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/*
 *    GeoTools - The Open Source Java GIS Toolkit
 *    http://geotools.org
 *
 *    (C) 2011, Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo)
 *    (C) 2003-2005, Open Geospatial Consortium Inc.
 *
 *    All Rights Reserved. http://www.opengis.org/legal/
 */
package org.opengis.geometry.primitive;

import static org.opengis.annotation.Obligation.*;
import static org.opengis.annotation.Specification.*;

import java.util.List;
import org.opengis.annotation.UML;

/**
 * The boundary of {@linkplain Surface surfaces}. A {@code SurfaceBoundary} consists of some number
 * of {@linkplain Ring rings}, corresponding to the various components of its boundary. In the
 * normal 2D case, one of these rings is distinguished as being the exterior boundary. In a general
 * manifold this is not always possible, in which case all boundaries shall be listed as interior
 * boundaries, and the exterior will be empty.
 *
 * 
 *
 *  NOTE: The use of exterior and interior here is not intended to
 * invoke the definitions of "interior" and "exterior" of geometric objects. The terms are in common
 * usage, and reflect a linguistic metaphor that uses the same linguistic constructs for the concept
 * of being inside an object to being inside a container. In normal mathematical terms, the exterior
 * boundary is the one that appears in the Jordan Separation Theorem (Jordan Curve Theorem extended
 * beyond 2D). The exterior boundary is the one that separates the surface (or solid in 3D) from
 * infinite space. The interior boundaries separate the object at hand from other bounded objects.
 * The uniqueness of the exterior comes from the uniqueness of unbounded space. Essentially, the
 * Jordan Separation Theorem shows that normal 2D or 3D space separates into bounded and unbounded
 * pieces by the insertion of a ring or shell, respectively. It goes beyond that, but this
 * specification is restricted to at most 3 dimensions.
 *
 * EXAMPLE 1: If the underlying manifold is an infinite cylinder, then two
 * transverse cuts of the cylinder define a compact surface between the cuts, and two separate
 * unbounded portions of the cylinders. In this case, either cut could reasonably be called
 * exterior. In cases of such ambiguity, the standard chooses to list all boundaries in the
 * "interior" set. The only guarantee of an exterior boundary being unique is in the 2-dimensional
 * plane, E².
 *
 * EXAMPLE 2: Taking the equator of a sphere, and generating a 1 meter buffer,
 * we have a surface with two isomorphic boundary components. There is no unbiased manner to
 * distinguish one of these as an exterior. 
 *
 * 
 *
 * @version ISO 19107
 * @author Martin Desruisseaux (IRD)
 * @since GeoAPI 1.0
 * @see SolidBoundary
 */
@UML(identifier = "GM_SurfaceBoundary", specification = ISO_19107)
public interface SurfaceBoundary extends PrimitiveBoundary {
    /**
     * Returns the exterior ring, or {@code null} if none.
     *
     * @return The exterior ring, or {@code null}.
     */
    @UML(identifier = "exterior", obligation = MANDATORY, specification = ISO_19107)
    Ring getExterior();

    /**
     * Returns the interior rings.
     *
     * @return The interior rings. Never {@code null}, but may be an empty array.
     * @todo Consider using a Collection return type instead.
     */
    @UML(identifier = "interior", obligation = MANDATORY, specification = ISO_19107)
    List getInteriors();
}