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// © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
// License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html#License
/*
 *******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (C) 1996-2016, International Business Machines Corporation and
 * others. All Rights Reserved.
 *******************************************************************************
 */

package com.ibm.icu.text;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.text.AttributedCharacterIterator;
import java.text.AttributedString;
import java.text.FieldPosition;
import java.text.Format;
import java.text.ParsePosition;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.MissingResourceException;
import java.util.UUID;

import com.ibm.icu.impl.DateNumberFormat;
import com.ibm.icu.impl.DayPeriodRules;
import com.ibm.icu.impl.ICUCache;
import com.ibm.icu.impl.ICUData;
import com.ibm.icu.impl.ICUResourceBundle;
import com.ibm.icu.impl.PatternProps;
import com.ibm.icu.impl.SimpleCache;
import com.ibm.icu.impl.SimpleFormatterImpl;
import com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacter;
import com.ibm.icu.text.TimeZoneFormat.Style;
import com.ibm.icu.text.TimeZoneFormat.TimeType;
import com.ibm.icu.util.BasicTimeZone;
import com.ibm.icu.util.Calendar;
import com.ibm.icu.util.HebrewCalendar;
import com.ibm.icu.util.Output;
import com.ibm.icu.util.TimeZone;
import com.ibm.icu.util.TimeZoneTransition;
import com.ibm.icu.util.ULocale;
import com.ibm.icu.util.ULocale.Category;
import com.ibm.icu.util.UResourceBundle;



/**
 * {@icuenhanced java.text.SimpleDateFormat}.{@icu _usage_}
 *
 * SimpleDateFormat is a concrete class for formatting and
 * parsing dates in a locale-sensitive manner. It allows for formatting
 * (date -> text), parsing (text -> date), and normalization.
 *
 * 

 * SimpleDateFormat allows you to start by choosing
 * any user-defined patterns for date-time formatting. However, you
 * are encouraged to create a date-time formatter with either
 * getTimeInstance, getDateInstance, or
 * getDateTimeInstance in DateFormat. Each
 * of these class methods can return a date/time formatter initialized
 * with a default format pattern. You may modify the format pattern
 * using the applyPattern methods as desired.
 * For more information on using these methods, see
 * {@link DateFormat}.
 *
 * 
Date and Time Patterns:
 *
 * Date and time formats are specified by date and time pattern strings.
 * Within date and time pattern strings, all unquoted ASCII letters [A-Za-z] are reserved
 * as pattern letters representing calendar fields. SimpleDateFormat supports
 * the date and time formatting algorithm and pattern letters defined by UTS#35
 * Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML). The following pattern letters are
 * currently available (note that the actual values depend on CLDR and may change from the
 * examples shown here):
 * 
 * 
 *     
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 * Field Sym. No. Example Description
era G 1..3 AD Era - Replaced with the Era string for the current date. One to three letters for the
 *         abbreviated form, four letters for the long (wide) form, five for the narrow form.
4 Anno Domini
5 A
year y 1..n 1996 Year. Normally the length specifies the padding, but for two letters it also specifies the maximum
 *         length. Example:
 *             
 *             
 *                 
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 *             Year y yy yyy yyyy yyyyy
AD 1 1 01 001 0001 00001
AD 12 12 12 012 0012 00012
AD 123 123 23 123 0123 00123
AD 1234 1234 34 1234 1234 01234
AD 12345 12345 45 12345 12345 12345
 *             
 *         
Y 1..n 1997 Year (in "Week of Year" based calendars). Normally the length specifies the padding,
 *         but for two letters it also specifies the maximum length. This year designation is used in ISO
 *         year-week calendar as defined by ISO 8601, but can be used in non-Gregorian based calendar systems
 *         where week date processing is desired. May not always be the same value as calendar year.
u 1..n 4601 Extended year. This is a single number designating the year of this calendar system, encompassing
 *         all supra-year fields. For example, for the Julian calendar system, year numbers are positive, with an
 *         era of BCE or CE. An extended year value for the Julian calendar system assigns positive values to CE
 *         years and negative values to BCE years, with 1 BCE being year 0.
U 1..3 甲子 Cyclic year name. Calendars such as the Chinese lunar calendar (and related calendars)
 *         and the Hindu calendars use 60-year cycles of year names. Use one through three letters for the abbreviated
 *         name, four for the full (wide) name, or five for the narrow name (currently the data only provides abbreviated names,
 *         which will be used for all requested name widths). If the calendar does not provide cyclic year name data,
 *         or if the year value to be formatted is out of the range of years for which cyclic name data is provided,
 *         then numeric formatting is used (behaves like 'y').
4 (currently also 甲子)
5 (currently also 甲子)
quarter Q 1..2 02 Quarter - Use one or two for the numerical quarter, three for the abbreviation, or four
 *         for the full (wide) name (five for the narrow name is not yet supported).
3 Q2
4 2nd quarter
q 1..2 02 Stand-Alone Quarter - Use one or two for the numerical quarter, three for the abbreviation,
 *         or four for the full name (five for the narrow name is not yet supported).
3 Q2
4 2nd quarter
month M 1..2 09 Month - Use one or two for the numerical month, three for the abbreviation, four for
 *         the full (wide) name, or five for the narrow name. With two ("MM"), the month number is zero-padded
 *         if necessary (e.g. "08").
3 Sep
4 September
5 S
L 1..2 09 Stand-Alone Month - Use one or two for the numerical month, three for the abbreviation,
 *         four for the full (wide) name, or 5 for the narrow name. With two ("LL"), the month number is zero-padded if
 *         necessary (e.g. "08").
3 Sep
4 September
5 S
week w 1..2 27 Week of Year. Use "w" to show the minimum number of digits, or "ww" to always show two digits
 *         (zero-padding if necessary, e.g. "08").
W 1 3 Week of Month
day d 1..2 1 Date - Day of the month. Use "d" to show the minimum number of digits, or "dd" to always show
 *         two digits (zero-padding if necessary, e.g. "08").
D 1..3 345 Day of year
F 1 2 Day of Week in Month. The example is for the 2nd Wed in July
g 1..n 2451334 Modified Julian day. This is different from the conventional Julian day number in two regards.
 *         First, it demarcates days at local zone midnight, rather than noon GMT. Second, it is a local number;
 *         that is, it depends on the local time zone. It can be thought of as a single number that encompasses
 *         all the date-related fields.
week

 *         day E 1..3 Tue Day of week - Use one through three letters for the short day, four for the full (wide) name,
 *         five for the narrow name, or six for the short name.
4 Tuesday
5 T
6 Tu
e 1..2 2 Local day of week. Same as E except adds a numeric value that will depend on the local
 *         starting day of the week, using one or two letters. For this example, Monday is the first day of the week.
3 Tue
4 Tuesday
5 T
6 Tu
c 1 2 Stand-Alone local day of week - Use one letter for the local numeric value (same
 *         as 'e'), three for the short day, four for the full (wide) name, five for the narrow name, or six for
 *         the short name.
3 Tue
4 Tuesday
5 T
6 Tu
period a 1 AM AM or PM
hour h 1..2 11 Hour [1-12]. When used in skeleton data or in a skeleton passed in an API for flexible data pattern
 *         generation, it should match the 12-hour-cycle format preferred by the locale (h or K); it should not match
 *         a 24-hour-cycle format (H or k). Use hh for zero padding.
H 1..2 13 Hour [0-23]. When used in skeleton data or in a skeleton passed in an API for flexible data pattern
 *         generation, it should match the 24-hour-cycle format preferred by the locale (H or k); it should not match a
 *         12-hour-cycle format (h or K). Use HH for zero padding.
K 1..2 0 Hour [0-11]. When used in a skeleton, only matches K or h, see above. Use KK for zero padding.
k 1..2 24 Hour [1-24]. When used in a skeleton, only matches k or H, see above. Use kk for zero padding.
minute m 1..2 59 Minute. Use "m" to show the minimum number of digits, or "mm" to always show two digits
 *         (zero-padding if necessary, e.g. "08")..
second s 1..2 12 Second. Use "s" to show the minimum number of digits, or "ss" to always show two digits
 *         (zero-padding if necessary, e.g. "08").
S 1..n 3450 Fractional Second - truncates (like other time fields) to the count of letters when formatting. Appends zeros if more than 3 letters specified. Truncates at three significant digits when parsing.
 *         (example shows display using pattern SSSS for seconds value 12.34567)
A 1..n 69540000 Milliseconds in day. This field behaves exactly like a composite of all time-related fields,
 *         not including the zone fields. As such, it also reflects discontinuities of those fields on DST transition
 *         days. On a day of DST onset, it will jump forward. On a day of DST cessation, it will jump backward. This
 *         reflects the fact that is must be combined with the offset field to obtain a unique local time value.
zone z 1..3 PDT The short specific non-location format.
 *         Where that is unavailable, falls back to the short localized GMT format ("O").
4 Pacific Daylight Time The long specific non-location format.
 *         Where that is unavailable, falls back to the long localized GMT format ("OOOO").
Z 1..3 -0800 The ISO8601 basic format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields.
 *         The format is equivalent to RFC 822 zone format (when optional seconds field is absent).
 *         This is equivalent to the "xxxx" specifier.
4 GMT-8:00 The long localized GMT format.
 *         This is equivalent to the "OOOO" specifier.
5 -08:00

 *         -07:52:58 The ISO8601 extended format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields.
 *         The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0.
 *         This is equivalent to the "XXXXX" specifier.
O 1 GMT-8 The short localized GMT format.
4 GMT-08:00 The long localized GMT format.
v 1 PT The short generic non-location format.
 *         Where that is unavailable, falls back to the generic location format ("VVVV"),
 *         then the short localized GMT format as the final fallback.
4 Pacific Time The long generic non-location format.
 *         Where that is unavailable, falls back to generic location format ("VVVV").
 *     
V 1 uslax The short time zone ID.
 *         Where that is unavailable, the special short time zone ID unk (Unknown Zone) is used.

