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Stanford Parser processes raw text in English, Chinese, German, Arabic, and French, and extracts constituency parse trees.
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// Stanford Parser -- a probabilistic lexicalized NL CFG parser
// Copyright (c) 2002 - 2014 The Board of Trustees of
// The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved.
//
// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
// modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
// as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
// of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
// Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
//
// For more information, bug reports, fixes, contact:
//    Christopher Manning
//    Dept of Computer Science, Gates 1A
//    Stanford CA 94305-9010
//    USA
//    [email protected]
//    http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/srparser.shtml

package edu.stanford.nlp.parser.shiftreduce;

import java.io.FileFilter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Set;

import edu.stanford.nlp.io.IOUtils;
import edu.stanford.nlp.io.RuntimeIOException;
import edu.stanford.nlp.ling.CoreLabel;
import edu.stanford.nlp.ling.HasTag;
import edu.stanford.nlp.ling.HasWord;
import edu.stanford.nlp.ling.Label;
import edu.stanford.nlp.ling.TaggedWord;
import edu.stanford.nlp.ling.Word;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.common.ArgUtils;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.common.ParserGrammar;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.common.ParserQuery;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.common.ParserUtils;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.BinaryHeadFinder;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.EvaluateTreebank;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.Options;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.TreebankLangParserParams;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.lexparser.TreeBinarizer;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.metrics.ParserQueryEval;
import edu.stanford.nlp.parser.metrics.Eval;
import edu.stanford.nlp.tagger.common.Tagger;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.BasicCategoryTreeTransformer;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.CompositeTreeTransformer;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.HeadFinder;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.LabeledScoredTreeNode;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.Tree;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.Treebank;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.TreebankLanguagePack;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.TreeCoreAnnotations;
import edu.stanford.nlp.trees.Trees;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.ArrayUtils;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.Generics;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.HashIndex;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.Index;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.Pair;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.ReflectionLoading;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.StringUtils;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.Timing;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.concurrent.MulticoreWrapper;
import edu.stanford.nlp.util.concurrent.ThreadsafeProcessor;


/**
 * A shift-reduce constituency parser.
 * Overview and description available at
 * http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/srparser.shtml
 *
 * @author John Bauer
 */
public class ShiftReduceParser extends ParserGrammar implements Serializable {

  final ShiftReduceOptions op;

  BaseModel model;

  public ShiftReduceParser(ShiftReduceOptions op) {
    this(op, null);
  }

  public ShiftReduceParser(ShiftReduceOptions op, BaseModel model) {
    this.op = op;
    this.model = model;
  }

  /*
  private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in)
    throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
  {
    ObjectInputStream.GetField fields = in.readFields();
    op = ErasureUtils.uncheckedCast(fields.get("op", null));

    Index transitionIndex = ErasureUtils.uncheckedCast(fields.get("transitionIndex", null));
    Set knownStates = ErasureUtils.uncheckedCast(fields.get("knownStates", null));
    Set rootStates = ErasureUtils.uncheckedCast(fields.get("rootStates", null));
    Set rootOnlyStates = ErasureUtils.uncheckedCast(fields.get("rootOnlyStates", null));

    FeatureFactory featureFactory = ErasureUtils.uncheckedCast(fields.get("featureFactory", null));
    Map featureWeights = ErasureUtils.uncheckedCast(fields.get("featureWeights", null));
    this.model = new PerceptronModel(op, transitionIndex, knownStates, rootStates, rootOnlyStates, featureFactory, featureWeights);
  }
  */

  @Override
  public Options getOp() {
    return op;
  }

  @Override
  public TreebankLangParserParams getTLPParams() {
    return op.tlpParams;
  }

  @Override
  public TreebankLanguagePack treebankLanguagePack() {
    return getTLPParams().treebankLanguagePack();
  }

  private static final String[] BEAM_FLAGS = { "-beamSize", "4" };

