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package it.unimi.dsi.big.util;
/*
* DSI utilities
*
* Copyright (C) 2005-2018 Sebastiano Vigna
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
* Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
* any later version.
*
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
* or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License
* for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
* along with this program; if not, see Ternary search trees are a data structure used to store words over an alphabet; they are
* a useful alternatives to tries when the alphabet is large.
*
*
Ternary interval search trees have the additional properties of being able
* to locate quickly intervals of words extending a given prefix (where “quickly” means
* that no more successful character comparisons than the prefix length are performed). They do so
* by storing at each node the number of words covered by that node.
*
*
This implementation exposes a number of interfaces: in particular, the set of words is
* seen as a lexicographically ordered {@link it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.ObjectList}.
*
*
This class is mutable, but for the time it implements only {@link #add(CharSequence)}. Words cannot
* be removed.
*
* @since 2.0
*/
public class TernaryIntervalSearchTree extends AbstractPrefixMap implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
/** A node of the tree. */
private final static class Node implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
/** A pointer to the left subtree. */
public Node left;
/** A pointer to the middle subtree. */
public Node middle;
/** A pointer to the right subtree. */
public Node right;
/** The nonempty path compressed at this node. */
public char[] path;
/** Whether this node represents a word. */
public boolean isWord;
/** The number of words covered by this node (including the word possibly represented by this node). */
public long numNodes;
/** Creates a new node containing a path specified by a character-sequence fragment.
*
* @param s a character sequence contaning the path of the node.
* @param offset the starting character of the path.
* @param length the length of the path.
* @param isWord whether this node represents a word.
* @param numNodes the number of words covered by this node.
*/
public Node(final CharSequence s, final int offset, final int length, final boolean isWord, final long numNodes) {
path = new char[length];
MutableString.getChars(s, offset, offset + length, path, 0);
this.isWord = isWord;
this.numNodes = numNodes;
}
/** Creates a new node containing a path specified by a character-array fragment.
*
* @param a a character array contaning the path of the node.
* @param offset the starting character of the path.
* @param length the length of the path.
* @param isWord whether this node represents a word.
* @param numNodes the number of words covered by this node.
*/
public Node(final char[] a, final int offset, final int length, final boolean isWord, final long numNodes) {
path = new char[length];
System.arraycopy(a, offset, path, 0, length);
this.isWord = isWord;
this.numNodes = numNodes;
}
/** Removes a prefix from the path of this node.
*
* @param length the length of the prefix to be removed
*/
public void removePathPrefix(final int length) {
final char[] a = new char[path.length - length];
System.arraycopy(path, length, a, 0, a.length);
path = a;
}
}
/** The root of the tree. */
private Node root;
/** The number of nodes in the tree. */
private int size;
/** Creates a new empty ternary search tree. */
public TernaryIntervalSearchTree() {
defRetValue = -1;
}
/** Creates a new empty ternary search tree and populates it with a given collection of character sequences.
*
* @param c a collection of character sequences.
* */
public TernaryIntervalSearchTree(final Collection c) {
int n = c.size();
final Iterator i = c.iterator();
while(n-- != 0) add(i.next());
defRetValue = -1;
}
@Override
protected LongInterval getInterval(final CharSequence s) {
final int l = s.length();
Node e = root;
int i;
int offset = 0;
long wordsAtLeft = 0;
char c;
char[] path;
while(e != null) {
path = e.path;
for(i = 0; i < path.length - 1 && offset + i < l && s.charAt(offset + i) == path[i]; i++);
if (offset + i == l) return LongInterval.valueOf(wordsAtLeft, wordsAtLeft + e.numNodes - 1);
if (i < path.length - 1) return LongIntervals.EMPTY_INTERVAL;
offset += i;
c = s.charAt(offset);
if (c < path[i]) e = e.left;
else if (c > path[i]) {
if (e.left != null) wordsAtLeft += e.left.numNodes;
if (e.middle != null) wordsAtLeft += e.middle.numNodes;
if (e.isWord) wordsAtLeft++;
e = e.right;
}
else {
offset++;
if (e.left != null) wordsAtLeft += e.left.numNodes;
if (offset == l) return LongInterval.valueOf(wordsAtLeft, wordsAtLeft + (e.isWord ? 1 : 0) + (e.middle == null ? 0 : e.middle.numNodes) - 1);
if (e.isWord) wordsAtLeft++;
e = e.middle;
}
}
return LongIntervals.EMPTY_INTERVAL;
}
public LongInterval getApproximatedInterval(final CharSequence s) {
final int l = s.length();
Node e = root;
int i;
int offset = 0;
int wordsAtLeft = 0;
char c;
char[] path;
while(e != null) {
path = e.path;
for(i = 0; i < path.length - 1 && offset + i < l && s.charAt(offset + i) == path[i]; i++);
if (offset + i == l) {
// Our sequence is a proper prefix of path.