 *         Note: This specifier was originally used for a variant of the short specific non-location format,
 *         but it was deprecated in the later version of the LDML specification. In CLDR 23/ICU 51, the definition of
 *         the specifier was changed to designate a short time zone ID.
2 America/Los_Angeles The long time zone ID.
3 Los Angeles The exemplar city (location) for the time zone.
 *         Where that is unavailable, the localized exemplar city name for the special zone Etc/Unknown is used
 *         as the fallback (for example, "Unknown City"). 
4 Los Angeles Time The generic location format.
 *         Where that is unavailable, falls back to the long localized GMT format ("OOOO";
 *         Note: Fallback is only necessary with a GMT-style Time Zone ID, like Etc/GMT-830.)

 *         This is especially useful when presenting possible timezone choices for user selection,
 *         since the naming is more uniform than the "v" format.
X 1 -08

 *         +0530

 *         Z The ISO8601 basic format with hours field and optional minutes field.
 *         The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0.
2 -0800

 *         Z The ISO8601 basic format with hours and minutes fields.
 *         The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0.
3 -08:00

 *         Z The ISO8601 extended format with hours and minutes fields.
 *         The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0.
4 -0800

 *         -075258

 *         Z The ISO8601 basic format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields.
 *         (Note: The seconds field is not supported by the ISO8601 specification.)
 *         The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0.
5 -08:00

 *         -07:52:58

 *         Z The ISO8601 extended format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields.
 *         (Note: The seconds field is not supported by the ISO8601 specification.)
 *         The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0.
x 1 -08

 *         +0530 The ISO8601 basic format with hours field and optional minutes field.
2 -0800 The ISO8601 basic format with hours and minutes fields.
3 -08:00 The ISO8601 extended format with hours and minutes fields.
4 -0800

 *         -075258 The ISO8601 basic format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields.
 *         (Note: The seconds field is not supported by the ISO8601 specification.)
5 -08:00

 *         -07:52:58 The ISO8601 extended format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields.
 *         (Note: The seconds field is not supported by the ISO8601 specification.)
 *
 * 
 * 
 * Any characters in the pattern that are not in the ranges of ['a'..'z']
 * and ['A'..'Z'] will be treated as quoted text. For instance, characters
 * like ':', '.', ' ', '#' and '@' will appear in the resulting time text
 * even they are not embraced within single quotes.
 * 

 * A pattern containing any invalid pattern letter will result in a thrown
 * exception during formatting or parsing.
 *
 * 

 * Examples Using the US Locale:
 * 

 *  * Format Pattern                         Result
 * --------------                         -------
 * "yyyy.MM.dd G 'at' HH:mm:ss vvvv" ->>  1996.07.10 AD at 15:08:56 Pacific Time
 * "EEE, MMM d, ''yy"                ->>  Wed, July 10, '96
 * "h:mm a"                          ->>  12:08 PM
 * "hh 'o''clock' a, zzzz"           ->>  12 o'clock PM, Pacific Daylight Time
 * "K:mm a, vvv"                     ->>  0:00 PM, PT
 * "yyyyy.MMMMM.dd GGG hh:mm aaa"    ->>  01996.July.10 AD 12:08 PM
 * 
 * 
 * Code Sample:
 * 
 *  * SimpleTimeZone pdt = new SimpleTimeZone(-8 * 60 * 60 * 1000, "PST");
 * pdt.setStartRule(Calendar.APRIL, 1, Calendar.SUNDAY, 2*60*60*1000);
 * pdt.setEndRule(Calendar.OCTOBER, -1, Calendar.SUNDAY, 2*60*60*1000);
 * 

 * // Format the current time.
 * SimpleDateFormat formatter
 *     = new SimpleDateFormat ("yyyy.MM.dd G 'at' hh:mm:ss a zzz");
 * Date currentTime_1 = new Date();
 * String dateString = formatter.format(currentTime_1);
 * 

 * // Parse the previous string back into a Date.
 * ParsePosition pos = new ParsePosition(0);
 * Date currentTime_2 = formatter.parse(dateString, pos);
 * 
 * 
 * In the example, the time value currentTime_2 obtained from
 * parsing will be equal to currentTime_1. However, they may not be
 * equal if the am/pm marker 'a' is left out from the format pattern while
 * the "hour in am/pm" pattern symbol is used. This information loss can
 * happen when formatting the time in PM.
 *
 * When parsing a date string using the abbreviated year pattern ("yy"),
 * SimpleDateFormat must interpret the abbreviated year
 * relative to some century.  It does this by adjusting dates to be
 * within 80 years before and 20 years after the time the SimpleDateFormat
 * instance is created. For example, using a pattern of "MM/dd/yy" and a
 * SimpleDateFormat instance created on Jan 1, 1997,  the string
 * "01/11/12" would be interpreted as Jan 11, 2012 while the string "05/04/64"
 * would be interpreted as May 4, 1964.
 * During parsing, only strings consisting of exactly two digits, as defined by
 * {@link com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacter#isDigit(int)}, will be parsed into the default
 * century.
 * Any other numeric string, such as a one digit string, a three or more digit
 * string, or a two digit string that isn't all digits (for example, "-1"), is
 * interpreted literally.  So "01/02/3" or "01/02/003" are parsed, using the
 * same pattern, as Jan 2, 3 AD.  Likewise, "01/02/-3" is parsed as Jan 2, 4 BC.
 *
 * 
If the year pattern does not have exactly two 'y' characters, the year is
 * interpreted literally, regardless of the number of digits.  So using the
 * pattern "MM/dd/yyyy", "01/11/12" parses to Jan 11, 12 A.D.
 *
 * 
When numeric fields abut one another directly, with no intervening delimiter
 * characters, they constitute a run of abutting numeric fields.  Such runs are
 * parsed specially.  For example, the format "HHmmss" parses the input text
 * "123456" to 12:34:56, parses the input text "12345" to 1:23:45, and fails to
 * parse "1234".  In other words, the leftmost field of the run is flexible,
 * while the others keep a fixed width.  If the parse fails anywhere in the run,
 * then the leftmost field is shortened by one character, and the entire run is
 * parsed again. This is repeated until either the parse succeeds or the
 * leftmost field is one character in length.  If the parse still fails at that
 * point, the parse of the run fails.
 *
 * 
For time zones that have no names, use strings GMT+hours:minutes or
 * GMT-hours:minutes.
 *
 * 
The calendar defines what is the first day of the week, the first week
 * of the year, whether hours are zero based or not (0 vs 12 or 24), and the
 * time zone. There is one common decimal format to handle all the numbers;
 * the digit count is handled programmatically according to the pattern.
 *
 * 
Synchronization
 *
 * Date formats are not synchronized. It is recommended to create separate
 * format instances for each thread. If multiple threads access a format
 * concurrently, it must be synchronized externally.
 *
 * @see          com.ibm.icu.util.Calendar
 * @see          com.ibm.icu.util.GregorianCalendar
 * @see          com.ibm.icu.util.TimeZone
 * @see          DateFormat
 * @see          DateFormatSymbols
 * @see          DecimalFormat
 * @see          TimeZoneFormat
 * @author       Mark Davis, Chen-Lieh Huang, Alan Liu
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
public class SimpleDateFormat extends DateFormat {

    // the official serial version ID which says cryptically
    // which version we're compatible with
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 4774881970558875024L;

    // the internal serial version which says which version was written
    // - 0 (default) for version up to JDK 1.1.3
    // - 1 for version from JDK 1.1.4, which includes a new field
    // - 2 we write additional int for capitalizationSetting
    static final int currentSerialVersion = 2;

    static boolean DelayedHebrewMonthCheck = false;

