io.stargate.grpc.codec.VIntCoding Maven / Gradle / Ivy
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* Copyright DataStax, Inc.
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// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
// Copyright 2008 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
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package io.stargate.grpc.codec;
import java.io.DataInput;
import java.io.DataOutput;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* Variable length encoding inspired from Google varints.
*
* Cassandra vints are encoded with the most significant group first. The most significant byte
* will contains the information about how many extra bytes need to be read as well as the most
* significant bits of the integer. The number of extra bytes to read is encoded as 1 bit on the
* left side. For example, if we need to read 3 more bytes the first byte will start with 1110. If
* the encoded integer is 8 bytes long the vint will be encoded on 9 bytes and the first byte will
* be: 11111111
*
*
Signed integers are (like protocol buffer varints) encoded using the ZigZag encoding so that
* numbers with a small absolute value have a small vint encoded value too.
*
*
Note that there is also a type called {@code varint} in the CQL protocol specification. This
* is completely unrelated.
*/
class VIntCoding {
private static long readUnsignedVInt(DataInput input) throws IOException {
int firstByte = input.readByte();
// Bail out early if this is one byte, necessary or it fails later
if (firstByte >= 0) {
return firstByte;
}
int size = numberOfExtraBytesToRead(firstByte);
long retval = firstByte & firstByteValueMask(size);
for (int ii = 0; ii < size; ii++) {
byte b = input.readByte();
retval <<= 8;
retval |= b & 0xff;
}
return retval;
}
static long readVInt(DataInput input) throws IOException {
return decodeZigZag64(readUnsignedVInt(input));
}
// & this with the first byte to give the value part for a given extraBytesToRead encoded in the
// byte
private static int firstByteValueMask(int extraBytesToRead) {
// by including the known 0bit in the mask, we can use this for encodeExtraBytesToRead
return 0xff >> extraBytesToRead;
}
private static byte encodeExtraBytesToRead(int extraBytesToRead) {
// because we have an extra bit in the value mask, we just need to invert it
return (byte) ~firstByteValueMask(extraBytesToRead);
}
private static int numberOfExtraBytesToRead(int firstByte) {
// we count number of set upper bits; so if we simply invert all of the bits, we're golden
// this is aided by the fact that we only work with negative numbers, so when upcast to an int
// all
// of the new upper bits are also set, so by inverting we set all of them to zero
return Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(~firstByte) - 24;
}
private static void writeUnsignedVInt(long value, DataOutput output) throws IOException {
int size = VIntCoding.computeUnsignedVIntSize(value);
if (size == 1) {
output.write((int) value);
return;
}
output.write(VIntCoding.encodeVInt(value, size), 0, size);
}
private static byte[] encodeVInt(long value, int size) {
byte[] encodingSpace = new byte[9];
int extraBytes = size - 1;
for (int i = extraBytes; i >= 0; --i) {
encodingSpace[i] = (byte) value;
value >>= 8;
}
encodingSpace[0] |= encodeExtraBytesToRead(extraBytes);
return encodingSpace;
}
static void writeVInt(long value, DataOutput output) throws IOException {
writeUnsignedVInt(encodeZigZag64(value), output);
}
/**
* Decode a ZigZag-encoded 64-bit value. ZigZag encodes signed integers into values that can be
* efficiently encoded with varint. (Otherwise, negative values must be sign-extended to 64 bits
* to be varint encoded, thus always taking 10 bytes on the wire.)
*
* @param n an unsigned 64-bit integer, stored in a signed int because Java has no explicit
* unsigned support.
* @return a signed 64-bit integer.
*/
private static long decodeZigZag64(final long n) {
return (n >>> 1) ^ -(n & 1);
}
/**
* Encode a ZigZag-encoded 64-bit value. ZigZag encodes signed integers into values that can be
* efficiently encoded with varint. (Otherwise, negative values must be sign-extended to 64 bits
* to be varint encoded, thus always taking 10 bytes on the wire.)
*
* @param n a signed 64-bit integer.
* @return an unsigned 64-bit integer, stored in a signed int because Java has no explicit
* unsigned support.
*/
private static long encodeZigZag64(final long n) {
// Note: the right-shift must be arithmetic
return (n << 1) ^ (n >> 63);
}
/** Compute the number of bytes that would be needed to encode a varint. */
static int computeVIntSize(final long param) {
return computeUnsignedVIntSize(encodeZigZag64(param));
}
/** Compute the number of bytes that would be needed to encode an unsigned varint. */
private static int computeUnsignedVIntSize(final long value) {
int magnitude =
Long.numberOfLeadingZeros(
value | 1); // | with 1 to ensure magnitude <= 63, so (63 - 1) / 7 <= 8
return (639 - magnitude * 9) >> 6;
}
}