return wordsAtLeft > 0 ? LongInterval.valueOf(wordsAtLeft - 1, wordsAtLeft + e.numNodes - 1) : LongInterval.valueOf(wordsAtLeft, wordsAtLeft + e.numNodes - 1);
}
if (i < path.length - 1) {
// We stopped the loop prematurely.
if (s.charAt(offset + i) < path[i]) return wordsAtLeft > 0 ? LongInterval.valueOf(wordsAtLeft -1) : LongIntervals.EMPTY_INTERVAL;
else return LongInterval.valueOf(wordsAtLeft + e.numNodes - 1);
}
offset += i;
c = s.charAt(offset);
if (c < path[i]) e = e.left;
else if (c > path[i]) {
if (e.left != null) wordsAtLeft += e.left.numNodes;
if (e.middle != null) wordsAtLeft += e.middle.numNodes;
if (e.isWord) wordsAtLeft++;
e = e.right;
}
else {
offset++;
if (e.left != null) wordsAtLeft += e.left.numNodes;
if (offset == l) return LongInterval.valueOf(wordsAtLeft - (e.isWord ? 0 : 1), wordsAtLeft + (e.isWord ? 1 : 0) + (e.middle == null ? 0 : e.middle.numNodes) - 1);
if (e.isWord) wordsAtLeft++;
e = e.middle;
}
}
return wordsAtLeft > 0 ? LongInterval.valueOf(wordsAtLeft - 1) : LongIntervals.EMPTY_INTERVAL;
}
@Override
protected MutableString getTerm(long index, final MutableString s) {
Node e = root;
for(;;) {
if (e.left != null) {
if (index < e.left.numNodes) {
s.append(e.path, 0, e.path.length - 1);
e = e.left;
continue;
}
index -= e.left.numNodes;
}
if (e.isWord) {
if (index == 0) return s.append(e.path).compact();
index--;
}
if (e.middle != null) {
if (index < e.middle.numNodes) {
s.append(e.path);
e = e.middle;
continue;
}
index -= e.middle.numNodes;
}
s.append(e.path, 0, e.path.length - 1);
e = e.right;
}
}
protected long getIndex(final CharSequence s) {
final int l = s.length();
Node e = root;
int i;
int offset = 0;
int wordsAtLeft = 0;
char c;
char[] path;
while(e != null) {
path = e.path;
for(i = 0; i < path.length - 1; i++)
if (offset + i == l || s.charAt(offset + i) != path[i]) return -1;
offset += i;
if (offset == l) return -1;
c = s.charAt(offset);
if (c < e.path[i]) e = e.left;
else if (c > e.path[i]) {
if (e.left != null) wordsAtLeft += e.left.numNodes;
if (e.middle != null) wordsAtLeft += e.middle.numNodes;
if (e.isWord) wordsAtLeft++;
e = e.right;
}
else {
offset++;
if (e.left != null) wordsAtLeft += e.left.numNodes;
if (offset == l) return e.isWord ? wordsAtLeft : -1;
if (e.isWord) wordsAtLeft++;
e = e.middle;
}
}
return -1;
}
@Override
public boolean containsKey(Object o) {
return getIndex((CharSequence)o) != -1;
}
@Override
public long getLong(final Object o) {
final CharSequence s = (CharSequence)o;
final long result = getIndex(s);
return result == -1 ? defRetValue : result;
}
/** True if the last {@link #add(CharSequence)} modified the tree. */
private boolean modified;
public boolean add(final CharSequence s) {
modified = false;
root = addRec(s, 0, s.length(), root);
return modified;
}
/** Inserts the given character sequence, starting at the given position, in the given subtree.
*
* @param s the character sequence containing the characters to be inserted.
* @param offset the first character to be inserted.
* @param length the number of characters to be inserted.