    /*
     * From calendar field to its level.
     * Used to order calendar field.
     * For example, calendar fields can be defined in the following order:
     * year >  month > date > am-pm > hour >  minute
     * YEAR --> 10, MONTH -->20, DATE --> 30;
     * AM_PM -->40, HOUR --> 50, MINUTE -->60
     */
    private static final int[] CALENDAR_FIELD_TO_LEVEL =
    {
        /*GyM*/ 0, 10, 20,
        /*wW*/ 20, 30,
        /*dDEF*/ 30, 20, 30, 30,
        /*ahHm*/ 40, 50, 50, 60,
        /*sS*/ 70, 80,
        /*z?Y*/ 0, 0, 10,
        /*eug*/ 30, 10, 0,
        /*A?*/ 40, 0, 0
    };

    /*
     * From calendar field letter to its level.
     * Used to order calendar field.
     * For example, calendar fields can be defined in the following order:
     * year >  month > date > am-pm > hour >  minute
     * 'y' --> 10, 'M' -->20, 'd' --> 30; 'a' -->40, 'h' --> 50, 'm' -->60
     */
    private static final int[] PATTERN_CHAR_TO_LEVEL =
    {
        -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //
        -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //       !   "   #   $   %   &   '   (   )   *   +   ,   -   .   /
        -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   :   ;   <   =   >   ?
        -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //   @   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O
        -1, 40, -1, -1, 20, 30, 30,  0, 50, -1, -1, 50, 20, 20, -1,  0,
    //   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z   [   \   ]   ^   _
        -1, 20, -1, 80, -1, 10,  0, 30,  0, 10,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //   `   a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o
        -1, 40, -1, 30, 30, 30, -1,  0, 50, -1, -1, 50, -1, 60, -1, -1,
    //   p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z   {   |   }   ~
        -1, 20, 10, 70, -1, 10,  0, 20,  0, 10,  0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    };

    /**
     * Map calendar field letter into calendar field level.
     */
    private static int getLevelFromChar(char ch) {
        return ch < PATTERN_CHAR_TO_LEVEL.length ? PATTERN_CHAR_TO_LEVEL[ch & 0xff] : -1;
    }

    private static final boolean[] PATTERN_CHAR_IS_SYNTAX =
    {
        //
        false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
        //
        false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
        //
        false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
        //
        false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
        //         !      "      #      $      %      &      '
        false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
        //  (      )      *      +      ,      -      .      /
        false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
        //  0      1      2      3      4      5      6      7
        false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
        //  8      9      :      ;      <      =      >      ?
        false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
        //  @      A      B      C      D      E      F      G
        false,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
        //  H      I      J      K      L      M      N      O
         true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
        //  P      Q      R      S      T      U      V      W
         true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
        //  X      Y      Z      [      \      ]      ^      _
         true,  true,  true, false, false, false, false, false,
        //  `      a      b      c      d      e      f      g
        false,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
        //  h      i      j      k      l      m      n      o
         true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
        //  p      q      r      s      t      u      v      w
         true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,  true,
        //  x      y      z      {      |      }      ~
         true,  true,  true, false, false, false, false, false,
    };

    /**
     * Tell if a character can be used to define a field in a format string.
     */
    private static boolean isSyntaxChar(char ch) {
        return ch < PATTERN_CHAR_IS_SYNTAX.length ? PATTERN_CHAR_IS_SYNTAX[ch & 0xff] : false;
    }

    // When calendar uses hebr numbering (i.e. he@calendar=hebrew),
    // offset the years within the current millenium down to 1-999
    private static final int HEBREW_CAL_CUR_MILLENIUM_START_YEAR = 5000;
    private static final int HEBREW_CAL_CUR_MILLENIUM_END_YEAR = 6000;

    /**
     * The version of the serialized data on the stream.  Possible values:
     * 
     * 0 or not present on stream: JDK 1.1.3.  This version
     * has no defaultCenturyStart on stream.
     * 
1 JDK 1.1.4 or later.  This version adds
     * defaultCenturyStart.
     * 
2 This version writes an additional int for
     * capitalizationSetting.
     * 
     * When streaming out this class, the most recent format
     * and the highest allowable serialVersionOnStream
     * is written.
     * @serial
     */
    private int serialVersionOnStream = currentSerialVersion;

    /**
     * The pattern string of this formatter.  This is always a non-localized
     * pattern.  May not be null.  See class documentation for details.
     * @serial
     */
    private String pattern;

    /**
     * The override string of this formatter.  Used to override the
     * numbering system for one or more fields.
     * @serial
     */
    private String override;

    /**
     * The hash map used for number format overrides.
     * @serial
     */
    private HashMap numberFormatters;

    /**
     * The hash map used for number format overrides.
     * @serial
     */
    private HashMap overrideMap;

    /**
     * The symbols used by this formatter for week names, month names,
     * etc.  May not be null.
     * @serial
     * @see DateFormatSymbols
     */
    private DateFormatSymbols formatData;

    private transient ULocale locale;

    /**
     * We map dates with two-digit years into the century starting at
     * defaultCenturyStart, which may be any date.  May
     * not be null.
     * @serial
     * @since JDK1.1.4
     */
    private Date defaultCenturyStart;

    private transient int defaultCenturyStartYear;

    // defaultCenturyBase is set when an instance is created
    // and may be used for calculating defaultCenturyStart when needed.
    private transient long defaultCenturyBase;

    private static final int millisPerHour = 60 * 60 * 1000;

    // When possessing ISO format, the ERA may be ommitted is the
    // year specifier is a negative number.
    private static final int ISOSpecialEra = -32000;

    // This prefix is designed to NEVER MATCH real text, in order to
    // suppress the parsing of negative numbers.  Adjust as needed (if
    // this becomes valid Unicode).
    private static final String SUPPRESS_NEGATIVE_PREFIX = "\uAB00";

    /**
     * If true, this object supports fast formatting using the
     * subFormat variant that takes a StringBuffer.
     */
    private transient boolean useFastFormat;

    /*
     *  The time zone sub-formatter, introduced in ICU 4.8
     */
    private volatile TimeZoneFormat tzFormat;

    /**
     * BreakIterator to use for capitalization
     */
    private transient BreakIterator capitalizationBrkIter = null;

    /**
     * DateFormat pattern contains the minute field.
     */
    private transient boolean hasMinute;

    /**
     * DateFormat pattern contains the second field.
     */
    private transient boolean hasSecond;

    /*
     *  Capitalization setting, introduced in ICU 50
     *  Special serialization, see writeObject & readObject below
     *
     *  Hoisted to DateFormat in ICU 53, get value with
     *  getContext(DisplayContext.Type.CAPITALIZATION)
     */
    // private transient DisplayContext capitalizationSetting;

    /*
     *  Old defaultCapitalizationContext field
     *  from ICU 49.1:
     */
    //private ContextValue defaultCapitalizationContext;
    /**
     *  Old ContextValue enum, preserved only to avoid
     *  deserialization errs from ICU 49.1.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private enum ContextValue {
        UNKNOWN,
        CAPITALIZATION_FOR_MIDDLE_OF_SENTENCE,
        CAPITALIZATION_FOR_BEGINNING_OF_SENTENCE,
        CAPITALIZATION_FOR_UI_LIST_OR_MENU,
        CAPITALIZATION_FOR_STANDALONE
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a SimpleDateFormat using the default pattern for the default FORMAT
     * locale.  Note: Not all locales support SimpleDateFormat; for full
     * generality, use the factory methods in the DateFormat class.
     *
     * @see DateFormat
     * @see Category#FORMAT
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public SimpleDateFormat() {
        this(getDefaultPattern(), null, null, null, null, true, null);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a SimpleDateFormat using the given pattern in the default FORMAT
     * locale.  Note: Not all locales support SimpleDateFormat; for full
     * generality, use the factory methods in the DateFormat class.
     * @see Category#FORMAT
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public SimpleDateFormat(String pattern)
    {
        this(pattern, null, null, null, null, true, null);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a SimpleDateFormat using the given pattern and locale.
     * Note: Not all locales support SimpleDateFormat; for full
     * generality, use the factory methods in the DateFormat class.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public SimpleDateFormat(String pattern, Locale loc)
    {
        this(pattern, null, null, null, ULocale.forLocale(loc), true, null);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a SimpleDateFormat using the given pattern and locale.
     * Note: Not all locales support SimpleDateFormat; for full
     * generality, use the factory methods in the DateFormat class.
     * @stable ICU 3.2
     */
    public SimpleDateFormat(String pattern, ULocale loc)
    {
        this(pattern, null, null, null, loc, true, null);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a SimpleDateFormat using the given pattern , override and locale.
     * @param pattern The pattern to be used
     * @param override The override string.  A numbering system override string can take one of the following forms:
     *     1). If just a numbering system name is specified, it applies to all numeric fields in the date format pattern.
     *     2). To specify an alternate numbering system on a field by field basis, use the field letters from the pattern
     *         followed by an = sign, followed by the numbering system name.  For example, to specify that just the year
     *         be formatted using Hebrew digits, use the override "y=hebr".  Multiple overrides can be specified in a single
     *         string by separating them with a semi-colon. For example, the override string "m=thai;y=deva" would format using
     *         Thai digits for the month and Devanagari digits for the year.
     * @param loc The locale to be used
     * @stable ICU 4.2
     */
    public SimpleDateFormat(String pattern, String override, ULocale loc)
    {
        this(pattern, null, null, null, loc, false,override);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a SimpleDateFormat using the given pattern and
     * locale-specific symbol data.
     * Warning: uses default FORMAT locale for digits!
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public SimpleDateFormat(String pattern, DateFormatSymbols formatData)
    {
        this(pattern, (DateFormatSymbols)formatData.clone(), null, null, null, true, null);
    }

