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The DSI utilities are a mishmash of classes accumulated during the last twenty years in projects developed at the DSI (Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Informazione, i.e., Information Sciences Department), now DI (Dipartimento di Informatica, i.e., Informatics Department), of the Universita` degli Studi di Milano.
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/*
 * DSI utilities
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2013-2020 Sebastiano Vigna
 *
 *  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 *  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
 *  Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
 *  any later version.
 *
 *  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 *  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
 *  or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public License
 *  for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 *  along with this program; if not, see .
 *
 */

package it.unimi.dsi.util;

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.SplittableRandom;

import org.apache.commons.math3.random.AbstractRandomGenerator;
import org.apache.commons.math3.random.RandomGenerator;

import it.unimi.dsi.Util;
import it.unimi.dsi.logging.ProgressLogger;

/** A fast, high-quality {@linkplain RandomGenerator pseudorandom number generator} that
 * returns the sum of consecutive outputs of a Marsaglia Xorshift generator (described in “Xorshift RNGs”, Journal of
 * Statistical Software, 8:1−6, 2003) with 128 bits of state.
 * It is presently used in the JavaScript engines of
 * Chrome,
 * Firefox,
 * Safari and Edge.
 *
 * By using the supplied {@link #jump()} method it is possible to generate non-overlapping long sequences
 * for parallel computations. This class provides also a {@link #split()} method to support recursive parallel computations, in the spirit of
 * {@link SplittableRandom}.
 *
 * 
Warning: before release 2.6.3, the {@link #split()} method
 * would not alter the state of the caller, and it would return instances initialized in the same
 * way if called multiple times. This was a major mistake in the implementation and it has been fixed,
 * but as a consequence the output of the caller after a call to {@link #split()} is
 * now different, and the result of {@link #split()} is initialized in a different way.
 *
 * @see it.unimi.dsi.util
 * @see Random
 * @see XoRoShiRo128PlusRandomGenerator
 * @see XorShift128PlusRandom
 * @deprecated Please use {@link XoRoShiRo128PlusRandomGenerator} instead.
 */
@Deprecated
public class XorShift128PlusRandomGenerator extends AbstractRandomGenerator {
	/** The internal state of the algorithm. */
	private long s0, s1;

	/** Creates a new generator seeded using {@link Util#randomSeed()}. */
	public XorShift128PlusRandomGenerator() {
		this(Util.randomSeed());
	}

	/** Creates a new generator using a given seed.
	 *
	 * @param seed a seed for the generator.
	 */
	public XorShift128PlusRandomGenerator(final long seed) {
		setSeed(seed);
	}

	@Override
	public long nextLong() {
		long s1 = this.s0;
		final long s0 = this.s1;
		this.s0 = s0;
		s1 ^= s1 << 23;
		return (this.s1 = (s1 ^ s0 ^ (s1 >>> 18) ^ (s0 >>> 5))) + s0;
	}

	@Override
	public int nextInt() {
		return (int)nextLong();
	}

	@Override
	public int nextInt(final int n) {
		return (int)nextLong(n);
	}

	/** Returns a pseudorandom uniformly distributed {@code long} value
	 * between 0 (inclusive) and the specified value (exclusive), drawn from
	 * this random number generator's sequence. The algorithm used to generate
	 * the value guarantees that the result is uniform, provided that the
	 * sequence of 64-bit values produced by this generator is.
	 *
	 * @param n the positive bound on the random number to be returned.
	 * @return the next pseudorandom {@code long} value between {@code 0} (inclusive) and {@code n} (exclusive).
	 */
	public long nextLong(final long n) {
		if (n <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
		// No special provision for n power of two: all our bits are good.
		for(;;) {
			final long bits = nextLong() >>> 1;
			final long value = bits % n;
			if (bits - value + (n - 1) >= 0) return value;
		}
	}

	@Override
	public double nextDouble() {
		return (nextLong() >>> 11) * 0x1.0p-53;
	}

	@Override
	public float nextFloat() {
		return (nextLong() >>> 40) * 0x1.0p-24f;
	}

	@Override
	public boolean nextBoolean() {
		return nextLong() < 0;
	}

	@Override
	public void nextBytes(final byte[] bytes) {
		int i = bytes.length, n = 0;
		while(i != 0) {
			n = Math.min(i, 8);
			for (long bits = nextLong(); n-- != 0; bits >>= 8) bytes[--i] = (byte)bits;
		}
	}

	private static final long[] JUMP = { 0x8a5cd789635d2dffL, 0x121fd2155c472f96L };