  @Override
  public String[] defaultCoreNLPFlags() {
    if (op.trainOptions().beamSize > 1) {
      return ArrayUtils.concatenate(getTLPParams().defaultCoreNLPFlags(), BEAM_FLAGS);
    } else {
      // TODO: this may result in some options which are useless for
      // this model, such as -retainTmpSubcategories
      return getTLPParams().defaultCoreNLPFlags();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Return an unmodifiableSet containing the known states (including binarization)
   */
  public Set knownStates() {
    return Collections.unmodifiableSet(model.knownStates);
  }

  /** Return the Set of POS tags used in the model. */
  public Set tagSet() {
    return model.tagSet();
  }

  @Override
  public boolean requiresTags() {
    return true;
  }

  @Override
  public ParserQuery parserQuery() {
    return new ShiftReduceParserQuery(this);
  }

  @Override
  public Tree parse(String sentence) {
    if (!getOp().testOptions.preTag) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Can only parse raw text if a tagger is specified, as the ShiftReduceParser cannot produce its own tags");
    }
    return super.parse(sentence);
  }

  @Override
  public Tree parse(List sentence) {
    ShiftReduceParserQuery pq = new ShiftReduceParserQuery(this);
    if (pq.parse(sentence)) {
      return pq.getBestParse();
    }
    return ParserUtils.xTree(sentence);
  }


  /** TODO: add an eval which measures transition accuracy? */
  @Override
  public List getExtraEvals() {
    return Collections.emptyList();
  }

  @Override
  public List getParserQueryEvals() {
    if (op.testOptions().recordBinarized == null && op.testOptions().recordDebinarized == null) {
      return Collections.emptyList();
    }
    List evals = Generics.newArrayList();
    if (op.testOptions().recordBinarized != null) {
      evals.add(new TreeRecorder(TreeRecorder.Mode.BINARIZED, op.testOptions().recordBinarized));
    }
    if (op.testOptions().recordDebinarized != null) {
      evals.add(new TreeRecorder(TreeRecorder.Mode.DEBINARIZED, op.testOptions().recordDebinarized));
    }
    return evals;
  }

  public static State initialStateFromGoldTagTree(Tree tree) {
    return initialStateFromTaggedSentence(tree.taggedYield());
  }

  public static State initialStateFromTaggedSentence(List words) {
    List preterminals = Generics.newArrayList();
    for (int index = 0; index < words.size(); ++index) {
      HasWord hw = words.get(index);

      CoreLabel wordLabel;
      String tag;
      if (hw instanceof CoreLabel) {
        wordLabel = (CoreLabel) hw;
        tag = wordLabel.tag();
      } else {
        wordLabel = new CoreLabel();
        wordLabel.setValue(hw.word());
        wordLabel.setWord(hw.word());
        if (!(hw instanceof HasTag)) {
          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected tagged words");
        }
        tag = ((HasTag) hw).tag();
        wordLabel.setTag(tag);
      }
      if (tag == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Input word not tagged");
      }
      CoreLabel tagLabel = new CoreLabel();
      tagLabel.setValue(tag);

      // Index from 1.  Tools downstream from the parser expect that
      // Internally this parser uses the index, so we have to
      // overwrite incorrect indices if the label is already indexed
      wordLabel.setIndex(index + 1);
      tagLabel.setIndex(index + 1);

      LabeledScoredTreeNode wordNode = new LabeledScoredTreeNode(wordLabel);
      LabeledScoredTreeNode tagNode = new LabeledScoredTreeNode(tagLabel);
      tagNode.addChild(wordNode);

      // TODO: can we get away with not setting these on the wordLabel?
      wordLabel.set(TreeCoreAnnotations.HeadWordLabelAnnotation.class, wordLabel);
      wordLabel.set(TreeCoreAnnotations.HeadTagLabelAnnotation.class, tagLabel);
      tagLabel.set(TreeCoreAnnotations.HeadWordLabelAnnotation.class, wordLabel);
      tagLabel.set(TreeCoreAnnotations.HeadTagLabelAnnotation.class, tagLabel);