    /**
     * @internal
     * @deprecated This API is ICU internal only.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public SimpleDateFormat(String pattern, DateFormatSymbols formatData, ULocale loc)
    {
        this(pattern, (DateFormatSymbols)formatData.clone(), null, null, loc, true,null);
    }

    /**
     * Package-private constructor that allows a subclass to specify
     * whether it supports fast formatting.
     *
     * TODO make this API public.
     */
    SimpleDateFormat(String pattern, DateFormatSymbols formatData, Calendar calendar, ULocale locale,
                     boolean useFastFormat, String override) {
        this(pattern, (DateFormatSymbols)formatData.clone(), (Calendar)calendar.clone(), null, locale, useFastFormat,override);
    }

    /*
     * The constructor called from all other SimpleDateFormat constructors
     */
    private SimpleDateFormat(String pattern, DateFormatSymbols formatData, Calendar calendar,
            NumberFormat numberFormat, ULocale locale, boolean useFastFormat,String override) {
        this.pattern = pattern;
        this.formatData = formatData;
        this.calendar = calendar;
        this.numberFormat = numberFormat;
        this.locale = locale; // time zone formatting
        this.useFastFormat = useFastFormat;
        this.override = override;
        initialize();
    }

    /**
     * Creates an instance of SimpleDateFormat for the given format configuration
     * @param formatConfig the format configuration
     * @return A SimpleDateFormat instance
     * @internal
     * @deprecated This API is ICU internal only.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static SimpleDateFormat getInstance(Calendar.FormatConfiguration formatConfig) {

        String ostr = formatConfig.getOverrideString();
        boolean useFast = ( ostr != null && ostr.length() > 0 );

        return new SimpleDateFormat(formatConfig.getPatternString(),
                    formatConfig.getDateFormatSymbols(),
                    formatConfig.getCalendar(),
                    null,
                    formatConfig.getLocale(),
                    useFast,
                    formatConfig.getOverrideString());
    }

    /*
     * Initialized fields
     */
    private void initialize() {
        if (locale == null) {
            locale = ULocale.getDefault(Category.FORMAT);
        }
        if (formatData == null) {
            formatData = new DateFormatSymbols(locale);
        }
        if (calendar == null) {
            calendar = Calendar.getInstance(locale);
        }
        if (numberFormat == null) {
            NumberingSystem ns = NumberingSystem.getInstance(locale);
            if (ns.isAlgorithmic()) {
                numberFormat = NumberFormat.getInstance(locale);
            } else {
                String digitString = ns.getDescription();
                String nsName = ns.getName();
                // Use a NumberFormat optimized for date formatting
                numberFormat = new DateNumberFormat(locale, digitString, nsName);
            }
        }
        // Note: deferring calendar calculation until when we really need it.
        // Instead, we just record time of construction for backward compatibility.
        defaultCenturyBase = System.currentTimeMillis();

        setLocale(calendar.getLocale(ULocale.VALID_LOCALE ), calendar.getLocale(ULocale.ACTUAL_LOCALE));
        initLocalZeroPaddingNumberFormat();

        if (override != null) {
           initNumberFormatters(locale);
        }

        parsePattern();
    }

    /**
     * Private method lazily instantiate the TimeZoneFormat field
     * @param bForceUpdate when true, check if tzFormat is synchronized with
     * the current numberFormat and update its digits if necessary. When false,
     * this check is skipped.
     */
    private synchronized void initializeTimeZoneFormat(boolean bForceUpdate) {
        if (bForceUpdate || tzFormat == null) {
            tzFormat = TimeZoneFormat.getInstance(locale);

            String digits = null;
            if (numberFormat instanceof DecimalFormat) {
                DecimalFormatSymbols decsym = ((DecimalFormat) numberFormat).getDecimalFormatSymbols();
                digits = new String(decsym.getDigits());
            } else if (numberFormat instanceof DateNumberFormat) {
                digits = new String(((DateNumberFormat)numberFormat).getDigits());
            }

            if (digits != null) {
                if (!tzFormat.getGMTOffsetDigits().equals(digits)) {
                    if (tzFormat.isFrozen()) {
                        tzFormat = tzFormat.cloneAsThawed();
                    }
                    tzFormat.setGMTOffsetDigits(digits);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Private method, returns non-null TimeZoneFormat.
     * @return the TimeZoneFormat used by this formatter.
     */
    private TimeZoneFormat tzFormat() {
        if (tzFormat == null) {
            initializeTimeZoneFormat(false);
        }
        return tzFormat;
    }

    // privates for the default pattern
    private static ULocale cachedDefaultLocale = null;
    private static String cachedDefaultPattern = null;
    private static final String FALLBACKPATTERN = "yy/MM/dd HH:mm";

    /*
     * Returns the default date and time pattern (SHORT) for the default locale.
     * This method is only used by the default SimpleDateFormat constructor.
     */
    private static synchronized String getDefaultPattern() {
        ULocale defaultLocale = ULocale.getDefault(Category.FORMAT);
        if (!defaultLocale.equals(cachedDefaultLocale)) {
            cachedDefaultLocale = defaultLocale;
            Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance(cachedDefaultLocale);

            try {
                // Load the calendar data directly.
                ICUResourceBundle rb = (ICUResourceBundle) UResourceBundle.getBundleInstance(
                        ICUData.ICU_BASE_NAME, cachedDefaultLocale);
                String resourcePath = "calendar/" + cal.getType() + "/DateTimePatterns";
                ICUResourceBundle patternsRb= rb.findWithFallback(resourcePath);

                if (patternsRb == null) {
                    patternsRb = rb.findWithFallback("calendar/gregorian/DateTimePatterns");
                }
                if (patternsRb == null || patternsRb.getSize() < 9) {
                    cachedDefaultPattern = FALLBACKPATTERN;
                } else {
                    int defaultIndex = 8;
                    if (patternsRb.getSize() >= 13) {
                        defaultIndex += (SHORT + 1);
                    }
                    String basePattern = patternsRb.getString(defaultIndex);

                    cachedDefaultPattern = SimpleFormatterImpl.formatRawPattern(
                            basePattern, 2, 2,
                            patternsRb.getString(SHORT), patternsRb.getString(SHORT + 4));
                }
            } catch (MissingResourceException e) {
                cachedDefaultPattern = FALLBACKPATTERN;
            }
        }
        return cachedDefaultPattern;
    }

    /* Define one-century window into which to disambiguate dates using
     * two-digit years.
     */
    private void parseAmbiguousDatesAsAfter(Date startDate) {
        defaultCenturyStart = startDate;
        calendar.setTime(startDate);
        defaultCenturyStartYear = calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR);
    }

    /* Initialize defaultCenturyStart and defaultCenturyStartYear by base time.
     * The default start time is 80 years before the creation time of this object.
     */
    private void initializeDefaultCenturyStart(long baseTime) {
        defaultCenturyBase = baseTime;
        // clone to avoid messing up date stored in calendar object
        // when this method is called while parsing
        Calendar tmpCal = (Calendar)calendar.clone();
        tmpCal.setTimeInMillis(baseTime);
        tmpCal.add(Calendar.YEAR, -80);
        defaultCenturyStart = tmpCal.getTime();
        defaultCenturyStartYear = tmpCal.get(Calendar.YEAR);
    }

    /* Gets the default century start date for this object */
    private Date getDefaultCenturyStart() {
        if (defaultCenturyStart == null) {
            // not yet initialized
            initializeDefaultCenturyStart(defaultCenturyBase);
        }
        return defaultCenturyStart;
    }

    /* Gets the default century start year for this object */
    private int getDefaultCenturyStartYear() {
        if (defaultCenturyStart == null) {
            // not yet initialized
            initializeDefaultCenturyStart(defaultCenturyBase);
        }
        return defaultCenturyStartYear;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the 100-year period 2-digit years will be interpreted as being in
     * to begin on the date the user specifies.
     * @param startDate During parsing, two digit years will be placed in the range
     * startDate to startDate + 100 years.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public void set2DigitYearStart(Date startDate) {
        parseAmbiguousDatesAsAfter(startDate);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the beginning date of the 100-year period 2-digit years are interpreted
     * as being within.
     * @return the start of the 100-year period into which two digit years are
     * parsed
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public Date get2DigitYearStart() {
        return getDefaultCenturyStart();
    }

