956L,    2082839274626558L,    9131148267933071L,   33266544676670489L,
          4595551687825993L,   75953708294752990L,  101565695086122187L,  346764851511064641L,
        561860773102413563L, 1351750484049952003L, 2774243619903564593L, 4645906587823291368L,
        // CHECKSTYLE WrapAndIndent:ON
    };

    /**
     * Produces a periodic sequence of random, but unique {@link Long}s with values ranging from {@code min} to {@code
     * max - 1}. The period of the sequence is {@code max - min}. For identical {@code seed}s, the returned sequences
     * will be identical.
     */
    public static Producer
    randomSequence(long seed, final long min, long max) {

        final Producer delegate = randomSequence(seed, max - min);

        return new Producer() {

            @SuppressWarnings("null") @Override public Long
            produce() {
                return delegate.produce() + min;
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * See Wikipedia article: Linear congruential
     * generator.
     */
    public static Producer
    linearCongruentialGenerator(final long seed, final long m, final long a, final long c) {

        return new Producer() {

            long x = seed;

            @Override public Long
            produce() {
                this.x = (a * this.x + c) % m;
                return this.x;
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * See Wikipedia article: Linear congruential
     * generator.
     *
     * Notice that this variant of a congruential generator produces values starting at one, not starting at
     * zero!
     */
    public static Producer
    multiplicativeCongruentialGenerator(final long seed, final long m, final long a) {

        return new Producer() {

            long x = 1 + ((0x7fffffffffffffffL & seed) % (m - 1));

            @Override public Long
            produce() {
                this.x = (a * this.x) % m;
                return this.x;
            }
        };
    }
}




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