      preterminals.add(tagNode);
    }
    return new State(preterminals);
  }

  public static ShiftReduceOptions buildTrainingOptions(String tlppClass, String[] args) {
    ShiftReduceOptions op = new ShiftReduceOptions();
    op.setOptions("-forceTags", "-debugOutputFrequency", "1", "-quietEvaluation");
    if (tlppClass != null) {
      op.tlpParams = ReflectionLoading.loadByReflection(tlppClass);
    }
    op.setOptions(args);

    if (op.trainOptions.randomSeed == 0) {
      op.trainOptions.randomSeed = System.nanoTime();
      System.err.println("Random seed not set by options, using " + op.trainOptions.randomSeed);
    }
    return op;
  }

  public Treebank readTreebank(String treebankPath, FileFilter treebankFilter) {
    System.err.println("Loading trees from " + treebankPath);
    Treebank treebank = op.tlpParams.memoryTreebank();
    treebank.loadPath(treebankPath, treebankFilter);
    System.err.println("Read in " + treebank.size() + " trees from " + treebankPath);
    return treebank;
  }

  public List readBinarizedTreebank(String treebankPath, FileFilter treebankFilter) {
    Treebank treebank = readTreebank(treebankPath, treebankFilter);
    List binarized = binarizeTreebank(treebank, op);
    System.err.println("Converted trees to binarized format");
    return binarized;
  }

  public static List binarizeTreebank(Treebank treebank, Options op) {
    TreeBinarizer binarizer = TreeBinarizer.simpleTreeBinarizer(op.tlpParams.headFinder(), op.tlpParams.treebankLanguagePack());
    BasicCategoryTreeTransformer basicTransformer = new BasicCategoryTreeTransformer(op.langpack());
    CompositeTreeTransformer transformer = new CompositeTreeTransformer();
    transformer.addTransformer(binarizer);
    transformer.addTransformer(basicTransformer);

    treebank = treebank.transform(transformer);

    HeadFinder binaryHeadFinder = new BinaryHeadFinder(op.tlpParams.headFinder());
    List binarizedTrees = Generics.newArrayList();
    for (Tree tree : treebank) {
      Trees.convertToCoreLabels(tree);
      tree.percolateHeadAnnotations(binaryHeadFinder);
      // Index from 1.  Tools downstream expect index from 1, so for
      // uses internal to the srparser we have to renormalize the
      // indices, with the result that here we have to index from 1
      tree.indexLeaves(1, true);
      binarizedTrees.add(tree);
    }
    return binarizedTrees;
  }

  public static Set findKnownStates(List binarizedTrees) {
    Set knownStates = Generics.newHashSet();
    for (Tree tree : binarizedTrees) {
      findKnownStates(tree, knownStates);
    }
    return Collections.unmodifiableSet(knownStates);
  }

  public static void findKnownStates(Tree tree, Set knownStates) {
    if (tree.isLeaf() || tree.isPreTerminal()) {
      return;
    }
    if (!ShiftReduceUtils.isTemporary(tree)) {
      knownStates.add(tree.value());
    }
    for (Tree child : tree.children()) {
      findKnownStates(child, knownStates);
    }
  }


  // TODO: factor out the retagging?
  public static void redoTags(Tree tree, Tagger tagger) {
    List words = tree.yieldWords();
    List tagged = tagger.apply(words);
    List tags = tree.preTerminalYield();
    if (tags.size() != tagged.size()) {
      throw new AssertionError("Tags are not the same size");
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < tags.size(); ++i) {
      tags.get(i).setValue(tagged.get(i).tag());
    }
  }

  private static class RetagProcessor implements ThreadsafeProcessor {
    Tagger tagger;

    public RetagProcessor(Tagger tagger) {
      this.tagger = tagger;
    }

    @Override
    public Tree process(Tree tree) {
      redoTags(tree, tagger);
      return tree;
    }

    @Override
    public RetagProcessor newInstance() {
      // already threadsafe
      return this;
    }
  }

  public static void redoTags(List trees, Tagger tagger, int nThreads) {
    if (nThreads == 1) {
      for (Tree tree : trees) {
        redoTags(tree, tagger);
      }
    } else {
      MulticoreWrapper wrapper = new MulticoreWrapper(nThreads, new RetagProcessor(tagger));
      for (Tree tree : trees) {
        wrapper.put(tree);
      }
      wrapper.join();
      // trees are changed in place
    }
  }