    /**
     * {@icu} Set a particular DisplayContext value in the formatter,
     * such as CAPITALIZATION_FOR_STANDALONE. Note: For getContext, see
     * DateFormat.
     *
     * @param context The DisplayContext value to set.
     * @stable ICU 53
     */
    // Here we override the DateFormat implementation in order to lazily initialize relevant items
    @Override
    public void setContext(DisplayContext context) {
        super.setContext(context);
        if (capitalizationBrkIter == null && (context==DisplayContext.CAPITALIZATION_FOR_BEGINNING_OF_SENTENCE ||
              context==DisplayContext.CAPITALIZATION_FOR_UI_LIST_OR_MENU ||
              context==DisplayContext.CAPITALIZATION_FOR_STANDALONE)) {
            capitalizationBrkIter = BreakIterator.getSentenceInstance(locale);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Formats a date or time, which is the standard millis
     * since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT.
     * Example: using the US locale:
     * "yyyy.MM.dd G 'at' HH:mm:ss zzz" ->> 1996.07.10 AD at 15:08:56 PDT
     * @param cal the calendar whose date-time value is to be formatted into a date-time string
     * @param toAppendTo where the new date-time text is to be appended
     * @param pos the formatting position. On input: an alignment field,
     * if desired. On output: the offsets of the alignment field.
     * @return the formatted date-time string.
     * @see DateFormat
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    @Override
    public StringBuffer format(Calendar cal, StringBuffer toAppendTo,
                               FieldPosition pos) {
        TimeZone backupTZ = null;
        if (cal != calendar && !cal.getType().equals(calendar.getType())) {
            // Different calendar type
            // We use the time and time zone from the input calendar, but
            // do not use the input calendar for field calculation.
            calendar.setTimeInMillis(cal.getTimeInMillis());
            backupTZ = calendar.getTimeZone();
            calendar.setTimeZone(cal.getTimeZone());
            cal = calendar;
        }
        StringBuffer result = format(cal, getContext(DisplayContext.Type.CAPITALIZATION), toAppendTo, pos, null);
        if (backupTZ != null) {
            // Restore the original time zone
            calendar.setTimeZone(backupTZ);
        }
        return result;
    }

    // The actual method to format date. If List attributes is not null,
    // then attribute information will be recorded.
    private StringBuffer format(Calendar cal, DisplayContext capitalizationContext,
            StringBuffer toAppendTo, FieldPosition pos, List attributes) {
        // Initialize
        pos.setBeginIndex(0);
        pos.setEndIndex(0);

        // Careful: For best performance, minimize the number of calls
        // to StringBuffer.append() by consolidating appends when
        // possible.

        Object[] items = getPatternItems();
        for (int i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
            if (items[i] instanceof String) {
                toAppendTo.append((String)items[i]);
            } else {
                PatternItem item = (PatternItem)items[i];
                int start = 0;
                if (attributes != null) {
                    // Save the current length
                    start = toAppendTo.length();
                }
                if (useFastFormat) {
                    subFormat(toAppendTo, item.type, item.length, toAppendTo.length(),
                              i, capitalizationContext, pos, cal);
                } else {
                    toAppendTo.append(subFormat(item.type, item.length, toAppendTo.length(),
                                                i, capitalizationContext, pos, cal));
                }
                if (attributes != null) {
                    // Check the sub format length
                    int end = toAppendTo.length();
                    if (end - start > 0) {
                        // Append the attribute to the list
                        DateFormat.Field attr = patternCharToDateFormatField(item.type);
                        FieldPosition fp = new FieldPosition(attr);
                        fp.setBeginIndex(start);
                        fp.setEndIndex(end);
                        attributes.add(fp);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return toAppendTo;

    }

    // Map pattern character to index
    private static final int[] PATTERN_CHAR_TO_INDEX =
    {
        -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //
        -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //       !   "   #   $   %   &   '   (   )   *   +   ,   -   .   /
        -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   :   ;   <   =   >   ?
        -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //   @   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O
        -1, 22, 36, -1, 10,  9, 11,  0,  5, -1, -1, 16, 26,  2, -1, 31,
    //   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z   [   \   ]   ^   _
        -1, 27, -1,  8, -1, 30, 29, 13, 32, 18, 23, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    //   `   a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o
        -1, 14, 35, 25,  3, 19, -1, 21, 15, -1, -1,  4, -1,  6, -1, -1,
    //   p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z   {   |   }   ~
        -1, 28, 34,  7, -1, 20, 24, 12, 33,  1, 17, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
    };

    private static int getIndexFromChar(char ch) {
        return ch < PATTERN_CHAR_TO_INDEX.length ? PATTERN_CHAR_TO_INDEX[ch & 0xff] : -1;
    }

    // Map pattern character index to Calendar field number
    private static final int[] PATTERN_INDEX_TO_CALENDAR_FIELD =
    {
        /*GyM*/ Calendar.ERA, Calendar.YEAR, Calendar.MONTH,
        /*dkH*/ Calendar.DATE, Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY,
        /*msS*/ Calendar.MINUTE, Calendar.SECOND, Calendar.MILLISECOND,
        /*EDF*/ Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH,
        /*wWa*/ Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR, Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH, Calendar.AM_PM,
        /*hKz*/ Calendar.HOUR, Calendar.HOUR, Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET,
        /*Yeu*/ Calendar.YEAR_WOY, Calendar.DOW_LOCAL, Calendar.EXTENDED_YEAR,
        /*gAZ*/ Calendar.JULIAN_DAY, Calendar.MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY, Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET /* also DST_OFFSET */,
        /*v*/   Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET /* also DST_OFFSET */,
        /*c*/   Calendar.DOW_LOCAL,
        /*L*/   Calendar.MONTH,
        /*Qq*/  Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MONTH,
        /*V*/   Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET /* also DST_OFFSET */,
        /*U*/   Calendar.YEAR,
        /*O*/   Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET /* also DST_OFFSET */,
        /*Xx*/  Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET /* also DST_OFFSET */, Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET /* also DST_OFFSET */,
        /*r*/   Calendar.EXTENDED_YEAR /* not an exact match */,
        /*bB*/  -1, -1 /* am/pm/midnight/noon and flexible day period fields; no mapping to calendar fields */
        /*:*/   -1, /* => no useful mapping to any calendar field, can't use protected Calendar.BASE_FIELD_COUNT */
    };

    // Map pattern character index to DateFormat field number
    private static final int[] PATTERN_INDEX_TO_DATE_FORMAT_FIELD = {
        /*GyM*/ DateFormat.ERA_FIELD, DateFormat.YEAR_FIELD, DateFormat.MONTH_FIELD,
        /*dkH*/ DateFormat.DATE_FIELD, DateFormat.HOUR_OF_DAY1_FIELD, DateFormat.HOUR_OF_DAY0_FIELD,
        /*msS*/ DateFormat.MINUTE_FIELD, DateFormat.SECOND_FIELD, DateFormat.FRACTIONAL_SECOND_FIELD,
        /*EDF*/ DateFormat.DAY_OF_WEEK_FIELD, DateFormat.DAY_OF_YEAR_FIELD, DateFormat.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH_FIELD,
        /*wWa*/ DateFormat.WEEK_OF_YEAR_FIELD, DateFormat.WEEK_OF_MONTH_FIELD, DateFormat.AM_PM_FIELD,
        /*hKz*/ DateFormat.HOUR1_FIELD, DateFormat.HOUR0_FIELD, DateFormat.TIMEZONE_FIELD,
        /*Yeu*/ DateFormat.YEAR_WOY_FIELD, DateFormat.DOW_LOCAL_FIELD, DateFormat.EXTENDED_YEAR_FIELD,
        /*gAZ*/ DateFormat.JULIAN_DAY_FIELD, DateFormat.MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY_FIELD, DateFormat.TIMEZONE_RFC_FIELD,
        /*v*/   DateFormat.TIMEZONE_GENERIC_FIELD,
        /*c*/   DateFormat.STANDALONE_DAY_FIELD,
        /*L*/   DateFormat.STANDALONE_MONTH_FIELD,
        /*Qq*/  DateFormat.QUARTER_FIELD, DateFormat.STANDALONE_QUARTER_FIELD,
        /*V*/   DateFormat.TIMEZONE_SPECIAL_FIELD,
        /*U*/   DateFormat.YEAR_NAME_FIELD,
        /*O*/   DateFormat.TIMEZONE_LOCALIZED_GMT_OFFSET_FIELD,
        /*Xx*/  DateFormat.TIMEZONE_ISO_FIELD, DateFormat.TIMEZONE_ISO_LOCAL_FIELD,
        /*r*/   DateFormat.RELATED_YEAR,
        /*bB*/  DateFormat.AM_PM_MIDNIGHT_NOON_FIELD, DateFormat.FLEXIBLE_DAY_PERIOD_FIELD,
        /*(no pattern character defined for this)*/   DateFormat.TIME_SEPARATOR,
    };