	/** The jump function for this generator. It is equivalent to 2⁶⁴
	 * calls to {@link #nextLong()}; it can be used to generate 2⁶⁴
	 * non-overlapping subsequences for parallel computations. */

	public void jump() {
		long s0 = 0;
		long s1 = 0;
		for (final long element : JUMP)
			for(int b = 0; b < 64; b++) {
				if ((element & 1L << b) != 0) {
					s0 ^= this.s0;
					s1 ^= this.s1;
				}
				nextLong();
			}

		this.s0 = s0;
		this.s1 = s1;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a new instance that shares no mutable state
	 * with this instance. The sequence generated by the new instance
	 * depends deterministically from the state of this instance,
	 * but the probability that the sequence generated by this
	 * instance and by the new instance overlap is negligible.
	 *
	 * 
Warning: before release 2.6.3, this method
	 * would not alter the state of the caller, and it would return instances initialized in the same
	 * way if called multiple times. This was a major mistake in the implementation and it has been fixed,
	 * but as a consequence the output of this instance after a call to this method is
	 * now different, and the returned instance is initialized in a different way.
	 *
	 * @return the new instance.
	 */
	public XorShift128PlusRandomGenerator split() {
		nextLong();
		final XorShift128PlusRandomGenerator split = new XorShift128PlusRandomGenerator(0);

		long h0 = s0;
		long h1 = s1;
		long h2 = s0 + 0x55a650a4c1dac3e9L; // Random constants
		long h3 = s1 + 0xb39ae98dfa439b73L;

		// A round of SpookyHash ShortMix
		h2 = Long.rotateLeft(h2, 50);
		h2 += h3;
		h0 ^= h2;
		h3 = Long.rotateLeft(h3, 52);
		h3 += h0;
		h1 ^= h3;
		h0 = Long.rotateLeft(h0, 30);
		h0 += h1;
		h2 ^= h0;
		h1 = Long.rotateLeft(h1, 41);
		h1 += h2;
		h3 ^= h1;
		h2 = Long.rotateLeft(h2, 54);
		h2 += h3;
		h0 ^= h2;
		h3 = Long.rotateLeft(h3, 48);
		h3 += h0;
		h1 ^= h3;
		h0 = Long.rotateLeft(h0, 38);
		h0 += h1;
		h2 ^= h0;
		h1 = Long.rotateLeft(h1, 37);
		h1 += h2;
		h3 ^= h1;
		h2 = Long.rotateLeft(h2, 62);
		h2 += h3;
		h0 ^= h2;
		h3 = Long.rotateLeft(h3, 34);
		h3 += h0;
		h1 ^= h3;
		h0 = Long.rotateLeft(h0, 5);
		h0 += h1;
		h2 ^= h0;
		h1 = Long.rotateLeft(h1, 36);
		h1 += h2;
		//h3 ^= h1;

		split.s0 = h0;
		split.s1 = h1;

		return split;
	}

	/** Sets the seed of this generator.
	 *
	 * 
The argument will be used to seed a {@link SplitMix64RandomGenerator}, whose output
	 * will in turn be used to seed this generator. This approach makes “warmup” unnecessary,
	 * and makes the probability of starting from a state
	 * with a large fraction of bits set to zero astronomically small.
	 *
	 * @param seed a seed for this generator.
	 */
	@Override
	public void setSeed(final long seed) {
		final SplitMix64RandomGenerator r = new SplitMix64RandomGenerator(seed);
		s0 = r.nextLong();
		s1 = r.nextLong();
	}


	/** Sets the state of this generator.
	 *
	 * The internal state of the generator will be reset, and the state array filled with the provided array.
	 *
	 * @param state an array of 2 longs; at least one must be nonzero.
	 */
	public void setState(final long[] state) {
		if (state.length != 2) throw new IllegalArgumentException("The argument array contains " + state.length + " longs instead of " + 2);
		s0 = state[0];
		s1 = state[1];
	}

	public static void main(final String[] arg) {
		final long n = Long.parseLong(arg[0]);
		long x = 0;
		final ProgressLogger pl = new ProgressLogger();
		final XorShift128PlusRandomGenerator r = new XorShift128PlusRandomGenerator();
		for(int k = 10; k-- != 0;) {
			pl.start("Measuring...");
			for (long i = n; i-- != 0;)
				x ^= r.nextLong();
			pl.done(n);
			if (x == 0) System.out.println(x);
		}
	}
}