  /**
   * Get all of the states which occur at the root, even if they occur
   * elsewhere in the tree.  Useful for knowing when you can Finalize
   * a tree
   */
  private static Set findRootStates(List trees) {
    Set roots = Generics.newHashSet();
    for (Tree tree : trees) {
      roots.add(tree.value());
    }
    return Collections.unmodifiableSet(roots);
  }

  /**
   * Get all of the states which *only* occur at the root.  Useful for
   * knowing which transitions can't be done internal to the tree
   */
  private static Set findRootOnlyStates(List trees, Set rootStates) {
    Set rootOnlyStates = Generics.newHashSet(rootStates);
    for (Tree tree : trees) {
      for (Tree child : tree.children()) {
        findRootOnlyStatesHelper(child, rootStates, rootOnlyStates);
      }
    }
    return Collections.unmodifiableSet(rootOnlyStates);
  }

  private static void findRootOnlyStatesHelper(Tree tree, Set rootStates, Set rootOnlyStates) {
    rootOnlyStates.remove(tree.value());
    for (Tree child : tree.children()) {
      findRootOnlyStatesHelper(child, rootStates, rootOnlyStates);
    }
  }


  private void train(List> trainTreebankPath,
                     Pair devTreebankPath,
                     String serializedPath) {
    System.err.println("Training method: " + op.trainOptions().trainingMethod);

    List binarizedTrees = Generics.newArrayList();
    for (Pair treebank : trainTreebankPath) {
      binarizedTrees.addAll(readBinarizedTreebank(treebank.first(), treebank.second()));
    }

    int nThreads = op.trainOptions.trainingThreads;
    nThreads = nThreads <= 0 ? Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() : nThreads;

    Tagger tagger = null;
    if (op.testOptions.preTag) {
      Timing retagTimer = new Timing();
      tagger = Tagger.loadModel(op.testOptions.taggerSerializedFile);
      redoTags(binarizedTrees, tagger, nThreads);
      retagTimer.done("Retagging");
    }

    Set knownStates = findKnownStates(binarizedTrees);
    Set rootStates = findRootStates(binarizedTrees);
    Set rootOnlyStates = findRootOnlyStates(binarizedTrees, rootStates);

    System.err.println("Known states: " + knownStates);
    System.err.println("States which occur at the root: " + rootStates);
    System.err.println("States which only occur at the root: " + rootStates);

    Timing transitionTimer = new Timing();
    List> transitionLists = CreateTransitionSequence.createTransitionSequences(binarizedTrees, op.compoundUnaries, rootStates, rootOnlyStates);
    Index transitionIndex = new HashIndex();
    for (List transitions : transitionLists) {
      transitionIndex.addAll(transitions);
    }
    transitionTimer.done("Converting trees into transition lists");
    System.err.println("Number of transitions: " + transitionIndex.size());

    Random random = new Random(op.trainOptions.randomSeed);

    Treebank devTreebank = null;
    if (devTreebankPath != null) {
      devTreebank = readTreebank(devTreebankPath.first(), devTreebankPath.second());
    }

    PerceptronModel newModel = new PerceptronModel(this.op, transitionIndex, knownStates, rootStates, rootOnlyStates);
    newModel.trainModel(serializedPath, tagger, random, binarizedTrees, transitionLists, devTreebank, nThreads);
    this.model = newModel;
  }

  @Override
  public void setOptionFlags(String ... flags) {
    op.setOptions(flags);
  }

  public static ShiftReduceParser loadModel(String path, String ... extraFlags) {
    ShiftReduceParser parser = IOUtils.readObjectAnnouncingTimingFromURLOrClasspathOrFileSystem(
            "Loading parser from serialized file", path);
    if (extraFlags.length > 0) {
      parser.setOptionFlags(extraFlags);
    }
    return parser;
  }

  public void saveModel(String path) {
    try {
      IOUtils.writeObjectToFile(this, path);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      throw new RuntimeIOException(e);
    }
  }

  static final String[] FORCE_TAGS = { "-forceTags" };