    // Map pattern character index to DateFormat.Field
    private static final DateFormat.Field[] PATTERN_INDEX_TO_DATE_FORMAT_ATTRIBUTE = {
        /*GyM*/ DateFormat.Field.ERA, DateFormat.Field.YEAR, DateFormat.Field.MONTH,
        /*dkH*/ DateFormat.Field.DAY_OF_MONTH, DateFormat.Field.HOUR_OF_DAY1, DateFormat.Field.HOUR_OF_DAY0,
        /*msS*/ DateFormat.Field.MINUTE, DateFormat.Field.SECOND, DateFormat.Field.MILLISECOND,
        /*EDF*/ DateFormat.Field.DAY_OF_WEEK, DateFormat.Field.DAY_OF_YEAR, DateFormat.Field.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH,
        /*wWa*/ DateFormat.Field.WEEK_OF_YEAR, DateFormat.Field.WEEK_OF_MONTH, DateFormat.Field.AM_PM,
        /*hKz*/ DateFormat.Field.HOUR1, DateFormat.Field.HOUR0, DateFormat.Field.TIME_ZONE,
        /*Yeu*/ DateFormat.Field.YEAR_WOY, DateFormat.Field.DOW_LOCAL, DateFormat.Field.EXTENDED_YEAR,
        /*gAZ*/ DateFormat.Field.JULIAN_DAY, DateFormat.Field.MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY, DateFormat.Field.TIME_ZONE,
        /*v*/   DateFormat.Field.TIME_ZONE,
        /*c*/   DateFormat.Field.DAY_OF_WEEK,
        /*L*/   DateFormat.Field.MONTH,
        /*Qq*/  DateFormat.Field.QUARTER, DateFormat.Field.QUARTER,
        /*V*/   DateFormat.Field.TIME_ZONE,
        /*U*/   DateFormat.Field.YEAR,
        /*O*/   DateFormat.Field.TIME_ZONE,
        /*Xx*/  DateFormat.Field.TIME_ZONE, DateFormat.Field.TIME_ZONE,
        /*r*/   DateFormat.Field.RELATED_YEAR,
        /*bB*/  DateFormat.Field.AM_PM_MIDNIGHT_NOON, DateFormat.Field.FLEXIBLE_DAY_PERIOD,
        /*(no pattern character defined for this)*/   DateFormat.Field.TIME_SEPARATOR,
    };

    /**
     * Returns a DateFormat.Field constant associated with the specified format pattern
     * character.
     *
     * @param ch The pattern character
     * @return DateFormat.Field associated with the pattern character
     *
     * @stable ICU 3.8
     */
    protected DateFormat.Field patternCharToDateFormatField(char ch) {
        int patternCharIndex = getIndexFromChar(ch);
        if (patternCharIndex != -1) {
            return PATTERN_INDEX_TO_DATE_FORMAT_ATTRIBUTE[patternCharIndex];
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Formats a single field, given its pattern character.  Subclasses may
     * override this method in order to modify or add formatting
     * capabilities.
     * @param ch the pattern character
     * @param count the number of times ch is repeated in the pattern
     * @param beginOffset the offset of the output string at the start of
     * this field; used to set pos when appropriate
     * @param pos receives the position of a field, when appropriate
     * @param fmtData the symbols for this formatter
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    protected String subFormat(char ch, int count, int beginOffset,
                               FieldPosition pos, DateFormatSymbols fmtData,
                               Calendar cal)
        throws IllegalArgumentException
    {
        // Note: formatData is ignored
        return subFormat(ch, count, beginOffset, 0, DisplayContext.CAPITALIZATION_NONE, pos, cal);
    }

     /**
     * Formats a single field. This is the version called internally; it
     * adds fieldNum and capitalizationContext parameters.
     *
     * @internal
     * @deprecated This API is ICU internal only.
     */
    @Deprecated
    protected String subFormat(char ch, int count, int beginOffset,
                               int fieldNum, DisplayContext capitalizationContext,
                               FieldPosition pos,
                               Calendar cal)
    {
        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
        subFormat(buf, ch, count, beginOffset, fieldNum, capitalizationContext, pos, cal);
        return buf.toString();
    }

   /**
     * Formats a single field; useFastFormat variant.  Reuses a
     * StringBuffer for results instead of creating a String on the
     * heap for each call.
     *
     * NOTE We don't really need the beginOffset parameter, EXCEPT for
     * the need to support the slow subFormat variant (above) which
     * has to pass it in to us.
     *
     * @internal
     * @deprecated This API is ICU internal only.
     */
    @Deprecated
    @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
    protected void subFormat(StringBuffer buf,
                             char ch, int count, int beginOffset,
                             int fieldNum, DisplayContext capitalizationContext,
                             FieldPosition pos,
                             Calendar cal) {

        final int maxIntCount = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        final int bufstart = buf.length();
        TimeZone tz = cal.getTimeZone();
        long date = cal.getTimeInMillis();
        String result = null;

        int patternCharIndex = getIndexFromChar(ch);
        if (patternCharIndex == -1) {
            if (ch == 'l') { // (SMALL LETTER L) deprecated placeholder for leap month marker, ignore
                return;
            } else {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal pattern character " +
                                                   "'" + ch + "' in \"" +
                                                   pattern + '"');
            }
        }

        final int field = PATTERN_INDEX_TO_CALENDAR_FIELD[patternCharIndex];
        int value = 0;
        // Don't get value unless it is useful
        if (field >= 0) {
            value = (patternCharIndex != DateFormat.RELATED_YEAR)? cal.get(field): cal.getRelatedYear();
        }

        NumberFormat currentNumberFormat = getNumberFormat(ch);
        DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.OTHER;