* @param e the subtree in which the characters should be inserted, or {@code null} if
* a new node should be created.
* @return the new node at the top of the subtree.
*/
private Node addRec(final CharSequence s, final int offset, final int length, final Node e) {
if (e == null) {
// We create a new node containing all the characters and return it.
modified = true;
size++;
return new Node(s, offset, length, true, 1);
}
/* We start scanning the path contained in the current node, up to
* the last character excluded. If we find a mismatch, or if we exhaust our
* characters, we must fork this node. */
char c;
int i;
Node n = null;
final char[] path = e.path;
for (i = 0; i < path.length - 1; i++) {
c = s.charAt(offset + i);
if (c < path[i]) {
/* We fork on the left, keeping just the first i + 1 characters (this is necessary
* as at least one character must be present in every node). The new
* node will cover one word more than e.
*/
n = new Node(path, 0, i + 1, false, e.numNodes + 1);
n.middle = e;
e.removePathPrefix(i + 1);
n.left = addRec(s, offset + i, length - i, null);
break;
}
else if (c > path[i]) {
// As before, but on the right.
n = new Node(path, 0, i + 1, false, e.numNodes + 1);
n.middle = e;
e.removePathPrefix(i + 1);
n.right = addRec(s, offset + i, length - i, null);
break;
}
else {
if (i == length - 1) {
/* We exhausted the character sequence. We fork in the middle,
* keeping length characters and marking the new node as
* containing one work. Again, the new code will cover one word
* more than e. */
n = new Node(s, offset, length, true, e.numNodes + 1);
n.middle = e;
e.removePathPrefix(length);
size++;
modified = true;
break;
}
}
}
if (i < path.length - 1) return n;
/* We are positioned on the last character of the path. In this case our
* behaviour is different, as if we must fork we must not perform any
* splitting. Moreover, if we exhaust the characters we either found
* the new sequence in the tree, or we just have to mark the node. */
c = s.charAt(offset + i);
if (c < path[i]) {
/** We fork on the left. The number of words under this node will
* increase only if the structure is modified. */
e.left = addRec(s, offset + i, length - i, e.left);
if (modified) e.numNodes++;
}
else if (c > path[i]) {
e.right = addRec(s, offset + i, length - i, e.right);
if (modified) e.numNodes++;
}
else {
if (i == length - 1) {
// This is the node.
if (modified = !e.isWord) {
e.numNodes++;
size++;
}
e.isWord = true;
}
else {
// We add a node in the middle, completing the sequence.
e.middle = addRec(s, offset + i + 1, length - i - 1, e.middle);
if (modified) e.numNodes++;
}
}
return e;
}
@Override
@Deprecated
public int size() {
return size;
}
@Override
public long size64() {
return size;
}
public static void main(final String[] arg) throws IOException, JSAPException, NoSuchMethodException {
final SimpleJSAP jsap = new SimpleJSAP(TernaryIntervalSearchTree.class.getName(), "Builds a ternary interval search tree reading from standard input a newline-separated list of terms.",
new Parameter[] {
new FlaggedOption("bufferSize", JSAP.INTSIZE_PARSER, "64Ki", JSAP.NOT_REQUIRED, 'b', "buffer-size", "The size of the I/O buffer used to read terms."),
new FlaggedOption("encoding", ForNameStringParser.getParser(Charset.class), "UTF-8", JSAP.NOT_REQUIRED, 'e', "encoding", "The term file encoding."),
new UnflaggedOption("tree", JSAP.STRING_PARSER, JSAP.NO_DEFAULT, JSAP.REQUIRED, JSAP.NOT_GREEDY, "The filename for the serialised tree.")
});
JSAPResult jsapResult = jsap.parse(arg);
if (jsap.messagePrinted()) return;
final TernaryIntervalSearchTree tree = new TernaryIntervalSearchTree();
MutableString term = new MutableString();
final ProgressLogger pl = new ProgressLogger();
pl.itemsName = "terms";
@SuppressWarnings("resource")
final FastBufferedReader terms = new FastBufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in, (Charset)jsapResult.getObject("encoding")), jsapResult.getInt("bufferSize"));
pl.start("Reading terms...");
while(terms.readLine(term) != null) {
pl.update();
tree.add(term);
}
pl.done();
BinIO.storeObject(tree, jsapResult.getString("tree"));
}
}