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    List remainingArgs = Generics.newArrayList();

    List> trainTreebankPath = null;
    Pair testTreebankPath = null;
    Pair devTreebankPath = null;

    String serializedPath = null;

    String tlppClass = null;

    String continueTraining = null;

    for (int argIndex = 0; argIndex < args.length; ) {
      if (args[argIndex].equalsIgnoreCase("-trainTreebank")) {
        if (trainTreebankPath == null) {
          trainTreebankPath = Generics.newArrayList();
        }
        trainTreebankPath.add(ArgUtils.getTreebankDescription(args, argIndex, "-trainTreebank"));
        argIndex = argIndex + ArgUtils.numSubArgs(args, argIndex) + 1;
      } else if (args[argIndex].equalsIgnoreCase("-testTreebank")) {
        testTreebankPath = ArgUtils.getTreebankDescription(args, argIndex, "-testTreebank");
        argIndex = argIndex + ArgUtils.numSubArgs(args, argIndex) + 1;
      } else if (args[argIndex].equalsIgnoreCase("-devTreebank")) {
        devTreebankPath = ArgUtils.getTreebankDescription(args, argIndex, "-devTreebank");
        argIndex = argIndex + ArgUtils.numSubArgs(args, argIndex) + 1;
      } else if (args[argIndex].equalsIgnoreCase("-serializedPath") || args[argIndex].equalsIgnoreCase("-model")) {
        serializedPath = args[argIndex + 1];
        argIndex += 2;
      } else if (args[argIndex].equalsIgnoreCase("-tlpp")) {
        tlppClass = args[argIndex + 1];
        argIndex += 2;
      } else if (args[argIndex].equalsIgnoreCase("-continueTraining")) {
        continueTraining = args[argIndex + 1];
        argIndex += 2;
      } else {
        remainingArgs.add(args[argIndex]);
        ++argIndex;
      }
    }

    String[] newArgs = new String[remainingArgs.size()];
    newArgs = remainingArgs.toArray(newArgs);

    if (trainTreebankPath == null && serializedPath == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must specify a treebank to train from with -trainTreebank or a parser to load with -serializedPath");
    }

    ShiftReduceParser parser = null;

    if (trainTreebankPath != null) {
      System.err.println("Training ShiftReduceParser");
      System.err.println("Initial arguments:");
      System.err.println("   " + StringUtils.join(args));
      if (continueTraining != null) {
        parser = ShiftReduceParser.loadModel(continueTraining, ArrayUtils.concatenate(FORCE_TAGS, newArgs));
      } else {
        ShiftReduceOptions op = buildTrainingOptions(tlppClass, newArgs);
        parser = new ShiftReduceParser(op);
      }
      parser.train(trainTreebankPath, devTreebankPath, serializedPath);
      parser.saveModel(serializedPath);
    }

    if (serializedPath != null && parser == null) {
      parser = ShiftReduceParser.loadModel(serializedPath, ArrayUtils.concatenate(FORCE_TAGS, newArgs));
    }

    //parser.outputStats();

    if (testTreebankPath != null) {
      System.err.println("Loading test trees from " + testTreebankPath.first());
      Treebank testTreebank = parser.op.tlpParams.memoryTreebank();
      testTreebank.loadPath(testTreebankPath.first(), testTreebankPath.second());
      System.err.println("Loaded " + testTreebank.size() + " trees");

      EvaluateTreebank evaluator = new EvaluateTreebank(parser.op, null, parser);
      evaluator.testOnTreebank(testTreebank);

      // System.err.println("Input tree: " + tree);
      // System.err.println("Debinarized tree: " + query.getBestParse());
      // System.err.println("Parsed binarized tree: " + query.getBestBinarizedParse());
      // System.err.println("Predicted transition sequence: " + query.getBestTransitionSequence());
    }
  }


  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1;

}