        switch (patternCharIndex) {
        case 0: // 'G' - ERA
            if ( cal.getType().equals("chinese") || cal.getType().equals("dangi") ) {
                // moved from ChineseDateFormat
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat, buf, value, 1, 9);
            } else {
                if (count == 5) {
                    safeAppend(formatData.narrowEras, value, buf);
                    capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.ERA_NARROW;
                } else if (count == 4) {
                    safeAppend(formatData.eraNames, value, buf);
                    capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.ERA_WIDE;
                } else {
                    safeAppend(formatData.eras, value, buf);
                    capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.ERA_ABBREV;
                }
            }
            break;
        case 30: // 'U' - YEAR_NAME_FIELD
            if (formatData.shortYearNames != null && value <= formatData.shortYearNames.length) {
                safeAppend(formatData.shortYearNames, value-1, buf);
                break;
            }
            // else fall through to numeric year handling, do not break here
        case 1: // 'y' - YEAR
        case 18: // 'Y' - YEAR_WOY
            if ( override != null && (override.compareTo("hebr") == 0 || override.indexOf("y=hebr") >= 0) &&
                    value > HEBREW_CAL_CUR_MILLENIUM_START_YEAR && value < HEBREW_CAL_CUR_MILLENIUM_END_YEAR ) {
                value -= HEBREW_CAL_CUR_MILLENIUM_START_YEAR;
            }
            /* According to the specification, if the number of pattern letters ('y') is 2,
             * the year is truncated to 2 digits; otherwise it is interpreted as a number.
             * But the original code process 'y', 'yy', 'yyy' in the same way. and process
             * patterns with 4 or more than 4 'y' characters in the same way.
             * So I change the codes to meet the specification. [Richard/GCl]
             */
            if (count == 2) {
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf, value, 2, 2); // clip 1996 to 96
            } else { //count = 1 or count > 2
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf, value, count, maxIntCount);
            }
            break;
        case 2: // 'M' - MONTH
        case 26: // 'L' - STANDALONE MONTH
            if ( cal.getType().equals("hebrew")) {
                boolean isLeap = HebrewCalendar.isLeapYear(cal.get(Calendar.YEAR));
                if (isLeap && value == 6 && count >= 3 ) {
                    value = 13; // Show alternate form for Adar II in leap years in Hebrew calendar.
                }
                if (!isLeap && value >= 6 && count < 3 ) {
                    value--; // Adjust the month number down 1 in Hebrew non-leap years, i.e. Adar is 6, not 7.
                }
            }
            int isLeapMonth = (formatData.leapMonthPatterns != null && formatData.leapMonthPatterns.length >= DateFormatSymbols.DT_MONTH_PATTERN_COUNT)?
                     cal.get(Calendar.IS_LEAP_MONTH): 0;
            // should consolidate the next section by using arrays of pointers & counts for the right symbols...
            if (count == 5) {
                if (patternCharIndex == 2) {
                    safeAppendWithMonthPattern(formatData.narrowMonths, value, buf, (isLeapMonth!=0)? formatData.leapMonthPatterns[DateFormatSymbols.DT_LEAP_MONTH_PATTERN_FORMAT_NARROW]: null);
                } else {
                    safeAppendWithMonthPattern(formatData.standaloneNarrowMonths, value, buf, (isLeapMonth!=0)? formatData.leapMonthPatterns[DateFormatSymbols.DT_LEAP_MONTH_PATTERN_STANDALONE_NARROW]: null);
                }
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.MONTH_NARROW;
            } else if (count == 4) {
                if (patternCharIndex == 2) {
                    safeAppendWithMonthPattern(formatData.months, value, buf, (isLeapMonth!=0)? formatData.leapMonthPatterns[DateFormatSymbols.DT_LEAP_MONTH_PATTERN_FORMAT_WIDE]: null);
                    capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.MONTH_FORMAT;
                } else {
                    safeAppendWithMonthPattern(formatData.standaloneMonths, value, buf, (isLeapMonth!=0)? formatData.leapMonthPatterns[DateFormatSymbols.DT_LEAP_MONTH_PATTERN_STANDALONE_WIDE]: null);
                    capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.MONTH_STANDALONE;
                }
            } else if (count == 3) {
                if (patternCharIndex == 2) {
                    safeAppendWithMonthPattern(formatData.shortMonths, value, buf, (isLeapMonth!=0)? formatData.leapMonthPatterns[DateFormatSymbols.DT_LEAP_MONTH_PATTERN_FORMAT_ABBREV]: null);
                    capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.MONTH_FORMAT;
                } else {
                    safeAppendWithMonthPattern(formatData.standaloneShortMonths, value, buf, (isLeapMonth!=0)? formatData.leapMonthPatterns[DateFormatSymbols.DT_LEAP_MONTH_PATTERN_STANDALONE_ABBREV]: null);
                    capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.MONTH_STANDALONE;
                }
            } else {
                StringBuffer monthNumber = new StringBuffer();
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat, monthNumber, value+1, count, maxIntCount);
                String[] monthNumberStrings = new String[1];
                monthNumberStrings[0] = monthNumber.toString();
                safeAppendWithMonthPattern(monthNumberStrings, 0, buf, (isLeapMonth!=0)? formatData.leapMonthPatterns[DateFormatSymbols.DT_LEAP_MONTH_PATTERN_NUMERIC]: null);
            }
            break;
        case 4: // 'k' - HOUR_OF_DAY (1..24)
            if (value == 0) {
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf,
                                  cal.getMaximum(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY)+1,
                                  count, maxIntCount);
            } else {
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf, value, count, maxIntCount);
            }
            break;
        case 8: // 'S' - FRACTIONAL_SECOND
            // Fractional seconds left-justify
            {
                numberFormat.setMinimumIntegerDigits(Math.min(3, count));
                numberFormat.setMaximumIntegerDigits(maxIntCount);
                if (count == 1) {
                    value /= 100;
                } else if (count == 2) {
                    value /= 10;
                }
                FieldPosition p = new FieldPosition(-1);
                numberFormat.format(value, buf, p);
                if (count > 3) {
                    numberFormat.setMinimumIntegerDigits(count - 3);
                    numberFormat.format(0L, buf, p);
                }
            }
            break;
        case 19: // 'e' - DOW_LOCAL (use DOW_LOCAL for numeric, DAY_OF_WEEK for format names)
            if (count < 3) {
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf, value, count, maxIntCount);
                break;
            }
            // For alpha day-of-week, we don't want DOW_LOCAL,
            // we need the standard DAY_OF_WEEK.
            value = cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK);
            // fall through, do not break here
        case 9: // 'E' - DAY_OF_WEEK
            if (count == 5) {
                safeAppend(formatData.narrowWeekdays, value, buf);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.DAY_NARROW;
            } else if (count == 4) {
                safeAppend(formatData.weekdays, value, buf);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.DAY_FORMAT;
            } else if (count == 6 && formatData.shorterWeekdays != null) {
                safeAppend(formatData.shorterWeekdays, value, buf);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.DAY_FORMAT;
            } else {// count <= 3, use abbreviated form if exists
                safeAppend(formatData.shortWeekdays, value, buf);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.DAY_FORMAT;
            }
            break;
        case 14: // 'a' - AM_PM
            // formatData.ampmsNarrow may be null when deserializing DateFormatSymbolsfrom old version
            if (count < 5 || formatData.ampmsNarrow == null) {
                safeAppend(formatData.ampms, value, buf);
            } else {
                safeAppend(formatData.ampmsNarrow, value, buf);
            }
            break;
        case 15: // 'h' - HOUR (1..12)
            if (value == 0) {
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf,
                                  cal.getLeastMaximum(Calendar.HOUR)+1,
                                  count, maxIntCount);
            } else {
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf, value, count, maxIntCount);
            }
            break;

        case 17: // 'z' - TIMEZONE_FIELD
            if (count < 4) {
                // "z", "zz", "zzz"
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.SPECIFIC_SHORT, tz, date);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.METAZONE_SHORT;
            } else {
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.SPECIFIC_LONG, tz, date);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.METAZONE_LONG;
            }
            buf.append(result);
            break;
        case 23: // 'Z' - TIMEZONE_RFC_FIELD
            if (count < 4) {
                // RFC822 format - equivalent to ISO 8601 local offset fixed width format
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_BASIC_LOCAL_FULL, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 5) {
                // ISO 8601 extended format
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_EXTENDED_FULL, tz, date);
            } else {
                // long form, localized GMT pattern
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.LOCALIZED_GMT, tz, date);
            }
                buf.append(result);
            break;
        case 24: // 'v' - TIMEZONE_GENERIC_FIELD
            if (count == 1) {
                // "v"
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.GENERIC_SHORT, tz, date);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.METAZONE_SHORT;
            } else if (count == 4) {
                // "vvvv"
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.GENERIC_LONG, tz, date);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.METAZONE_LONG;
            }
            buf.append(result);
            break;
        case 29: // 'V' - TIMEZONE_SPECIAL_FIELD
            if (count == 1) {
                // "V"
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ZONE_ID_SHORT, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 2) {
                // "VV"
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ZONE_ID, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 3) {
                // "VVV"
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.EXEMPLAR_LOCATION, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 4) {
                // "VVVV"
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.GENERIC_LOCATION, tz, date);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.ZONE_LONG;
            }
            buf.append(result);
            break;
        case 31: // 'O' - TIMEZONE_LOCALIZED_GMT_OFFSET_FIELD
            if (count == 1) {
                // "O" - Short Localized GMT format
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.LOCALIZED_GMT_SHORT, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 4) {
                // "OOOO" - Localized GMT format
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.LOCALIZED_GMT, tz, date);
            }
            buf.append(result);
            break;
        case 32: // 'X' - TIMEZONE_ISO_FIELD
            if (count == 1) {
                // "X" - ISO Basic/Short
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_BASIC_SHORT, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 2) {
                // "XX" - ISO Basic/Fixed
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_BASIC_FIXED, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 3) {
                // "XXX" - ISO Extended/Fixed
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_EXTENDED_FIXED, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 4) {
                // "XXXX" - ISO Basic/Optional second field
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_BASIC_FULL, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 5) {
                // "XXXXX" - ISO Extended/Optional second field
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_EXTENDED_FULL, tz, date);
            }
            buf.append(result);
            break;
        case 33: // 'x' - TIMEZONE_ISO_LOCAL_FIELD
            if (count == 1) {
                // "x" - ISO Local Basic/Short
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_BASIC_LOCAL_SHORT, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 2) {
                // "x" - ISO Local Basic/Fixed
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_BASIC_LOCAL_FIXED, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 3) {
                // "xxx" - ISO Local Extended/Fixed
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_EXTENDED_LOCAL_FIXED, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 4) {
                // "xxxx" - ISO Local Basic/Optional second field
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_BASIC_LOCAL_FULL, tz, date);
            } else if (count == 5) {
                // "xxxxx" - ISO Local Extended/Optional second field
                result = tzFormat().format(Style.ISO_EXTENDED_LOCAL_FULL, tz, date);
            }
            buf.append(result);
            break;

        case 25: // 'c' - STANDALONE DAY (use DOW_LOCAL for numeric, DAY_OF_WEEK for standalone)
            if (count < 3) {
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf, value, 1, maxIntCount);
                break;
            }
            // For alpha day-of-week, we don't want DOW_LOCAL,
            // we need the standard DAY_OF_WEEK.
            value = cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK);
            if (count == 5) {
                safeAppend(formatData.standaloneNarrowWeekdays, value, buf);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.DAY_NARROW;
            } else if (count == 4) {
                safeAppend(formatData.standaloneWeekdays, value, buf);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.DAY_STANDALONE;
            } else if (count == 6 && formatData.standaloneShorterWeekdays != null) {
                safeAppend(formatData.standaloneShorterWeekdays, value, buf);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.DAY_STANDALONE;
            } else { // count == 3
                safeAppend(formatData.standaloneShortWeekdays, value, buf);
                capContextUsageType = DateFormatSymbols.CapitalizationContextUsage.DAY_STANDALONE;
            }
            break;
        case 27: // 'Q' - QUARTER
            if (count >= 4) {
                safeAppend(formatData.quarters, value/3, buf);
            } else if (count == 3) {
                safeAppend(formatData.shortQuarters, value/3, buf);
            } else {
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf, (value/3)+1, count, maxIntCount);
            }
            break;
        case 28: // 'q' - STANDALONE QUARTER
            if (count >= 4) {
                safeAppend(formatData.standaloneQuarters, value/3, buf);
            } else if (count == 3) {
                safeAppend(formatData.standaloneShortQuarters, value/3, buf);
            } else {
                zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf, (value/3)+1, count, maxIntCount);
            }
            break;
        case 35: // 'b' - am/pm/noon/midnight
        {
            // Note: "midnight" can be ambiguous as to whether it refers to beginning of day or end of day.
            // For ICU 57 output of "midnight" is temporarily suppressed.

            int hour = cal.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
            String toAppend = null;

            // For "midnight" and "noon":
            // Time, as displayed, must be exactly noon or midnight.
            // This means minutes and seconds, if present, must be zero.
            if ((/*hour == 0 ||*/ hour == 12) &&
                    (!hasMinute || cal.get(Calendar.MINUTE) == 0) &&
                    (!hasSecond || cal.get(Calendar.SECOND) == 0)) {
                // Stealing am/pm value to use as our array index.
                // It works out: am/midnight are both 0, pm/noon are both 1,
                // 12 am is 12 midnight, and 12 pm is 12 noon.
                value = cal.get(Calendar.AM_PM);

                if (count == 3) {
                    toAppend = formatData.abbreviatedDayPeriods[value];
                } else if (count == 4 || count > 5) {
                    toAppend = formatData.wideDayPeriods[value];
                } else { // count == 5
                    toAppend = formatData.narrowDayPeriods[value];
                }
            }

            if (toAppend == null) {
                // Time isn't exactly midnight or noon (as displayed) or localized string doesn't
                // exist for requested period. Fall back to am/pm instead.
                subFormat(buf, 'a', count, beginOffset, fieldNum, capitalizationContext, pos, cal);
            } else {
                buf.append(toAppend);
            }

            break;
        }
        case 36: // 'B' - flexible day period
        {
            // TODO: Maybe fetch the DayperiodRules during initialization (instead of at the first
            // loading of an instance) if a relevant pattern character (b or B) is used.
            DayPeriodRules ruleSet = DayPeriodRules.getInstance(getLocale());
            if (ruleSet == null) {
                // Data doesn't exist for the locale we're looking for.
                // Fall back to am/pm.
                subFormat(buf, 'a', count, beginOffset, fieldNum, capitalizationContext, pos, cal);
                break;
            }

            // Get current display time.
            int hour = cal.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
            int minute = 0;
            int second = 0;
            if (hasMinute) { minute = cal.get(Calendar.MINUTE); }
            if (hasSecond) { second = cal.get(Calendar.SECOND); }

            // Determine day period.
            DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod periodType;
            if (hour == 0 && minute == 0 && second == 0 && ruleSet.hasMidnight()) {
                periodType = DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod.MIDNIGHT;
            } else if (hour == 12 && minute == 0 && second == 0 && ruleSet.hasNoon()) {
                periodType = DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod.NOON;
            } else {
                periodType = ruleSet.getDayPeriodForHour(hour);
            }

            // Note: "midnight" can be ambiguous as to whether it refers to beginning of day or end of day.
            // For ICU 57 output of "midnight" is temporarily suppressed.

            // Rule set exists, therefore periodType can't be null.
            // Get localized string.
            assert(periodType != null);
            String toAppend = null;
            int index;

            if (periodType != DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod.AM && periodType != DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod.PM &&
                    periodType != DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod.MIDNIGHT) {
                index = periodType.ordinal();
                if (count <= 3) {
                    toAppend = formatData.abbreviatedDayPeriods[index];  // i.e. short
                } else if (count == 4 || count > 5) {
                    toAppend = formatData.wideDayPeriods[index];
                } else {  // count == 5
                    toAppend = formatData.narrowDayPeriods[index];
                }
            }


            // Fallback schedule:
            // Midnight/Noon -> General Periods -> AM/PM.

            // Midnight/Noon -> General Periods.
            if (toAppend == null &&
                    (periodType == DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod.MIDNIGHT ||
                     periodType == DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod.NOON)) {
                periodType = ruleSet.getDayPeriodForHour(hour);
                index = periodType.ordinal();

                if (count <= 3) {
                    toAppend = formatData.abbreviatedDayPeriods[index];  // i.e. short
                } else if (count == 4 || count > 5) {
                    toAppend = formatData.wideDayPeriods[index];
                } else {  // count == 5
                    toAppend = formatData.narrowDayPeriods[index];
                }
            }

            // General Periods -> AM/PM.
            if (periodType == DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod.AM ||
                    periodType == DayPeriodRules.DayPeriod.PM ||
                    toAppend == null) {
                subFormat(buf, 'a', count, beginOffset, fieldNum, capitalizationContext, pos, cal);
            }
            else {
                buf.append(toAppend);
            }

            break;
        }
        case 37: // TIME SEPARATOR (no pattern character currently defined, we should
                 // not get here but leave support in for future definition.
            buf.append(formatData.getTimeSeparatorString());
            break;
        default:
            // case 3: // 'd' - DATE
            // case 5: // 'H' - HOUR_OF_DAY (0..23)
            // case 6: // 'm' - MINUTE
            // case 7: // 's' - SECOND
            // case 10: // 'D' - DAY_OF_YEAR
            // case 11: // 'F' - DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH
            // case 12: // 'w' - WEEK_OF_YEAR
            // case 13: // 'W' - WEEK_OF_MONTH
            // case 16: // 'K' - HOUR (0..11)
            // case 20: // 'u' - EXTENDED_YEAR
            // case 21: // 'g' - JULIAN_DAY
            // case 22: // 'A' - MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY

            zeroPaddingNumber(currentNumberFormat,buf, value, count, maxIntCount);
            break;
        } // switch (patternCharIndex)

        if (fieldNum == 0 && capitalizationContext != null && UCharacter.isLowerCase(buf.codePointAt(bufstart))) {
            boolean titlecase = false;
            switch (capitalizationContext) {
                case CAPITALIZATION_FOR_BEGINNING_OF_SENTENCE:
                    titlecase = true;
                    break;
                case CAPITALIZATION_FOR_UI_LIST_OR_MENU:
                case CAPITALIZATION_FOR_STANDALONE:
                    if (formatData.capitalization != null) {
                        boolean[] transforms = formatData.capitalization.get(capContextUsageType);
                        titlecase = (capitalizationContext==DisplayContext.CAPITALIZATION_FOR_UI_LIST_OR_MENU)?
                                    transforms[0]: transforms[1];
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                   break;
            }
            if (titlecase) {
                if (capitalizationBrkIter == null) {
                    // should only happen when deserializing, etc.
                    capitalizationBrkIter = BreakIterator.getSentenceInstance(locale);
                }
                String firstField = buf.substring(bufstart); // bufstart or beginOffset, should be the same
                String firstFieldTitleCase = UCharacter.toTitleCase(locale, firstField, capitalizationBrkIter,
                                                     UCharacter.TITLECASE_NO_LOWERCASE | UCharacter.TITLECASE_NO_BREAK_ADJUSTMENT);
                buf.replace(bufstart, buf.length(), firstFieldTitleCase);
            }
        }

        // Set the FieldPosition (for the first occurrence only)
        if (pos.getBeginIndex() == pos.getEndIndex()) {
            if (pos.getField() == PATTERN_INDEX_TO_DATE_FORMAT_FIELD[patternCharIndex]) {
                pos.setBeginIndex(beginOffset);
                pos.setEndIndex(beginOffset + buf.length() - bufstart);
            } else if (pos.getFieldAttribute() ==
                       PATTERN_INDEX_TO_DATE_FORMAT_ATTRIBUTE[patternCharIndex]) {
                pos.setBeginIndex(beginOffset);
                pos.setEndIndex(beginOffset + buf.length() - bufstart);
            }
        }
    }

    private static void safeAppend(String[] array, int value, StringBuffer appendTo) {
        if (array != null && value >= 0 && value < array.length) {
            appendTo.append(array[value]);
        }
    }

    private static void safeAppendWithMonthPattern(String[] array, int value, StringBuffer appendTo, String monthPattern) {
        if (array != null && value >= 0 && value < array.length) {
            if (monthPattern == null) {
                appendTo.append(array[value]);
            } else {
                String s = SimpleFormatterImpl.formatRawPattern(monthPattern, 1, 1, array[value]);
                appendTo.append(s);
            }
        }
    }

    /*
     * PatternItem store parsed date/time field pattern information.
     */
    private static class PatternItem {
        final char type;
        final int length;
        final boolean isNumeric;

        PatternItem(char type, int length) {
            this.type = type;
            this.length = length;
            isNumeric = isNumeric(type, length);
        }
    }

    private static ICUCache PARSED_PATTERN_CACHE =
        new SimpleCache();
    private transient Object[] patternItems;

    /*
     * Returns parsed pattern items.  Each item is either String or
     * PatternItem.
     */
    private Object[] getPatternItems() {
        if (patternItems != null) {
            return patternItems;
        }

        patternItems = PARSED_PATTERN_CACHE.get(pattern);
        if (patternItems != null) {
            return patternItems;
        }

        boolean isPrevQuote = false;
        boolean inQuote = false;
        StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
        char itemType = 0;  // 0 for string literal, otherwise date/time pattern character
        int itemLength = 1;

        List